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Glamann S, Jeffery ND, Levine JM, Gremillion CL, Gilmour LJ, Boudreau CE, Hecht S, Griffin JF. The "Claw Sign" may aid in axial localization in cases of peripherally located canine glioma on MRI. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023. [PMID: 37296076 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The "claw sign" is a radiographic sign studied in human imaging to determine if a mass arises from a solid structure or organ versus a close adjacent location, resulting in distortion of the outline of an organ. We investigated its utility in characterizing MRI axial localization of peripherally located intracranial glioma versus meningioma, due to their overlap in MRI appearance. This retrospective, secondary analysis, cross-sectional study aimed to report the sensitivity, specificity, and inter- and intraobserver variabilities using kappa statistics, hypothesizing that the claw sign will have strong inter- and intraobserver agreement (κ > 0.8). Dogs with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of peripherally located glioma or meningioma and available 3T MRI data were retrieved from medical record archives from 2009 to 2021. A total of 27 cases, 11 glioma and 16 meningioma, were included. The postcontrast T1-weighted images were provided to five blinded image evaluators in two separate randomized sessions separated by a 6-week wash out period. Prior to the first evaluation, evaluators were provided with a training video and set of training cases for the "claw sign," which were excluded from the study. Evaluators were asked to rate cases as "positive," "negative," or "indeterminate" for the "claw sign." The sensitivity and specificity for the "claw sign" for the first session were 85.5% and 80%, respectively. The interobserver agreement for identifying the "claw sign" was moderate (κ = 0.48), and the intraobserver agreement across the two sessions was substantial (κ = 0.72). These findings indicate the claw sign is supportive but not pathognomonic for intra-axial localization in cases of canine glioma on MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Glamann
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Nicholas D Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan M Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Christine L Gremillion
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Lindsey J Gilmour
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - C Elizabeth Boudreau
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Silke Hecht
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John F Griffin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Matthews DJ, Fries RC, Jeffery ND, Hamer SA, Saunders AB. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Detects Myocardial Abnormalities in Naturally Infected Dogs with Chronic Asymptomatic Chagas Disease. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081393. [PMID: 37106957 PMCID: PMC10135195 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi infection causes inflammation and fibrosis, resulting in cardiac damage in dogs. The objectives of this study were to describe cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) in naturally infected dogs with chronic Chagas disease and the frequency of abnormalities for CMR and cardiac diagnostic tests. Ten asymptomatic, client-owned dogs seropositive for T. cruzi were prospectively enrolled in an observational study evaluating echocardiography, ECG (standard and ambulatory), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and CMR. Standard ECG measurements (3/10) and cTnI concentration (1/10) outside the reference range were uncommon. Ambulatory ECG abnormalities were documented more frequently (6/10 dogs) than with standard ECG and included ventricular arrhythmias (4), supraventricular premature beats (3), second-degree atrioventricular block (2), and sinus arrest (1). Echocardiographic abnormalities were documented in 6/10 dogs including mildly increased left ventricular internal dimension in diastole (1) and decreased right ventricular (RV) systolic function based on reductions in tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (3) and RV S' (4). Abnormalities were detected with CMR in 7/10 dogs including delayed myocardial enhancement in 5 of which 2 also had increased extracellular volume, abnormal wall motion in 5, and loss of apical compact myocardium in 1. In conclusion, CMR abnormalities were common, and the results of this study suggest CMR can provide useful information in dogs with T. cruzi infection and may support naturally infected dogs for future clinical investigation as an animal model for Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Matthews
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - Ryan C Fries
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Nicholas D Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - Sarah A Hamer
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Ashley B Saunders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
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Yi KC, Heseltine JC, Jeffery ND, Cook AK, Nabity MB. Effect of withholding food versus feeding on creatinine, symmetric dimethylarginine, cholesterol, triglycerides, and other biochemical analytes in 100 healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:626-634. [PMID: 36786663 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Withholding food is often recommended before collection of blood for routine biochemical analysis in dogs despite a paucity of evidence to support this requirement. OBJECTIVES To compare measurements of selected biochemical analytes collected before and after feeding in clinically healthy dogs. ANIMALS One hundred clinically healthy staff- and student-owned dogs weighing ≥15 kg. METHODS Prospective observational study. Food was withheld from the dogs for 10-26 hours. Preprandial serum was collected, and then dogs were fed their usual food at an amount equivalent to at least 2/3 resting energy requirement (RER). Selected serum analytes were measured at 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-hours postprandially. The proportion of postprandial values that exceeded either the reported allowable total error (TEa), or for symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), the reference change value (RCV), was determined. As neither TEa nor RCV is available for lipase, comparison was made to the high end of the reference interval (RI). RESULTS The proportion of dogs with at least 1 postprandial measurement that exceeded the TEa or RCV was 92/100 for triglycerides, 66/100 for blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 46/100 for phosphorus, 17/100 for glucose, 9/100 for bilirubin, 5/100 for SDMA, 2/100 for creatinine, and 0/100 for cholesterol and albumin. Postprandial lipase never exceeded the RI in dogs with normal fasted lipase. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Withholding food is generally not necessary before performing routine biochemical analysis in clinically healthy dogs. Withholding food might be helpful to limit variability in analytes impacted by feeding, such as triglycerides and phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina C Yi
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Johanna C Heseltine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Nicholas D Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Audrey K Cook
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Mary B Nabity
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Khan S, Freeman P, Jeffery ND. Spontaneous resolution of severe disc-associated spinal cord compression in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 2022; 63:797. [PMID: 35729741 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Khan
- Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - P Freeman
- Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - N D Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
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Ellinwood NM, Valentine BN, Hess AS, Jens JK, Snella EM, Jamil M, Hostetter SJ, Jeffery ND, Smith JD, Millman ST, Parsons RL, Butt MT, Chandra S, Egeland MT, Assis AB, Nelvagal HR, Cooper JD, Nestrasil I, Mueller BA, Labounek R, Paulson A, Prill H, Liu XY, Zhou H, Lawrence R, Crawford BE, Grover A, Cherala G, Melton AC, Cherukuri A, Vuillemenot BR, Wait JC, O'Neill CA, Pinkstaff J, Kovalchin J, Zanelli E, McCullagh E. Tralesinidase alfa enzyme replacement therapy prevents disease manifestations in a canine model of mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 382:277-286. [PMID: 35717448 PMCID: PMC9426762 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (MPS IIIB; Sanfilippo syndrome B; OMIM #252920) is a lethal, pediatric, neuropathic, autosomal recessive, and lysosomal storage disease with no approved therapy. Patients are deficient in the activity of N-acetyl-alpha-glucosaminidase (NAGLU; EC 3.2.150), necessary for normal lysosomal degradation of the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS). Tralesinidase alfa (TA), a fusion protein comprised of recombinant human NAGLU and a modified human insulin-like growth factor 2, is in development as an enzyme replacement therapy that is administered via intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion, thus circumventing the blood brain barrier. Previous studies have confirmed ICV infusion results in widespread distribution of TA throughout the brains of mice and nonhuman primates. We assessed the long-term tolerability, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy of TA in a canine model of MPS IIIB over a 20-month study. Long-term administration of TA was well tolerated as compared with administration of vehicle. TA was widely distributed across brain regions, which was confirmed in a follow-up 8-week pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study. MPS IIIB dogs treated for up to 20 months had near-normal levels of HS and nonreducing ends of HS in cerebrospinal fluid and central nervous system (CNS) tissues. TA-treated MPS IIIB dogs performed better on cognitive tests and had improved CNS pathology and decreased cerebellar volume loss relative to vehicle-treated MPS IIIB dogs. These findings demonstrate the ability of TA to prevent or limit the biochemical, pathologic, and cognitive manifestations of canine MPS IIIB disease, thus providing support of its potential long-term tolerability and efficacy in MPS IIIB subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Matthew Ellinwood
- Departments of Animal Science and Veterinary Clinical Science, Iowa State University, United States
| | | | - Andrew S Hess
- Departnment of Animal Science, Iowa State University, United States
| | - Jackie K Jens
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, United States
| | | | - Maryam Jamil
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, United States
| | | | - Nicholas D Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Iowa State University, United States
| | - Jodi D Smith
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, United States
| | - Suzanne T Millman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Animal Medicine and Department of Biomedical Science, Iowa State University, United States
| | - Rebecca L Parsons
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, United States
| | | | | | - Martin T Egeland
- The Lundquist Institute (formerly Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, United States
| | - Ana B Assis
- The Lundquist Institute (formerly Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, United States
| | - Hemanth R Nelvagal
- The Lundquist Institute (formerly Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, United States
| | - Jonathan D Cooper
- The Lundquist Institute (formerly Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, United States
| | - Igor Nestrasil
- University of Minnesota, Department of Pediatrics, United States
| | - Bryon A Mueller
- University of Minnesota, Department of Pediatrics, United States
| | - Rene Labounek
- University of Minnesota, Department of Pediatrics, United States
| | - Amy Paulson
- University of Minnesota, Department of Pediatrics, United States
| | | | | | - Huiyu Zhou
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles A O'Neill
- Pharmacological Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., United States
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Krasnow MS, Griffin JF, Levine JM, Mai W, Pancotto TE, Kent M, Harcourt-Brown TR, Carrera-Justiz SC, Gilmour LJ, Masciarelli AE, Jeffery ND. Agreement and differentiation of intradural spinal cord lesions in dogs using magnetic resonance imaging. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 36:171-178. [PMID: 34859507 PMCID: PMC8783334 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Magnetic resonance imaging is the method of choice for diagnosing spinal cord neoplasia, but the accuracy of designating the relationship of a neoplasm to the meninges and agreement among observers is unknown. Objectives To determine agreement among observers and accuracy of diagnosis compared with histology when diagnosing lesion location based on relationship to the meninges. Animals Magnetic resonance images from 53 dogs with intradural extramedullary and intramedullary spinal neoplasms and 17 dogs with degenerative myelopathy. Methods Six observers were supplied with 2 sets of 35 images at different time points and asked to designate lesion location. Agreement in each set was analyzed using kappa (κ) statistics. We tabulated total correct allocations and calculated sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios for location designation from images compared with known histologic location for lesions confined to 1 location only. Results Agreement in the first set of images was moderate (κ = 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43‐0.58) and in the second, substantial (κ = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.66‐0.79). In the accuracy study, 180 (75%) of the 240 diagnostic calls were correct. Sensitivity and specificity were moderate to high for all compartments, except poor sensitivity was found for intradural extramedullary lesions. Positive likelihood ratios were high for intradural extramedullary lesions and degenerative myelopathy. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Overall accuracy in diagnosis was reasonable, and positive diagnostic calls for intradural extramedullary lesions and negative calls for intramedullary lesions are likely to be helpful. Observers exhibited considerable disagreement in designation of lesions relationship to the meninges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya S Krasnow
- Neurology Department, MedVet Cincinnati, Fairfax, Ohio, USA
| | - John F Griffin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan M Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Wilfried Mai
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, Section of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Theresa E Pancotto
- Department of Neurology, Veterinary Specialty Hospital of North County, San Marcos, California, USA
| | - Marc Kent
- Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Sheila C Carrera-Justiz
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lindsey J Gilmour
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Amanda E Masciarelli
- Ethos Veterinary Health, Massachusetts Veterinary Referral Hospital, Woburn, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas D Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Ito D, Shiozawa N, Sekiguchi N, Ishikawa C, Jeffery ND. Simple ectopic left kidney in the pelvic cavity in a cat. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:930. [PMID: 33997982 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Ito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Neurology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - N Shiozawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Neurology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - N Sekiguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Neurology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - C Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Neurology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - N D Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Thieman Mankin KM, Jeffery ND, Kerwin SC. The impact of a surgical checklist on surgical outcomes in an academic institution. Vet Surg 2021; 50:848-857. [PMID: 33797097 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of a surgical checklist (SC) on morbidities and compliance with safety measures. STUDY DESIGN Before-and-after-intervention study. SAMPLE POPULATION Three thousand two hundred eighty-six dogs: 1375 dogs pre-SC and 1911 post-SC. METHODS Completion of safety measures and occurrence of morbidity and/or mortality during hospitalization and up to death or 30-days postoperatively were recorded. RESULTS Safety measures were more frequently completed post-SC, including oral confirmation of patient identity (467/1177 [40%] vs. 1911/1911 [100%]) and oral confirmation of surgical site (568/1175 [48%] vs. 1911/1911 [100%]). In addition, duration of anesthesia decreased from 241 to 232 min (t = 2.824; p = .005); a greater proportion of animals that were intended to receive antibiotics did so prior to incision (1142/1316 [86.8%] vs. 1656/1845 [89.8%] [χ2 = 6.70, p = .01]); and fewer dogs had unplanned return to the OR (32/1065 [3.0%], vs. 21/1472 [1.4%]) (χ2 = 7.52, p = .006). No difference in surgical site infection (adjusted odds ratio 1.02 [95%CI: 0.63-1.66]); morbidity, (adjusted odds ratio 1.00 [95%CI: 0.77-1.29]); or death within 30 days (adjusted odds ratio 1.15 [95%CI: 0.72-1.83]) was detected on multivariable logistic regression analysis. The checklist prevented one wrong-site surgery. CONCLUSION Implementation of the checklist at our institution led to a decrease in anesthesia duration, increased administration of planned perioperative antibiotics before incision, increased completion of safety measures, and decreased unexpected return to the OR. IMPACT Despite the lack of effect on morbidities, the use of SC is recommended to improve compliance with safety measures and potentially prevent rare catastrophic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley M Thieman Mankin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Nicholas D Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sharon C Kerwin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Ito D, Ishikawa C, Sekiguchi N, Jeffery ND, Kitagawa M. Utility of "MR myelography" in diagnosis of a presumed spinal subarachnoid diverticulum. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:782. [PMID: 33045762 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Ito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Neurology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - C Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Neurology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - N Sekiguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Neurology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - N D Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - M Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Neurology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
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Ito D, Ishikawa C, Jeffery ND, Kitagawa M. Intraventricular carcinoma in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 62:234. [PMID: 32989762 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Ito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Neurology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - C Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Neurology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - N D Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - M Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Neurology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
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Ito D, Ishikawa C, Jeffery ND, Oshima A, Nakayama T, Kitagawa M. 'T-SLIP' MRI imaging of cerebrospinal fluid flow through the mesencephalic aqueduct. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:206-207. [PMID: 31930501 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Ito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Neurology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - C Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Neurology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - N D Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - A Oshima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Neurology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - T Nakayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - M Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Neurology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
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Andruzzi MN, Mankin JM, Lau CH, Ploeg RJ, Grami ZA, Jeffery ND. Lymphoma in the brain of a dog. J Small Anim Pract 2019; 61:263-264. [PMID: 31867722 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M N Andruzzi
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - J M Mankin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - C H Lau
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - R J Ploeg
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Z A Grami
- MSIV McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - N D Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
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Harcourt-Brown TR, Granger NP, Fitzpatrick N, Jeffery ND. Electrodiagnostic findings in dogs with apparently painful lumbosacral foraminal stenosis. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2167-2174. [PMID: 31381186 PMCID: PMC6766485 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of management strategies for lumbosacral stenosis in dogs is hampered by the lack of objective diagnostic criteria and outcome measures. OBJECTIVE To explore the suitability of electrodiagnostic tests as ancillary diagnostic aids, inclusion criteria, or outcome measures. SAMPLE POPULATION Sixty-one client-owned dogs with clinical signs of lumbosacral foraminal stenosis. METHODS A blinded, cross-sectional cohort study. Fifty-one dogs exhibiting apparent lumbosacral pain or pelvic limb lameness with no detected orthopedic cause had blinded review of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), allowing classification as affected with foraminal stenosis (25 dogs), unaffected (20 dogs), or another diagnosis (6 dogs). The presence of electromyographic changes and tibial neurography variables were compared between groups. RESULTS Cord dorsum potential onset latency, F-wave onset latency (both corrected for limb length), and F-ratio were increased in dogs with lumbosacral foraminal stenosis versus those without, although there was overlap of the values between groups. The proportion of dogs with electromyographic changes was not significantly greater in MRI-affected dogs. CONCLUSION Electrophysiological testing is a useful ancillary test, either to provide stricter inclusion criteria and outcome measures or to aid clinical decision-making in equivocal cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicholas D Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Shivapour SK, Jackson ND, Schleining JA, Kreuder AJ, Miles KG, Jeffery ND. Surgical intervention for vertebral osteomyelitis in a calf. Vet Surg 2019; 48:1064-1070. [PMID: 31219189 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the surgical treatment and outcome of a non-ambulatory calf with cervical vertebral ostoeomyelitis. STUDY DESIGN Clinical report. SAMPLE POPULATION One 3.5-month-old female mixed-breed calf with tetraparesis of 3 months duration. METHODS After computed tomography-guided bone biopsy, a bacterial osteolytic lesion within the body of the fourth cervical vertebrae (C4) and resultant pathologic compression fracture clinically resulting in full tetraparesis was diagnosed in the calf. Culture results from the lesion within C4 confirmed a diagnosis of Trueperella pyogenes. RESULTS Poor response to medical management justified surgical debridment of the lesion in C4 and subsequent stabilization of the cervical vertebral column. A three-part procedure was performed including (1) debridement of the C4, (2) bilateral ventral vertebral stabilization from C3 to C5, and (3) placement of ampicillin-impregnated plaster of Paris beads within the body of C4. With postoperative physical rehabilitation, the calf regained full ambulatory function. At 1-month follow-up, the calf remained ambulatory with mild proprioceptive ataxia and no evidence of implant failure. At annual recheck, the calf had gained 208 kg and remained fully ambulatory with no residual neurologic deficits. CONCLUSION Surgical intervention and use of antibiotic-impregnated implants offered a viable alternative to long-term medical management of vertebral osteomyelitis in the calf reported here. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This case identifies surgical intervention as a potential means for improving outcomes in a historically fatal condition of production animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Shivapour
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jennifer A Schleining
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Amanda J Kreuder
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Kristina G Miles
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Nicholas D Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Smith BD, Vail KJ, Carroll GL, Taylor MC, Jeffery ND, Vemulapalli TH, Elliott JJ. Comparison of Etomidate, Benzocaine, and MS222 Anesthesia with and without Subsequent Flunixin Meglumine Analgesia in African Clawed Frogs ( Xenopus laevis). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2018; 57:202-209. [PMID: 29555009 PMCID: PMC5868386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Often few alternative anesthetics for exotic species are available, due to the small numbers of these animals used in research. In this study, we evaluated the depth and duration of anesthesia in Xenopus laevis after their immersion in 3 doses of etomidate (15, 22.5, and 30 mg/L) and in 3 doses of benzocaine (0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%) compared with the 'gold standard,' tricaine methanesulfonate (MS222; 2 g/L). We then chose an optimal dose for each alternative anesthetic according to induction time, duration of surgical plane, and time to complete recovery. The optimal etomidate and benzocaine doses (22.5 mg/L and 0.1%, respectively) as well as the MS222 dose were then used to achieve a surgical plane of anesthesia, with the addition of flunixin meglumine (25 or 50 mg/kg) administered in the dorsal lymph sac at the completion of mock oocyte harvest. Efficacy of the analgesic was assessed at 1, 3, 6, and 24 h postoperatively by using acetic acid testing (AAT). Histology of the liver, kidney, and tissues surrounding the dorsal lymph sac was performed at day 3, 14, and 28 in each group of animals. Mild to moderate myocyte degeneration and necrosis were present in tissues surrounding the dorsal lymph sac at both flunixin meglumine doses after etomidate and benzocaine anesthesia. In addition, the 50-mg/kg dose of flunixin meglumine resulted in the death of 5 of the 12 frogs within 24 h, despite an otherwise uneventful anesthetic recovery. In conclusion, benzocaine and etomidate offer alternative anesthetic regimens, according to typical requirements for an anesthetic event. Flunixin meglumine at the 25-mg/kg dose provided analgesic relief at the latest time point during etomidate dosage and at all time points during benzocaine dosage, but further characterization is warranted regarding long-term or repeated analgesic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briony D Smith
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas;,
| | - Krystal J Vail
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Gwendolyn L Carroll
- Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Small Animal Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Maggie C Taylor
- Comparative Medicine Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Nicholas D Jeffery
- Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Small Animal Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Tracy H Vemulapalli
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - James J Elliott
- Comparative Medicine Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Ito D, Ishikawa C, Jeffery ND, Ono K, Tsuboi M, Uchida K, Yamato O, Kitagawa M. Two-Year Follow-Up Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Findings and Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis of a Dog with Sandhoff's Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:797-804. [PMID: 29478290 PMCID: PMC5867010 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A 13‐month‐old female Toy Poodle was presented for progressive ataxia and intention tremors of head movement. The diagnosis of Sandhoff's disease (GM2 gangliosidosis) was confirmed by deficient β‐N‐acetylhexosaminidase A and B activity in circulating leukocytes and identification of the homozygous mutation (HEXB: c.283delG). White matter in the cerebrum and cerebellum was hyperintense on T2‐weighted and fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance images. Over the next 2 years, the white matter lesions expanded, and bilateral lesions appeared in the cerebellum and thalamus, associated with clinical deterioration. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed progressive decrease in brain N‐acetylaspartate, and glycine‐myo‐inositol and lactate‐alanine were increased in the terminal clinical stage. The concentrations of myelin basic protein and neuron specific enolase in cerebrospinal fluid were persistently increased. Imaging and spectroscopic appearance correlated with histopathological findings of severe myelin loss in cerebral and cerebellar white matter and destruction of the majority of cerebral and cerebellar neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ito
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - C Ishikawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - N D Jeffery
- Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, TX
| | - K Ono
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - M Tsuboi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - O Yamato
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - M Kitagawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Charalambous M, Bhatti SFM, Van Ham L, Platt S, Jeffery ND, Tipold A, Siedenburg J, Volk HA, Hasegawa D, Gallucci A, Gandini G, Musteata M, Ives E, Vanhaesebrouck AE. Intranasal Midazolam versus Rectal Diazepam for the Management of Canine Status Epilepticus: A Multicenter Randomized Parallel-Group Clinical Trial. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1149-1158. [PMID: 28543780 PMCID: PMC5508334 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intranasal administration of benzodiazepines has shown superiority over rectal administration for terminating emergency epileptic seizures in human trials. No such clinical trials have been performed in dogs. Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of intranasal midazolam (IN‐MDZ), via a mucosal atomization device, as a first‐line management option for canine status epilepticus and compare it to rectal administration of diazepam (R‐DZP) for controlling status epilepticus before intravenous access is available. Animals Client‐owned dogs with idiopathic or structural epilepsy manifesting status epilepticus within a hospital environment were used. Dogs were randomly allocated to treatment with IN‐MDZ (n = 20) or R‐DZP (n = 15). Methods Randomized parallel‐group clinical trial. Seizure cessation time and adverse effects were recorded. For each dog, treatment was considered successful if the seizure ceased within 5 minutes and did not recur within 10 minutes after administration. The 95% confidence interval was used to detect the true population of dogs that were successfully treated. The Fisher's 2‐tailed exact test was used to compare the 2 groups, and the results were considered statistically significant if P < .05. Results IN‐MDZ and R‐DZP terminated status epilepticus in 70% (14/20) and 20% (3/15) of cases, respectively (P = .0059). All dogs showed sedation and ataxia. Conclusions and Clinical Importance IN‐MDZ is a quick, safe and effective first‐line medication for controlling status epilepticus in dogs and appears superior to R‐DZP. IN‐MDZ might be a valuable treatment option when intravenous access is not available and for treatment of status epilepticus in dogs at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Charalambous
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S F M Bhatti
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Van Ham
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Platt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - N D Jeffery
- Small Animal Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - A Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - J Siedenburg
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - H A Volk
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - D Hasegawa
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Gallucci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Gandini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Musteata
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - E Ives
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Winchester, Hampshire, UK
| | - A E Vanhaesebrouck
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Wilson S, Abode-Iyamah KO, Miller JW, Reddy CG, Safayi S, Fredericks DC, Jeffery ND, DeVries-Watson NA, Shivapour SK, Viljoen S, Dalm BD, Gibson-Corley KN, Johnson MD, Gillies GT, Howard MA. An ovine model of spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2017; 40:346-360. [PMID: 27759502 PMCID: PMC5472023 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2016.1222475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a large animal model of spinal cord injury (SCI), for use in translational studies of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in the treatment of spasticity. We seek to establish thresholds for the SCS parameters associated with reduction of post-SCI spasticity in the pelvic limbs, with implications for patients. STUDY DESIGN The weight-drop method was used to create a moderate SCI in adult sheep, leading to mild spasticity in the pelvic limbs. Electrodes for electromyography (EMG) and an epidural spinal cord stimulator were then implanted. Behavioral and electrophysiological data were taken during treadmill ambulation in six animals, and in one animal with and without SCS at 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.9 V. SETTING All surgical procedures were carried out at the University of Iowa. The gait measurements were made at Iowa State University. MATERIAL AND METHODS Nine adult female sheep were used in these institutionally approved protocols. Six of them were trained in treadmill ambulation prior to SCI surgeries, and underwent gait analysis pre- and post-SCI. Stretch reflex and H-reflex measurements were also made in conscious animals. RESULTS Gait analysis revealed repeatable quantitative differences in 20% of the key kinematic parameters of the sheep, pre- and post-SCI. Hock joint angular velocity increased toward the normal pre-injury baseline in the animal with SCS at 0.9 V. CONCLUSION The ovine model is workable as a large animal surrogate suitable for translational studies of novel SCS therapies aimed at relieving spasticity in patients with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Wilson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA,Correspondence to: Saul Wilson, Assistant Professor, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Road, Iowa City, IA 52242-1086, USA.
| | | | - John W. Miller
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Chandan G. Reddy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sina Safayi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Douglas C. Fredericks
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nicholas D. Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Nicole A. DeVries-Watson
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sara K. Shivapour
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Stephanus Viljoen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Brian D. Dalm
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Katherine N. Gibson-Corley
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - George T. Gillies
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Matthew A. Howard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Hu HZ, Granger N, Jeffery ND. Pathophysiology, Clinical Importance, and Management of Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Caused by Suprasacral Spinal Cord Injury. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1575-1588. [PMID: 27527382 PMCID: PMC5032886 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of persistent lower urinary tract dysfunction resulting from severe thoracolumbar spinal cord injury can be challenging. Severe suprasacral spinal cord injury releases the spinal cord segmental micturition reflex from supraspinal modulation and increases nerve growth factor concentration in the bladder wall, lumbosacral spinal cord, and dorsal root ganglion, which subsequently activates hypermechanosensitive C-fiber bladder wall afferents. Hyperexcitability of bladder afferents and detrusor overactivity can cause urine leaking during the storage phase. During urine voiding, the loss of supraspinal control that normally coordinates detrusor contraction with sphincter relaxation can lead to spinal cord segmental reflex-mediated simultaneous detrusor and sphincter contractions or detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia, resulting in inefficient urine voiding and high residual volume. These disease-associated changes can impact on the quality of life and life expectancy of spinal-injured animals. Here, we discuss the pathophysiology and management considerations of lower urinary tract dysfunction as the result of severe, acute, suprasacral spinal cord injury. In addition, drawing from experimental, preclinical, and clinical medicine, we introduce some treatment options for neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction that are designed to: (1) prevent urine leakage arising because of detrusor overactivity during bladder filling, (2) preserve upper urinary tract integrity and function by reducing intravesical pressure and subsequent vesicoureteral reflux, and (3) prevent urinary tract and systemic complications by treating and preventing urinary tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Z Hu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - N Granger
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset, UK
| | - N D Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.
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22
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Harcourt-Brown TR, Campbell J, Warren-Smith C, Jeffery ND, Granger NP. Prevalence of Chiari-like malformations in clinically unaffected dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 29:231-7. [PMID: 25319206 PMCID: PMC4858087 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The importance of Chiari‐like malformation (CM) in the generation of clinical signs or the formation of syringomyelia in dogs is incompletely understood, partly because the prevalence of various CM definitions in unaffected dogs is unknown. Hypothesis/Objectives The aims were: to estimate the prevalence of CM in dogs asymptomatic for CM or syringomyelia, according to 3 currently used definitions; and, to investigate the effect of brachycephaly and head position during magnetic resonance (MR) imaging on estimates of the prevalence of CM. Animals One ninety‐nine client‐owned dogs without apparent signs of CM or syringomyelia. Methods Blinded, retrospective analysis. Archived MR images were analyzed for evidence of cerebellar indentation and impaction into or herniation through the foramen magnum. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship of CM diagnosis with head position and the cranial index (a measure of brachycephaly). Results In 185 non‐Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (CKCS) dogs, indentation was identified in 44% (95% CI, 47–51%) and impaction in 22% (95% CI, 16–28%). No asymptomatic, non‐CKCS dogs showed herniation. Regression analysis showed a significant increase in the odds of indentation and impaction in an extended head position and as the cranial index increased (became more brachycephalic). Conclusions and Clinical Importance The high prevalence of cerebellar indentation and impaction suggests that they may be normal anatomical variations and therefore unsuitable as definitions of CM. We suggest that future research into CM in dogs should define cases and controls more strictly so that overlap between normal and abnormal animals is minimized.
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Olby NJ, Jeffery ND. Advances in veterinary neurology. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2014; 44:xi-xii. [PMID: 25245184 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha J Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Nicholas D Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Gibson-Corley KN, Oya H, Flouty O, Fredericks DC, Jeffery ND, Gillies GT, Howard MA. Ovine tests of a novel spinal cord neuromodulator and dentate ligament fixation method. J INVEST SURG 2013; 25:366-74. [PMID: 23215793 DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2012.677967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To improve methods for the treatment of intractable pain, we are developing a novel intradural spinal cord stimulator that could be either attached to the dentate ligaments of the human spinal cord or fitted around the dorsal arc of the cord itself. PURPOSE Our goal was to carry out the first in vivo tests of these attachment methods in an ovine model using custom-built devices and instrumentation. For eventual translational studies, we also explored methods of mimicking a human dentate ligament attachment technique in this large animal model. METHODS As a starting point, we investigated details of the gross and histological anatomy of the ovine denticulate ligaments, and compared them with their human counterpart. The gap between the dura and the spinal cord in the sheep is small; hence, the denticulate ligaments are not long enough to accommodate human-scaled attachment clips. Therefore, lateral strips of the spinal-canal dura were fashioned to serve this same device attachment function. RESULTS This form of dural anchoring was implemented surgically for fixation of a silicone membrane implant that had 12 electrodes, and somatosensory evoked potentials were obtained successfully when stimuli were applied to it. The dorsal arc clamping technique was also implemented. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that the dural attachment method is an effective surrogate model for testing the human dentate ligament device fixation technique, and that this mode of fixation was preferable to dorsal arc attachment. The relevant surgical innovations, anatomical findings, and the preliminary electrophysiological data from a pial surface stimulator attached in this way are presented.
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Flouty OE, Oya H, Kawasaki H, Reddy CG, Fredericks DC, Gibson-Corley KN, Jeffery ND, Gillies GT, Howard MA. Intracranial somatosensory responses with direct spinal cord stimulation in anesthetized sheep. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56266. [PMID: 23457542 PMCID: PMC3574132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of spinal cord stimulators is dependent on the ability of the device to functionally activate targeted structures within the spinal cord, while avoiding activation of near-by non-targeted structures. In theory, these objectives can best be achieved by delivering electrical stimuli directly to the surface of the spinal cord. The current experiments were performed to study the influence of different stimulating electrode positions on patterns of spinal cord electrophysiological activation. A custom-designed spinal cord neurostimulator was used to investigate the effects of lead position and stimulus amplitude on cortical electrophysiological responses to spinal cord stimulation. Brain recordings were obtained from subdural grids placed in four adult sheep. We systematically varied the position of the stimulating lead relative to the spinal cord and the voltage delivered by the device at each position, and then examined how these variables influenced cortical responses. A clear relationship was observed between voltage and electrode position, and the magnitude of high gamma-band oscillations. Direct stimulation of the dorsal column contralateral to the grid required the lowest voltage to evoke brain responses to spinal cord stimulation. Given the lower voltage thresholds associated with direct stimulation of the dorsal column, and its possible impact on the therapeutic window, this intradural modality may have particular clinical advantages over standard epidural techniques now in routine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver E. Flouty
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Hiroyuki Oya
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Hiroto Kawasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Chandan G. Reddy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Douglas C. Fredericks
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Katherine N. Gibson-Corley
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Nicholas D. Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - George T. Gillies
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Howard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Flouty O, Oya H, Kawasaki H, Wilson S, Reddy CG, Jeffery ND, Brennan TJ, Gibson-Corley KN, Utz M, Gillies GT, Howard MA. A new device concept for directly modulating spinal cord pathways: initial in vivo experimental results. Physiol Meas 2012; 33:2003-15. [PMID: 23151433 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/33/12/2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We describe a novel spinal cord (SC) stimulator that is designed to overcome a major shortcoming of existing stimulator devices: their restricted capacity to selectively activate targeted axons within the dorsal columns. This device overcomes that limitation by delivering electrical stimuli directly to the pial surface of the SC. Our goal in testing this device was to measure its ability to physiologically activate the SC and examine its capacity to modulate somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) triggered by peripheral stimulation. In this acute study on adult sheep (n = 7), local field potentials were recorded from a grid placed in the subdural space of the right hemisphere during electrical stimulation of the left tibial nerve and the spinal cord. Large amplitude SSEPs (>200 µV) in response to SC stimulation were consistently obtained at stimulation strengths well below the thresholds inducing neural injury. Moreover, stimulation of the dorsal columns with signals employed routinely by devices in standard clinical use, e.g., 50 Hz, 0.2 ms pulse width, produced long-lasting changes (>4.5 h) in the SSEP patterns produced by subsequent tibial nerve stimulation. The results of these acute experiments demonstrate that this device can be safely secured to the SC surface and effectively activate somatosensory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Flouty
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
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28
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Vanhaesebrouck AE, Shelton GD, Garosi L, Harcourt-Brown TR, Couturier J, Behr S, Harvey RJ, Jeffery ND, Matiasek K, Blakemore WF, Granger N. A novel movement disorder in related male Labrador Retrievers characterized by extreme generalized muscular stiffness. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:1089-96. [PMID: 21781161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the clinical phenotype of a new motor disorder in Labrador Retrievers. ANIMALS AND METHODS Case series study. Seven young male Labrador Retrievers presented for evaluation of stiff gait. RESULTS All affected dogs had generalized muscular stiffness, persistent at rest and resulting in restricted joint movements. They showed a forward flexed posture, festinating gait, and bradykinesia. Signs developed between 2 and 16 months of age and tended to stabilize in adulthood. Needle electromyogram in the conscious state showed continuous motor unit activity in resting epaxial and proximal limb muscles. This activity was abolished by general anesthesia. Muscle and nerve histopathology was normal. In 2 dogs necropsied, astrocytosis was evident throughout the spinal cord gray matter, reticular formation and caudate nuclei. Decreased neuronal counts were selectively found in the spinal cord Rexed's lamina VII, but not in VIII and IX. Pedigree analysis showed that the affected dogs were from 5 related litters. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This new hypertonicity syndrome in Labrador Retrievers is unique because of the selective distribution of the histological lesions, the lack of progression in adulthood, and its exclusive occurrence in male dogs. Pedigree analysis suggests an X-linked hereditary disease, although other modes of inheritance cannot be ruled out with certainty. We hypothesize that altered output from basal nuclei and reticular formation together with motor neuron disinhibition caused by a decreased number of spinal cord interneurons leads to the muscular stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Vanhaesebrouck
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, The Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Jeffery ND, Hamilton L, Granger N. Designing clinical trials in canine spinal cord injury as a model to translate successful laboratory interventions into clinical practice. Vet Rec 2011; 168:102-7. [PMID: 21493470 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many interventions have been shown to improve outcome after experimental spinal cord injury in laboratory animals. The challenge now is to determine whether any of these can be translated to become an efficacious therapy for clinical lesions - a process that is often difficult and frequently fails. Here, we discuss the steps that are required to make this transition and the need for rigorous clinical trials. A key component is an outcome measure that is amenable to statistical analysis; we describe methods that we have developed to accurately measure function after spinal cord injury in dogs. The general methodology may have parallels in the development of veterinary models to test putative therapies for other diseases of humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 South 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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30
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Hayes GM, Friend EJ, Jeffery ND. Relationship between pharyngeal conformation and otitis media with effusion in Cavalier King Charles spaniels. Vet Rec 2010; 167:55-8. [PMID: 20622204 DOI: 10.1136/vr.b4886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Otitis media with effusion (OME) is a common incidental finding in otherwise normal Cavalier King Charles spaniels (CKCS). In this study, measurements made on MRI were used to determine whether there was an association between OME and brachycephalic conformation. The results confirm that association and also demonstrate that, in CKCS, greater thickness of the soft palate and reduced nasopharyngeal aperture are significantly associated with OME. These results suggest that auditory tube dysfunction and OME may represent a previously overlooked consequence of brachycephalic conformation in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Hayes
- Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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31
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Stalin CE, Pratt JNJ, Smith PM, Jeffery ND. Thoracic stenosis causing lateral compression of the spinal cord in two immature Dogues de Bordeaux. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2009; 22:59-62. [PMID: 19151872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This case report describes a novel developmental vertebral malformation in two young Dogues de Bordeaux, which was diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging. Both dogs were treated surgically with reasonable success.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Stalin
- Department Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
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32
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Cashmore RG, Harcourt-Brown TR, Freeman PM, Jeffery ND, Granger N. Clinical diagnosis and treatment of suspected neuropathic pain in three dogs. Aust Vet J 2009; 87:45-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hamilton L, Franklin RJM, Jeffery ND. Quantification of deficits in lateral paw positioning after spinal cord injury in dogs. BMC Vet Res 2008; 4:47. [PMID: 19032742 PMCID: PMC2631515 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-4-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous analysis of the behavioural effects of spinal cord injury has focussed on coordination in the sagittal plane of movement between joints, limb girdle pairs or thoracic and pelvic limb pairs. In this study we extend the functional analysis of the consequences of clinical thoracolumbar spinal cord injury in dogs to quantify the well-recognised deficits in lateral stability during locomotion. Dogs have a high centre of mass thereby facilitating recognition of lateral instability. Results We confirm that errors in lateral positioning of the pelvic limb paws can be quantified and that there is a highly significant difference in variability of foot placement between normal and spinal cord injured dogs. In this study there was no detectable difference in lateral paw positioning variability between complete and incomplete injuries, but it appears that intergirdle limb coordination and appropriate lateral paw placement recover independently from one another. Conclusion Analysis of lateral paw position in the dog provides an additional tier of analysis of outcome after spinal cord injury that will be of great value in interpreting the effects of putative therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Hamilton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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34
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Smith PM, Talbot CE, Jeffery ND. Findings on low-field cranial MR images in epileptic dogs that lack interictal neurological deficits. Vet J 2008; 176:320-5. [PMID: 17499532 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent seizuring is a common neurological problem in dogs and can present diagnostic difficulties for the attending clinician. Associated interictal neurological deficits strongly suggest brain disease but the frequency of structural abnormalities in patients without such deficits is unknown. In this study the prevalence of clinically significant magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities was determined in two groups of interictally normal dogs, those younger than 6 years and those older than 6 years of age. In the former group, only 1/46 dogs (2.2%) had significant MRI abnormalities, whereas in the latter group, 8/30 (26.7%) were abnormal. None of the dogs had an identifiable metabolic cause for the seizures. These findings suggest that the diagnostic yield of advanced neuroimaging techniques in young seizuring dogs without interictal neurological deficits is low, but reaffirms their value in similar older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Smith
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK.
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35
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Palmer AC, Jeffery ND, Franklin RJM. Congenital unilateral absence of the corticospinal tract in a Siamese cat. Vet Pathol 2007; 44:949-51. [PMID: 18039912 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-6-949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A Siamese kitten presented with mild gait dysfunction associated with periodic circling. Pathologic investigation revealed unilateral (right-sided) absence of the corticospinal (pyramidal) tract throughout its normal course. Although an infectious cause cannot be completely ruled out a genetic etiology was suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Palmer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
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36
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Rusbridge C, Carruthers H, Dubé MP, Holmes M, Jeffery ND. Syringomyelia in cavalier King Charles spaniels: the relationship between syrinx dimensions and pain. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 48:432-6. [PMID: 17608656 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2007.00344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was designed to test the hypothesis that pain associated with syringomyelia in dogs is dependent upon size and involvement of the dorsal part of the spinal cord. METHODS Masked observers determined syrinx dimensions and precise location within the spinal cord on magnetic resonance images of 55 cavalier King Charles spaniels with syringomyelia. After removal of masking, syrinx size and location were compared between the cohorts of dogs that exhibited pain with those that did not. RESULTS Maximum syrinx width was the strongest predictor of pain, scratching behaviour and scoliosis in dogs with syringomyelia. Both pain and syrinx size were positively correlated with syrinxes located in the dorsal half of the spinal cord. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Large syrinxes associated with damage to the dorsal part of the spinal cord are associated with persistent pain suggesting that the pain behaviour expressed by this group of patients is likely to be "neuropathic pain," resulting from disordered neural processing in the damaged dorsal horn. As such it is likely that conventional analgesic medication may be ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rusbridge
- Stone Lion Veterinary Centre, 41 High Street, Wimbledon Village, London SW19 5AU, UK
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37
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Smith PM, Haughland SP, Jeffery ND. Brain abscess in a dog immunosuppressed using cyclosporin. Vet J 2007; 173:675-8. [PMID: 16690333 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This report describes a dog that developed brain abscesses following prolonged immunosuppression with cyclosporin. Bacteria within the abscess were most likely Nocardia, an organism well recognised in immunosuppressed humans, and probably reached the brain through haematogenous spread from a more long-standing abscess in the mediastinum. Bacterial brain abscesses developing in this manner are very rare in dogs and this case highlights the wider range of possible diagnoses that need to be considered in immunosuppressed patients and the care with which potent drugs such as cyclosporin should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Smith
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
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Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION 3 immature screw-tailed dogs were evaluated because of progressive pelvic limb paraparesis. CLINICAL FINDINGS Each dog had marked ataxia and paresis of the pelvic limbs and a palpable deformity of the midthoracic portion of the vertebral column. Pain perception in the pelvic limbs was considered normal, and there was no evidence of fecal or urinary incontinence in any of the 3 dogs. Radiography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed hemivertebrae with severe dorsoventral stenosis of the vertebral canal resulting in spinal cord compression in 2 dogs and lateral compression in the other. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Each dog underwent decompressive surgery consisting of dorsal laminectomy or hemilaminectomy and vertebral stabilization by use of combinations of Kirschner wires or threaded external fixator pins plus polymethylmethacrylate bone cement. All dogs regained strong locomotor function with minimal residual pelvic limb ataxia. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Little detailed information regarding surgical treatment of hemivertebrae in dogs is available; results of treatment in these 3 dogs suggest that spinal cord decompression and stabilization of the vertebral column can achieve a satisfactory, functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, England
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Walmsley
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Smith
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES
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41
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Jeffery ND, Smith PM, Lakatos A, Ibanez C, Ito D, Franklin RJM. Clinical canine spinal cord injury provides an opportunity to examine the issues in translating laboratory techniques into practical therapy. Spinal Cord 2006; 44:584-93. [PMID: 16520817 DOI: 10.1038/sj.sc.3101912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Review. OBJECTIVES To highlight the value of investigating the effects of putative therapeutic interventions in clinical spinal cord injury (SCI) in domestic dogs. SETTING England, UK. METHODS Many experimental interventions in laboratory rodents have been shown to ameliorate the functional deficits caused by SCI; the challenge now is to determine whether they can be translated into useful clinical techniques. Important differences between clinical SCI in human patients and that in laboratory rodents are in the size of the spinal cord and heterogeneity of injury severity. A further key issue is whether the statistical difference in outcome in the laboratory will translate into a useful difference in clinical outcome. Here, we stress the value of investigating the effects of putative therapies in clinical SCI in domestic dogs. The causes of injury, ability to categorise the severity and methods available to measure outcome are very similar between canine and human patients. Furthermore, postmortem tissue more rapidly becomes available from dogs because of their short lifespan than from human patients. RESULTS The role that investigation of canine SCI might play is illustrated by our preliminary trials on intraspinal transplantation of olfactory glial cells for severe SCI. CONCLUSIONS This canine translational model provides a means of 'filtering' putative treatments before human application.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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42
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Jeffery ND, Talbot CE, Smith PM, Bacon NJ. Acquired idiopathic laryngeal paralysis as a prominent feature of generalised neuromuscular disease in 39 dogs. Vet Rec 2006; 158:17. [PMID: 16400098 DOI: 10.1136/vr.158.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective evaluation of 17 dogs treated surgically for idiopathic acquired laryngeal paralysis demonstrated a marked variability in outcome, with many dogs continuing to exhibit weakness and exercise tolerance. In a subsequent prospective study, 22 consecutive affected dogs were tested for neurological deficits by neurological examination, electrodiagnostic evaluation, and blood analysis to measure thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone and to detect any evidence of myasthenia gravis. Clinical neurological deficits and/or electrodiagnostic abnormalities were found in each case. There was limited evidence that specific neurological deficits were associated with a poor prognosis for full recovery of exercise tolerance. None of the dogs was positive for anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies, and only three showed evidence of thyroid dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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Abstract
Spinal shock is the loss of muscle tone and segmental spinal reflexes that develops caudal to a severe spinal cord injury. Although little recognized in the veterinary literature, spinal shock occurs in animals and is important in both accurate lesion localization and case management. In this review, we consider why spinal shock occurs and discuss the subsequent physiologic alterations, including the development of reflex hyperactivity. We also discuss differences in the expression of spinal shock between species and suggest why recovery of reflexes is relatively rapid in animals compared with humans. Finally, the implications for clinicians dealing with animals in the period immediately after severe spinal injury are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Smith
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
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44
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Walmsley GL, Herrtage ME, Dennis R, Platt SR, Jeffery ND. The relationship between clinical signs and brain herniation associated with rostrotentorial mass lesions in the dog. Vet J 2005; 172:258-64. [PMID: 16014332 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Retrospective analysis of magnetic resonance imaging and clinical findings in a referral population of dogs was used to determine the relationship between rostrotentorial space-occupying lesions and the development of secondary neurological signs. Brain herniation was detected in 54/153 cases of uni-focal rostrotentorial space-occupying lesions; of these 30 had caudal transtentorial herniation (CTH) and 24 had both transtentorial and foramen magnum herniation (CTH/FMH). Masses associated with herniation were larger and situated more dorsally and caudally within the cranial vault. Clinical signs classically associated with CTH, e.g., oculomotor nerve palsy, were seen in only one case of isolated CTH and seven (14%) of all herniation cases. Deficits in caudal cranial nerve function were detectable in 39% of cases with FMH. We conclude that severe shifts in brain parenchyma can exist in the absence of detectable localising signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Walmsley
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingly Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
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Skinner APC, Pachnicke S, Lakatos A, Franklin RJM, Jeffery ND. Nasal and frontal sinus mucosa of the adult dog contain numerous olfactory sensory neurons and ensheathing glia. Res Vet Sci 2005; 78:9-15. [PMID: 15500833 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2004.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory glial cells have been the focus of much recent research interest because of their possible future use as cellular transplants in repair of spinal cord injury. Although olfactory glial cells can be collected from the olfactory bulb for in vitro culture, alternative sites would be preferable for safer surgical access. This study was designed to investigate the distribution of olfactory sensory neurons and olfactory glial cells within the canine peripheral olfactory system. Using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy on perfused tissue we demonstrate that olfactory sensory neurons are found in both the caudal nasal and the frontal sinus epithelia. Olfactory ensheathing glia were found in the mucosa at both these sites implying that surgical access for harvesting cells for transplantation would be straightforward.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P C Skinner
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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Abstract
There have been very few clinical trials evaluating therapies for naturally occurring spinal cord injury in dogs and cats. This review describes the methods suitable for evaluating the behavioural recovery of animals with spinal cord injuries, in either a clinical or a laboratory setting. A list of commonly used methods for evaluating behavioural recovery in animals is provided, both in the clinical and laboratory setting; the tests, their limitations and benefits and specific recommendations for their use are also discussed in more depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Webb
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5B4
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47
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Mellanby RJ, Jeffery ND, Baines EA, Woodger N, Herrtage ME. Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of lymphoma involving the brachial plexus in a cat. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2003; 44:522-5. [PMID: 14599162 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb00500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An 11-year-old, neutered, female Domestic Long Hair cat had a 3-week history of left forelimb lameness. Conscious proprioception and postural reflexes were absent on the left thoracic limb. The cat had slightly reduced placing and hopping responses on the left pelvic limb, absent cutaneous trunci muscle reflex on the left side, and left triceps muscle atrophy. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 2 x 2 x 2 cm mass in the region of the left brachial plexus. The cat was treated by left forelimb amputation and hemilaminectomy. Histopathology of the brachial plexus revealed lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Mellanby
- Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OES, UK
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Jeffery
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES
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49
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Mellanby RJ, Jeffery ND. What is your diagnosis? Polymyopathy and polyneuropathy. J Small Anim Pract 2003; 44:153, 189-90. [PMID: 12703865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R J Mellanby
- The Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES
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50
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Smith PM, Lakatos A, Barnett SC, Jeffery ND, Franklin RJM. Cryopreserved cells isolated from the adult canine olfactory bulb are capable of extensive remyelination following transplantation into the adult rat CNS. Exp Neurol 2002; 176:402-6. [PMID: 12359182 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2002.7936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring spinal cord injury in dogs provides a potentially powerful intermediate model for testing the efficacy of therapeutic strategies developed in experimental rodent models before phase 1 trials in human patients. A particularly promising strategy involves transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) that both promote axon regeneration and generate new myelin sheaths. As a first step in developing OEC transplantation in the canine intermediate model we describe the isolation, purification, and characterization of OECs from adult dog olfactory bulb. We also show that the canine OEC behaves in a manner similar to its rodent counterpart following transplantation into demyelinating lesions in rat spinal cord and that these properties are retained following cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Smith
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, United Kingdom
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