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Shing H, Caine A, Cherubini GB, Sparks T, Housley D. Accuracy of low-field magnetic resonance imaging for differentiating intervertebral disc extrusions and protrusions at the lumbosacral disc space in dogs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1279378. [PMID: 38026646 PMCID: PMC10657993 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1279378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction/Purpose MRI features differentiating extrusion from protrusion in thoracolumbar discs have been published, however little specifically evaluates the lumbosacral disc. The high prevalence of degenerative changes in apparently normal animals complicates assessment of this region and features relevant elsewhere in the spine may not apply. The aims of this study were to determine the accuracy of MRI in differentiating IVDE and IVDP at the lumbosacral disc space in dogs and determine which MRI characteristics discriminate between IVDE and IVDP. Method MRI examinations from dogs with surgically confirmed IVDE or IVDP at the lumbosacral disc space were collected retrospectively (2011-2019). Two radiologists independently recorded a diagnosis of IVDE or IVDP, gave a confidence rating, and evaluated specific MRI features. Univariable statistical analysis was performed to identify which MRI characteristics might help distinguish IVDE from IVDP. Results 117 dogs with lumbosacral IVDE (n = 16) or IVDP (n = 101) were included. Features associated with IVDE were in concordance with previous studies and included interruption of the dorsal annulus, suspected epidural hemorrhage, dispersed (rather than confined) intervertebral disc herniation on T2W sagittal images, lateralized intervertebral disc herniation and displacement of the cauda equina. Overall diagnostic accuracy was 68.8% and interobserver agreement was fair (κ = 0.37), which is lower than has been reported in thoracolumbar disc herniation, but accuracy increased to 85.3% with substantially improved agreement (κ = 0.87) in "confident" diagnoses. Discussion/Conclusion MRI characteristics used in differentiating thoracolumbar IVDE and IVDP can be extrapolated to the lumbosacral intervertebral disc space, but diagnostic accuracy in low-field MRI is lower than previously reported in herniations involving the thoracolumbar spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Shing
- Dick White Referrals, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Abby Caine
- Dick White Referrals, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tim Sparks
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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Greco A, Meomartino L, Gnudi G, Brunetti A, Di Giancamillo M. Imaging techniques in veterinary medicine . Part II: Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear medicine. Eur J Radiol Open 2022; 10:100467. [PMID: 36570419 PMCID: PMC9768321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejro.2022.100467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiography and ultrasonography are the most used techniques in veterinary clinical practice, due to organizational, managerial and, mostly, economic reasons. However, in the last decades, Computed tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and, to a lesser extent, Nuclear Medicine (MN) are increasingly used. As we said in the previous article, all the Diagnostic Imaging techniques are actually "indispensable" in Veterinary Medicine, where many patients do not show any symptoms.This second part describes Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance (MRI) and Nuclear Medicine techniques in Veterinary Medicine are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Greco
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Radiologia Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Leonardo Meomartino
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Radiologia Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy,Corresponding author.
| | - Giacomo Gnudi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Arturo Brunetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Mauro Di Giancamillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono, 7, 20122 Milano, Italy
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Tanoue H, Shimada M, Ichinohe T, Kanno N, Suzuki S, Harada Y, Hara Y. Postoperative outcomes of combined surgery comprising dorsal laminectomy, transarticular screws, pedicle screws and polymethylmethacrylate for dorsal fixation in 21 dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1813-1819. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.04.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To retrospectively review the efficacy of combined surgery comprising dorsal laminectomy and dorsal fixation using screws and polymethylmethacrylate as treatment for dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS).
ANIMALS
21 client owned dogs diagnosed with DLSS and treated surgically.
PROCEDURES
Based on clinical records, signalments, clinical signs, findings from orthopedic and neurological examinations, imaging findings, and postoperative complications were evaluated at the following time points: preoperatively, postoperatively, and 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after surgery.
RESULTS
In all 21 cases, clinical signs were alleviated, proprioceptive deficits were improved from 3 months after surgery, and no recurrence of clinical signs was observed during the observation period. Minor complications were observed in 6 cases (28.6%), including implant failure in 2 (9.5%), delayed healing of surgical wounds in 2 (9.5%), seroma in 1 (4.8%), and swelling of the affected area in 1 (4.8%). There was no case with major complications.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Combined surgery comprising dorsal laminectomy and dorsal fixation using screws and polymethylmethacrylate is a useful treatment that can improve long-term clinical signs in dogs with DLSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Tanoue
- Laboratory of the Veterinary Surgery, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Masakazu Shimada
- Laboratory of the Veterinary Surgery, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Tom Ichinohe
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Azabu University, Sagamihara-shi, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kanno
- Laboratory of the Veterinary Surgery, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Shuji Suzuki
- Laboratory of the Veterinary Surgery, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Yasuji Harada
- Laboratory of the Veterinary Surgery, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hara
- Laboratory of the Veterinary Surgery, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
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Nam J, Kang K, Kim K, Choi J, Choi M, Yoon J. Translocation of the conus medullaris during dynamic lumbosacral magnetic resonance imaging in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:554-559. [PMID: 34166091 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.7.554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the change in the lumbosacral angle (ΔLSA) and conus medullaris (CM) displacement in healthy dogs undergoing dynamic MRI with changes in the posture of their pelvic limbs from neutral posture to flexion or extension posture and to evaluate for potential correlation between ΔLSA and CM displacement. ANIMALS 9 healthy adult Beagles. PROCEDURES Dogs underwent dynamic MRI with their pelvic limbs positioned in neutral, flexion, and extension postures. From T2-weighted sagittal midline plane MRI images, 2 observers measured the lumbosacral angle and CM location in duplicate for each posture for each dog. Intra- and interobserver agreement was assessed, and the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (ρ) was used to assess for potential correlation between ΔLSA and CM displacement for changes in pelvic limb posture from neutral to flexion or extension. RESULTS Overall, the mean ΔLSA and CM displacement for changes in posture were 23° and 9.09 mm (caudal displacement) for the change from neutral to flexion posture, 8.4° and -2.5 mm (cranial displacement) for the change from neutral to extension posture, and 32.2° and 11.64 mm (caudal displacement) for the change from extension to flexion posture. The ΔLSA strongly correlated (ρ = 0.705; 95% CI, 0.434 to 0.859) with displacement of the CM. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The use of dynamic MRI, compared with conventional MRI, will better help to characterize clinically normal and abnormal features of the lumbosacral region of the vertebral column and associated spinal cord during postural changes. Further, when limited translocation of the CM is evident on dynamic MRI, veterinarians should suspect underlying lumbosacral pathophysiologic processes or anatomic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Nam
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuyong Kang
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeonga Kim
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongwoo Choi
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Mincheol Choi
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghee Yoon
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Tanoue H, Uchiyama R, Fukuda H, Ichinohe T, Kanno N, Suzuki S, Harada Y, Hara Y. Effects of intervertebral distraction screw fixation of the lumbosacral joint on the adjacent lumbar segments in Beagles. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:367-374. [PMID: 32228256 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.4.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of intervertebral distraction screw (IDS) fixation of the lumbosacral joint (LSJ) on the intervertebral foraminal area (IFA) and intervertebral stabilization of the LSJ and adjacent lumbar segments in dogs. ANIMALS 7 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURES Dorsal laminectomy was performed at the LSJ in each dog to expose the intervertebral disk. The IDS was then inserted into the L7-S1 disk. Computed tomography was performed before and after laminectomy and after IDS insertion (intact, laminectomy, and IDS conditions, respectively) to measure the intervertebral range of motion (ROM) and intervertebral distance (ID) at L7-S1, L6-7, and L5-6 with the LSJ in a flexed and extended position. The intervertebral foramina stenosis rate was calculated from the intervertebral foramina area in entrance, middle, and exit zones. Results were compared among conditions. RESULTS The ROM at L7-S1 after IDS insertion was lower than that observed before and after laminectomy; no other differences were identified among conditions. With the LSJ in the flexed position, the ID at L7-S1 was larger after IDS insertion than before and after laminectomy; no other differences in ID were identified. In all evaluated zones, the stenosis rate was lower after IDS insertion than before and after laminectomy. No differences in ROM, ID, and stenosis rate were identified among conditions at L6-7 or L5-6. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that IDS fixation of the LSJ restricted lumbosacral ROM and prevented decreases in lumbosacral ID and IFA in healthy dogs. There were no changes at L6-7 and L5-6.
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Lampe R, Foss KD, Hague DW, Oliveira CR, Smith R. Dynamic MRI is reliable for evaluation of the lumbosacral spine in healthy dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 61:555-565. [PMID: 32574428 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used to diagnose degenerative lumbosacral stenosis; however, studies show limited correlation between imaging and clinical signs. The purpose of this prospective observer agreement study was to use dynamic MRI of the lumbosacral (LS) spine of healthy dogs to determine reliable reference ranges. Twenty-two healthy large breed dogs were prospectively enrolled. MRI of the LS spine was performed in T2-weighted, T1-weighted, and T2-weighted SPACE sequences in neutral, flexed, and extended positions. Four observers performed image analyses. Measurements included LS angle, vertebral canal height and area, and LS foraminal areas. Ordinal categorical assessment of loss of fat signal in the foramina, LS compression, intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, spondylosis, and IVD protrusion was also performed. The majority of values were significantly larger in flexion versus neutral position, and significantly smaller in extension versus neutral position (P < .05). Subclinical compression and IVD protrusion was noted in a neutral position in 45% and 55% of dogs and in an extended position in 85% and 73% of dogs, respectively. Interobserver agreement was strong (intracluster correlation coefficient [ICC] > .5) except for the L7:LS vertebral canal area ratio (ICC ≤ .03). Intraobserver agreement was high (rho > .5) for all measurements except for the mid-L6:LS vertebral canal height ratio (rho = .38). There was poor interobserver agreement for loss of fat signal in the foramina and evidence of compression. This study provides the groundwork for future studies using dynamic MRI to evaluate dogs with signs of clinical LS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Lampe
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Kari D Foss
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Devon W Hague
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Cintia R Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Rebecca Smith
- Department of Veterinary, Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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Smolders LA, Knell SC, Park B, Pozzi A, Meij BP, Steffen F. The effects of foraminotomy and intervertebral distraction on the volume of the lumbosacral intervertebral neurovascular foramen: An ex vivo study. Vet J 2020; 256:105435. [PMID: 32113586 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs frequently involves L7-S1 foraminal stenosis and L7 nerve root compression. Surgical techniques to decompress the L7 nerve root include foraminotomy and intervertebral distraction. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of foraminotomy and intervertebral distraction on the total, cranial, and caudal compartmental volumes of the L7-S1 intervertebral neurovascular foramen (NF). CT images were obtained from eight canine lumbosacral (L5-CD1) specimens in the following sequential conditions: native spine (1), after dorsal laminectomy and partial discectomy of L7-S1 (2), after L7-S1 foraminotomy (3), after distraction with an interbody cage between L7 and S1 (4), after cage distraction stabilized with pedicle screw-rod fixation in neutral (5) and flexed position (6). The volume of the complete NF and its cranial and caudal subcompartments were calculated using the CT images and statistically compared between conditions. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The volume of the complete NF was significantly increased after foraminotomy (mean ± standard deviation (146.8 ± 26.5%, P < 0.01) and after distraction (Condition 4, 121.0 ± 19.1%; Condition 5, 116.6 ± 29.3 %; Condition 6, 119.0 ± 21.8 %; P = 0.01) with no difference between the distraction conditions. Foraminotomy induced a significantly larger increase in total NF volume compared to distraction. Foraminotomy, but not distraction, induced a significant increase in volume of the cranial subcompartment (158.2 ± 33.2 %; P < 0.01). Foraminotomy is more effective in increasing the foraminal volume and especially the cranial subcompartment, which is where the L7 nerve root traverses the NF. Hence, foraminotomy may be more effective in decompressing the L7 nerve root.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Smolders
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - S C Knell
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Park
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Pozzi
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B P Meij
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F Steffen
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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Worth A, Meij B, Jeffery N. Canine Degenerative Lumbosacral Stenosis: Prevalence, Impact And Management Strategies. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2019; 10:169-183. [PMID: 31819860 PMCID: PMC6875490 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s180448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Canine degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS) is a syndrome of low back pain with or without neurologic dysfunction associated with compression of the cauda equina. Most commonly occurring in medium- to large-breed dogs of middle to older age, German shepherd and working dogs are predisposed. Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical signs, advanced imaging and ruling out other differential diagnoses. The volume of the intervertebral foramina at the lumbosacral junction is naturally reduced on extension but degenerative changes lead to a more marked reduction that can impinge the L7 nerve roots. Evidence is lacking on which to base decision-making for treatment of dogs with DLSS. However, surgical intervention may be indicated in dogs that do not respond to conservative management, or for dogs in which there is a requirement to work that prevents lifestyle adjustments. Improvements in electrodiagnosis and novel intra-discal treatments may improve the management of DLSS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Worth
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North4442, New Zealand
| | - Björn Meij
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht3508 TD, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Jeffery
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College Station, TX77845, USA
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Harcourt-Brown TR, Granger NP, Fitzpatrick N, Jeffery ND. Electrodiagnostic findings in dogs with apparently painful lumbosacral foraminal stenosis. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2167-2174. [PMID: 31381186 PMCID: PMC6766485 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of management strategies for lumbosacral stenosis in dogs is hampered by the lack of objective diagnostic criteria and outcome measures. OBJECTIVE To explore the suitability of electrodiagnostic tests as ancillary diagnostic aids, inclusion criteria, or outcome measures. SAMPLE POPULATION Sixty-one client-owned dogs with clinical signs of lumbosacral foraminal stenosis. METHODS A blinded, cross-sectional cohort study. Fifty-one dogs exhibiting apparent lumbosacral pain or pelvic limb lameness with no detected orthopedic cause had blinded review of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), allowing classification as affected with foraminal stenosis (25 dogs), unaffected (20 dogs), or another diagnosis (6 dogs). The presence of electromyographic changes and tibial neurography variables were compared between groups. RESULTS Cord dorsum potential onset latency, F-wave onset latency (both corrected for limb length), and F-ratio were increased in dogs with lumbosacral foraminal stenosis versus those without, although there was overlap of the values between groups. The proportion of dogs with electromyographic changes was not significantly greater in MRI-affected dogs. CONCLUSION Electrophysiological testing is a useful ancillary test, either to provide stricter inclusion criteria and outcome measures or to aid clinical decision-making in equivocal cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicholas D Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Jones JC, Kimmett KL, Sharp JL, Sanders SR, Wilmoth TA. CT measures of lumbosacral paraspinal muscle size are not correlated with CT measures of lumbosacral stability in military working Labrador Retrievers. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 60:513-524. [PMID: 31155806 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in military working dogs more frequently utilizes core conditioning exercise programs. Future research on the effectiveness of these programs may benefit from an improved understanding of relationships between paraspinal muscle size and lumbosacral stability. The aim of this retrospective, secondary analysis, cross-sectional study was to test the following hypotheses related to CT measures: (a) transverse paraspinal muscle area ratios differ between hip flexion and extension, (b) lumbosacral angle and lumbosacral range of motion differ by lumbosacral angle measurement technique, and (c) transverse paraspinal muscle area ratios are correlated with CT measures of lumbosacral stability (parasagittal and parasagittal oblique foraminal area changes) regardless of hip position and with lumbosacral range of motion within each hip position. Lumbosacral CT scans in hip flexion and extension were retrieved from a previous prospective study of military working Labrador Retrievers. A single observer performed triplicate measurements of transverse paraspinal muscle area ratios, parasagittal foraminal area, and parasagittal oblique foraminal area for each hip position and another observer independently performed triplicate measurements of lumbosacral angle and lumbosacral range of motion at L7-S1 using two published techniques. Thirty-nine dogs were analyzed and significant differences were identified between hip flexion and extension for all mean transverse paraspinal muscle area ratio values (P ≤ .05). Mean lumbosacral angles also significantly differed between the published techniques in both hip flexion and extension. When comparing mean lumbosacral range of motion values, one of the published techniques produced significantly smaller values. No significant correlation was found between transverse paraspinal muscle area ratios and parasagittal foraminal area changes, parasagittal oblique foraminal area changes, or lumbosacral range of motion. These results should be considered when designing studies using these CT measures in military working dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeryl C Jones
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Krystina L Kimmett
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Julia L Sharp
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colarado
| | - Samantha R Sanders
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Tiffany A Wilmoth
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
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Saunders H, Worth AJ, Bridges JP, Hartman A. Evaluation of the rostral projection of the sacral lamina as a component of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in German shepherd dogs. Vet Surg 2018; 47:654-663. [PMID: 29781166 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the association between a greater rostral projection of the sacral lamina and clinical signs of cauda equina syndrome (CES) in German shepherd dogs (GSD) with presumptive degenerative lumbosacral disease (DLSS). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SAMPLE POPULATION One hundred forty-three GSD (125 police dogs and 18 pet dogs) presenting for either CES or prebreeding evaluation. Fifty-five were classified as affected by CES and diagnosed with DLSS, and 88 were classified as unaffected on the basis of clinical and imaging findings. METHODS The position of the rostral edge of the sacral lamina was measured from radiographs and/or computed tomography (CT) scans. This position was compared between affected and unaffected dogs. In dogs that underwent both radiography and CT scanning, the agreement between sacral lamina localization using each imaging modality was determined. Owners/handlers were contacted to determine whether dogs subsequently developed clinical signs compatible with CES at a mean of 29 months (unaffected). RESULTS The sacral lamina did not extend as far rostrally in affected dogs, compared to unaffected dogs (P = .04). Among the 88 dogs unaffected by CES at initial evaluation, 2 developed clinical signs consistent with CES at follow-up. CONCLUSION Rostral projection of the sacral lamina, previously proposed as a potential risk factor in dogs with CES due to lumbosacral degeneration, was not associated with a diagnosis of DLSS in this study; the opposite was true. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Rostral projection of the sacral lamina may not be a predisposing factor in the development of CES due to DLSS in GSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey Saunders
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Andrew J Worth
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Massey University Working Dog Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Janis P Bridges
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Lumbosacral foraminal ratios and areas using MRI in medium-sized dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 27:333-8. [DOI: 10.3415/vcot-13-05-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Objective: To examine conventional magnetic resonance imaging planes of the lumbosacral foramina to obtain objective measurements of foraminal size in mediumsized (20–28 kg) normal dogs.
Method: Ten canine cadavers were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging in neutral, flexed and extended position. Foraminal ratios, areas and lumbosacral angles were calculated and their relationship to body weight was evaluated.
Results: Foraminal ratios were found to be independent of body weight in medium sized dogs (p >0.42). Foraminal areas were dependent on body weight (p <0.05). Flexion and extension were shown to significantly change both the foraminal ratio and area.
Clinical significance: Lumbosacral foraminal stenosis is common in working dogs. Foraminal ratios were evaluated in mediumsized dogs and were found to be independent of body weight, which may provide objective evaluation of surgical decompression techniques if calculated pre- and post-surgery. Foraminal areas were not independent of body weight.
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13
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Mukherjee M, Jones JC, Yao J. Lumbosacral stenosis in Labrador retriever military working dogs - an exomic exploratory study. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2017; 4:12. [PMID: 29085643 PMCID: PMC5651560 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-017-0052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine lumbosacral stenosis is defined as narrowing of the caudal lumbar and/or sacral vertebral canal. A risk factor for neurologic problems in many large sized breeds, lumbosacral stenosis can also cause early retirement in Labrador retriever military working dogs. Though vital for conservative management of the condition, early detection is complicated by the ambiguous nature of clinical signs of lumbosacral stenosis in stoic and high-drive Labrador retriever military working dogs. Though clinical diagnoses of lumbosacral stenosis using CT imaging are standard, they are usually not performed unless dogs present with clinical symptoms. Understanding the underlying genomic mechanisms would be beneficial in developing early detection methods for lumbosacral stenosis, which could prevent premature retirement in working dogs. The exomes of 8 young Labrador retriever military working dogs (4 affected and 4 unaffected by lumbosacral stenosis, phenotypically selected by CT image analyses from 40 dogs with no reported clinical signs of the condition) were sequenced to identify and annotate exonic variants between dogs negative and positive for lumbosacral stenosis. Results Two-hundred and fifty-two variants were detected to be homozygous for the wild allele and either homozygous or heterozygous for the variant allele. Seventeen non-disruptive variants were detected that could affect protein effectiveness in 7 annotated (SCN1B, RGS9BP, ASXL3, TTR, LRRC16B, PTPRO, ZBBX) and 3 predicted genes (EEF1A1, DNAJA1, ZFX). No exonic variants were detected in any of the canine orthologues for human lumbar spinal stenosis candidate genes. Conclusions TTR (transthyretin) gene could be a possible candidate for lumbosacral stenosis in Labrador retrievers based on previous human studies that have reported an association between human lumbar spinal stenosis and transthyretin protein amyloidosis. Other genes identified with exonic variants in this study but with no known published association with lumbosacral stenosis and/or lumbar spinal stenosis could also be candidate genes for future canine lumbosacral stenosis studies but their roles remain currently unknown. Human lumbar spinal stenosis candidate genes also cannot be ruled out as lumbosacral stenosis candidate genes. More definitive genetic investigations of this condition are needed before any genetic test for lumbosacral stenosis in Labrador retriever can be developed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40575-017-0052-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Mukherjee
- Departments of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
| | - Jeryl C Jones
- Departments of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA.,Current address: 140 Poole Agricultural Center, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, 29634 USA
| | - Jianbo Yao
- Departments of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
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14
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Müller F, Schenk HC, Forterre F. Short-term and long-term effects of a minimally invasive transilial vertebral blocking procedure on the lumbosacral morphometry in dogs measured by computed tomography. Vet Surg 2017; 46:354-366. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Franck Forterre
- Vetsuisse Faculty of Bern, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Small Animal Clinic; Bern Switzerland
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15
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Teunissen M, van der Veen A, Smit T, Tryfonidou M, Meij B. Effect of a titanium cage as a stand-alone device on biomechanical stability in the lumbosacral spine of canine cadavers. Vet J 2017; 220:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Worth AJ, Hartman A, Bridges JP, Jones BR, Mayhew JIG. Computed tomographic evaluation of dynamic alteration of the canine lumbosacral intervertebral neurovascular foramina. Vet Surg 2017; 46:255-264. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Worth
- Massey University Working Dog Centre, Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Angela Hartman
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Janis P. Bridges
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Boyd R. Jones
- Massey University Working Dog Centre, Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Joe I. G. Mayhew
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital; Palmerston North New Zealand
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17
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Worth AJ, Hartman A, Bridges JP, Jones BR, Mayhew JIG. Effect of dorsal laminectomy and dorsal annulectomy with partial lumbosacral discectomy on the volume of the lateral intervertebral neuroforamina in dogs when the lumbosacral junction is extended. Vet Surg 2017; 46:265-270. [PMID: 28075496 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of dorsal annulectomy and partial discectomy on the volume of the lumbosacral lateral intervertebral neurovascular foramina (intervertebral foramina) in canine cadavers during extension of the lumbosacral junction. STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo experiment. SAMPLE POPULATION Lumbosacral specimens from 10 large breed dogs euthanatized for reasons unrelated to lumbosacral disease. METHODS The lumbosacral specimens were clamped in a wooden jig and scanned using computed tomography (CT) with the lumbosacral junction in a neutral position and loaded in extension using a tensioning device. The 3-dimensional volumes of the lumbosacral intervertebral neurovascular foramina were measured and the extent of any disc degeneration was determined from the CT data. A limited dorsal laminectomy of S1 and a dorsal LS annulectomy and partial discectomy were then performed. The lumbosacral specimens were remounted into the jig and loaded into extension at the same tension and were re-scanned. Measurements of intervertebral foraminal volume were then repeated. RESULTS The mean volume of the lumbosacral foramina (n = 20) was 381 mm3 in neutral (unloaded) positioning and 137 mm3 when loaded in extension. Following dorsal annulectomy, the mean volume was significantly reduced by a mean of 28% to 98 mm3 (P < .01). The foraminal volume was reduced in 19/20 lumbosacral foramen, with the post-annulectomy volume ranging from 31% to 97% of the pre-annulectomy volume (3%-69% reduction). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that a dorsal annulectomy with partial discectomy may induce further dynamic collapse of the lumbosacral articulation in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Worth
- Massey University Working Dog Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Angela Hartman
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Janis P Bridges
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Boyd R Jones
- Massey University Working Dog Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Joe I G Mayhew
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Zindl C, Tucker RL, Jovanovik J, Gomez Alvarez C, Price D, Fitzpatrick N. EFFECTS OF IMAGE PLANE, PATIENT POSITIONING, AND FORAMINAL ZONE ON MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING MEASUREMENTS OF CANINE LUMBOSACRAL INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMINA. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 58:206-215. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Zindl
- Fitzpatrick Referrals Ltd.; Godalming Surrey GU7 2QQ UK
| | - Russell L. Tucker
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Washington State University; Pullman WA 99164 UK
| | | | | | - David Price
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Disease Dynamics Unit; University of Cambridge; Cambridge CB3 0ES UK
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19
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Ramos RM, da Costa RC, Oliveira ALA, Kodigudla MK, Goel VK. Morphological changes of the caudal cervical intervertebral foramina due to flexion-extension and compression-traction movements in the canine cervical vertebral column. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:184. [PMID: 26245514 PMCID: PMC4545818 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies in humans have reported that the dimensions of the intervertebral foramina change significantly with movement of the spine. Cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM) in dogs is characterized by dynamic and static compressions of the neural components, leading to variable degrees of neurologic deficits and neck pain. Studies suggest that intervertebral foraminal stenosis has implications in the pathogenesis of CSM. The dimensions of the cervical intervertebral foramina may significantly change during neck movements. This could have implication in the pathogenesis of CSM and other diseases associated with radiculopathy such as intervertebral disc disease. The purpose of this study was to quantify the morphological changes in the intervertebral foramina of dogs during flexion, extension, traction, and compression of the canine cervical vertebral column. All vertebral columns were examined with magnetic resonance imaging prior to biomechanic testing. Eight normal vertebral columns were placed in Group 1 and eight vertebral columns with intervertebral disc degeneration or/and protrusion were assigned to Group 2. Molds of the left and right intervertebral foramina from C4-5, C5-6 and C6-7 were taken during all positions and loading modes. Molds were frozen and vertical (height) and horizontal (width) dimensions of the foramina were measured. Comparisons were made between neutral to flexion and extension, flexion to extension, and traction to compression in neutral position. Results Extension decreased all the foraminal dimensions significantly, whereas flexion increased all the foraminal dimensions significantly. Compression decreased all the foraminal dimensions significantly, and traction increased the foraminal height, but did not significantly change the foraminal width. No differences in measurements were seen between groups. Conclusions Our results show movement-related changes in the dimensions of the intervertebral foramina, with significant foraminal narrowing in extension and compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato M Ramos
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L. Tharp St, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Department of Clinical and Surgery, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil.
| | - Ronaldo C da Costa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L. Tharp St, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Andre L A Oliveira
- Department of Clinical and Surgery, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil.
| | - Manoj K Kodigudla
- Engineering Center for Orthopedic Research Excellence, The University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH, USA.
| | - Vijay K Goel
- Engineering Center for Orthopedic Research Excellence, The University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH, USA.
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Jurkoshek AM, da Costa RC, Martin-Vaquero P. THE EFFECT OF ANGLE SLICE ACQUISITION ON COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CERVICAL VERTEBRAL COLUMN MORPHOMETRY IN GREAT DANES. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2015; 56:503-10. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Jurkoshek
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Ronaldo C. da Costa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Paula Martin-Vaquero
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210 USA
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Espadas I, Chai O, Lindley S, Wessmann A. Caudal lumbar disc disease presenting as ‘praying position’‐like posture and gait. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2014-000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Espadas
- Small Animal Teaching HospitalSchool of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of LiverpoolLeahurst CampusChester High RoadLiverpoolUK
| | - Orit Chai
- Koret School of Veterinary MedicineThe Hebrew University of JerusalemP.O. Box 12RehovotIsrael
| | - Samantha Lindley
- Division of Small Animal Clinical SciencesSchool of Veterinary MedicineCollege of Medical, Veterinary & Life SciencesUniversity of Glasgow464 Bearsden RoadGlasgowUK
| | - Annette Wessmann
- Department of NeurologyPride Veterinary CentreRiverside RoadDerbyUK
- School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowSmall Animal Clinical Sciences464 Bearsden RoadGlasgowUK
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22
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Jeffery ND, Barker A, Harcourt-Brown T. What progress has been made in the understanding and treatment of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs during the past 30 years? Vet J 2014; 201:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Golini L, Kircher PR, Lewis FI, Steffen F. Transarticular Fixation With Cortical Screws Combined With Dorsal Laminectomy and Partial Discectomy as Surgical Treatment of Degenerative Lumbosacral Stenosis in 17 Dogs: Clinical and Computed Tomography Follow-Up. Vet Surg 2014; 43:405-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Golini
- Section of Neurology; VetSuisse Faculty, University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Patrick R. Kircher
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Small Animals; VetSuisse Faculty, University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Fraser I. Lewis
- Section of Epidemiology; VetSuisse Faculty, University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Frank Steffen
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Small Animals; VetSuisse Faculty, University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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Foraminal and paraspinal extraforaminal attachments of the sixth and seventh lumbar spinal nerves in large breed dogs. Vet J 2013; 197:631-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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O'Riordan J, Moissonnier PHM, Kirby BM. Ventral surgical approach to the lumbosacral joint in the dog. Vet Surg 2012; 42:85-90. [PMID: 23215780 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2012.01070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a ventral surgical approach to the lumbosacral (LS) junction, access to L7 and S1, and access to the LS disc. STUDY DESIGN Cadaveric descriptive study. ANIMALS Canine cadavers (n = 6). METHODS A ventral surgical approach to the LS junction was made and local anatomic structures documented. Accessible ventral L7 and S1 vertebral bodies and LS disc were marked with India ink. Total and marked surface areas were calculated. The potential for bicortical and unicortical implant placement was determined in transverse slices of L7 and S1. Exposed ventral disc annulus relative to vertebral canal diameters were measured. RESULTS Portions of L7 and S1 were accessible in all dogs, but shape and dimensions varied. Ventral access for implant placement was available in both L7 and S1 in every dog. The median sacral artery and vein were in contact with the ventral LS disc annulus in every dog. Accessible ventral annulus were greater than vertebral canal in all dogs. CONCLUSIONS Ventral approach to the LS junction is possible, with LS discectomy, and implant placement in L7 and S1 vertebral bodies possible from this approach. Injury to, or sacrifice of, the median sacral artery and/or vein may occur in this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry O'Riordan
- Section of Veterinary Clinical Studies, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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Higgins BM, Cripps PJ, Baker M, Moore L, Penrose FE, McConnell JF. Effects of body position, imaging plane, and observer on computed tomographic measurements of the lumbosacral intervertebral foraminal area in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:905-17. [PMID: 21728851 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.7.905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate effects of imaging plane, flexion and extension, patient weight, and observer on computed tomographic (CT) image measurements of the area of the lumbosacral (L7-S1) intervertebral foramen (LSIF) in dogs. SAMPLE 12 dog cadavers (2 were excluded because of foraminal stenosis). PROCEDURES In each cadaver, sagittal, sagittal oblique, transverse oblique, and double oblique CT images were obtained at 3 zones (entrance, middle, and exit zones) of the region of the lateral lumbar spinal canal that comprises the LSIF while the lumbosacral junction (LSJ) was positioned in flexion or extension. Barium-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate was used to fill the intervertebral foramina to aid boundary detection. Measurements of interest were obtained. RESULTS Among the dog cadavers, there was large variability in LSIF cross-sectional areas (range, 0.12 to 0.44 cm2; SD, 0.1 cm2) and in foraminal angles required to obtain a double oblique plane in LSJ extension (SD, 8 ° to 9 °). For LSIF area measurements in standard sagittal CT images, interobserver variability was 23% to 44% and intraobserver variability was 4% to 5%. Sagittal oblique images obtained during LSJ extension yielded smaller mean LSIF areas (0.30 cm2), compared with findings in sagittal images (0.37 to 0.52 cm2). The exit and middle zone areas were smaller than the entrance zone area in sagittal images obtained during LSJ extension. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Repeated measurements of the LSIF area in images obtained during LSJ extension may be unreliable as a result of interobserver variability and the effects of dog positioning and CT slice orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent M Higgins
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, England
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Kneissl S, Probst A, Wagmann E, Tichy AG. Opacity and Lucency Sign of the Seventh Lumbar Vertebra in Dogs. Anat Histol Embryol 2010; 39:398-402. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2010.01007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Worth AJ, Thompson DJ, Hartman AC. Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in working dogs: Current concepts and review. N Z Vet J 2009; 57:319-30. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2009.64719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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