1
|
Tillis SB, Holt C, Havens S, Logan TD, Julander JG, Ossiboff RJ. In Vitro Characterization and Antiviral Susceptibility of Ophidian Serpentoviruses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1371. [PMID: 37374873 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophidian serpentoviruses, positive-sense RNA viruses in the order Nidovirales, are important infectious agents of both captive and free-ranging reptiles. Although the clinical significance of these viruses can be variable, some serpentoviruses are pathogenic and potentially fatal in captive snakes. While serpentoviral diversity and disease potential are well documented, little is known about the fundamental properties of these viruses, including their potential host ranges, kinetics of growth, environmental stability, and susceptibility to common disinfectants and viricides. To address this, three serpentoviruses were isolated in culture from three unique PCR-positive python species: Ball python (Python regius), green tree python (Morelia viridis), and Stimson's python (Antaresia stimsoni). A median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) was established to characterize viral stability, growth, and susceptibility. All isolates showed an environmental stability of 10-12 days at room temperature (20 °C). While all three viruses produced variable peak titers on three different cell lines when incubated at 32 °C, none of the viruses detectably replicated at 35 °C. All viruses demonstrated a wide susceptibility to sanitizers, with 10% bleach, 2% chlorhexidine, and 70% ethanol inactivating the virus in one minute and 7% peroxide and a quaternary ammonium solution within three minutes. Of seven tested antiviral agents, remdesivir, ribavirin, and NITD-008, showed potent antiviral activity against the three viruses. Finally, the three isolates successfully infected 32 unique tissue culture cell lines representing different diverse reptile taxa and select mammals and birds as detected by epifluorescent immunostaining. This study represents the first characterization of in vitro properties of growth, stability, host range, and inactivation for a serpentovirus. The reported results provide the basis for procedures to mitigate the spread of serpentoviruses in captive snake colonies as well as identify potential non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment options for ophidian serpentoviral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Tillis
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Camille Holt
- Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Spencer Havens
- Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Tracey D Logan
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Justin G Julander
- Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Robert J Ossiboff
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pérez-Delgado S, Mozos E, Guerra R, Lucena R, Molina V, Ginel PJ. Tissue tolerance to cyanoacrylate adhesives for closure of surgical wounds in Trachemys scripta skin. Vet Rec 2021; 188:e59. [PMID: 33666962 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the histological tolerance of medical cyanoacrylate adhesives (CAs), butyl-CA and octyl-CA, applied by two different methods in surgical skin incisions of T. scripta. METHODS A two-trial controlled blind study each one including 12 female adult T. scripta turtles. Two 1-cm long full-thickness surgical skin incisions were made on the dorsal aspect of each hind limb. In trial 1 CAs were applied superficially over the apposed wound edges; each animal's four wounds were closed using butyl-CA, octyl-CA and ethyl-CA or absorbable suture as controls. In trial 2 adhesives were applied holding wound edges everted, and octyl-CA was replaced by a non-sutured control wound. At each time point (2, 7, 14 and 21 days) all wounds from three randomly chosen animals were biopsied. RESULTS Medical grade CAs did not induce any sign of tissue damage and/or inflammatory reaction attributable to histotoxicity independently of the method of application. Wound dehiscence rate was higher when CAs were applied superficially over the apposed wound edges. CONCLUSIONS Octyl and butyl-CA are well tolerated by turtles' soft skin but because of their high rate of dehiscence they are not recommended in high tension wounds; use in low tension wounds needs further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayda Pérez-Delgado
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua
| | - Elena Mozos
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Guerra
- Veterinary Service Department, Zoological Garden of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rosario Lucena
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Verónica Molina
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pedro J Ginel
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cusack LM, Mayer J, Cutler DC, Rissi DR, Divers SJ. Gross and histologic evaluation of effects of photobiomodulation, silver sulfadiazine, and a topical antimicrobial product on experimentally induced full-thickness skin wounds in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:465-473. [PMID: 29583044 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.4.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess effects of photobiomodulation, silver sulfadiazine, and a topical antimicrobial product for the treatment of experimentally induced full-thickness skin wounds in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). ANIMALS 16 healthy subadult green iguanas. PROCEDURES Iguanas were anesthetized, and three 5-mm cutaneous biopsy specimens were obtained from each iguana (day 0). Iguanas were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups, each of which had a control treatment. Wounds in the topical treatment group received silver sulfadiazine, a topical antimicrobial product, or no treatment. Wounds in the laser treatment group received treatment with a class 4 laser at 5 or 10 J/cm2 or no treatment. Wound measurements were obtained daily for 14 days. Iguanas were euthanized, and treatment sites were evaluated microscopically to detect ulceration, bacterial contamination, reepithelialization, necrosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and collagen maturity. RESULTS On day 14, wounds treated with a laser at 10 J/cm2 were significantly smaller than those treated with silver sulfadiazine, but there were no other significant differences among treatments. Histologically, there were no significant differences in ulceration, bacterial infection, reepithelialization, necrosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and collagen maturity among treatments. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Photobiomodulation at 10 J/cm2 appeared to be a safe treatment that was tolerated well by green iguanas, but it did not result in substantial improvement in histologic evidence of wound healing, compared with results for other treatments or no treatment.
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
The surgical approach to reptiles can be challenging. Reptiles have unique physiologic, anatomic, and pathologic differences. This may result in frustrating surgical experiences. However, recent investigations provided novel, less invasive, surgical techniques. The purpose of this review was to describe the technical aspects behind soft tissue surgical techniques that have been used in reptiles, so as to provide a general guideline for veterinarians working with reptiles.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kaye SW, Daverio H, Eddy R, Ossiboff RJ, Peters-Kennedy J, Morrisey JK. Surgical Resection of an Interrenal Cell Adenocarcinoma in a Woma Python (Aspidites ramsayi) with 18 Month Follow-up. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5818/1529-9651-26.1-2.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarrah W. Kaye
- 1. Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Heather Daverio
- 2. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Rebecca Eddy
- 1. Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Robert J. Ossiboff
- 3. Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jeanine Peters-Kennedy
- 2. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - James K. Morrisey
- 1. Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The diversity implicit in exotic animal surgery requires a tailored approach to optimize successful outcomes. Outlined is information on patient preparation, instrumentation, hemostatic techniques, and magnification as it pertains to the exotic animal. Application of topical antiseptic solutions and judicious removal of pelage and feathers will decrease bacterial load during patient preparation. The use of specific barrier protection ensures proper aseptic technique and enables optimal patient monitoring. Magnification combined with a focal light source enhances visual acuity, allowing for better use of delicate instrumentation and identification of anatomic structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Kroner
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Casey Budgeon
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sara A Colopy
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Salgado MA, Lewbart GA, Christian LS, Griffith EH, Law JM. Evaluation of five different suture materials in the skin of the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris). SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:423. [PMID: 25143875 PMCID: PMC4138315 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine which suture material is the most appropriate for dermal closure of terrestrial annelids. This paper describes the tissue reactions of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris, to five different types of suture materials in order to determine which suture material is the most appropriate for dermal closure. Silk, monofilament nylon, polydiaxonone, polyglactin 910, and chromic gut were studied. There was mild to moderate tissue reaction to all five suture materials. In all of the biopsies wound-healing reaction consisted of aggregates of blastemal cells which appeared in various stages of dedifferentiation from the body wall. Inflammatory cells infiltrated the wound sites, reminiscent of the typical foreign body reaction in vertebrates. The results indicate polyglactin 910 would be the best suture material with regards to tissue security and reaction scores. Chromic gut occupies the next position but there were problems with suture security over time. This appears to be the first suture material performance study on a terrestrial invertebrate. The earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris, was chosen for its wide availability, size, and the extensive species knowledge base. The earthworm may prove to be a good surgical/suture model for economically important invertebrates such as mollusks, tunicates, and insect larval stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory A Lewbart
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina, 27607 USA
| | - Larry S Christian
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina 27601 USA
| | - Emily H Griffith
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, 27695 USA
| | - Jerry McHugh Law
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina, 27607 USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Marturello DM, McFadden MS, Bennett RA, Ragetly GR, Horn G. Knot security and tensile strength of suture materials. Vet Surg 2013; 43:73-9. [PMID: 24383708 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2013.12076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate knot security and tensile failure load of suture tied in simple interrupted, beginning continuous, and ending continuous patterns for 11 suture materials commonly used in small animal surgery. STUDY DESIGN Mechanical study. METHODS For each of 11 suture material types, and 5 knot sizes (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 throws) 2 surgeons each tied 6 knots (n = 12 for each knot size in 11 suture materials). Three types of patterns were evaluated: a simple interrupted square knot, a square knot beginning a simple continuous pattern, and the knot ending a simple continuous pattern. All knots were incubated in healthy canine donor plasma at 40°C for a minimum of 24 hours. Sutures were evaluated for knot security (knots untied, suture failed by breaking, suture slipped from the clamps, or suture untied before testing) and maximum load carried before knot slippage or knot failure (termed tensile failure load). RESULTS Significant differences were found in knot security and tensile failure load among suture types. There was no significant difference between the simple interrupted knots and the knots at the beginning of a simple continuous pattern; however, both were significantly less likely to fail than the knots tied at the end of a simple continuous pattern. The number of throws per knot had a significant effect for knot security and tensile failure load. Surgeon experience had a significant effect on failure mode and tensile failure load. CONCLUSIONS Suture type, number of throws per knot (knot size), suture pattern, and surgeon experience play an important role in knot security and should be considered when performing surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Marturello
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pope JFA, Knowles T. The efficacy of n-butyl-cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive for closure of canine laparoscopic ovariectomy port site incisions. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:190-4. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. A. Pope
- Highcroft Veterinary Group; Whitchurch Bristol BS14 9BE
| | - T. Knowles
- Highcroft Veterinary Group; Whitchurch Bristol BS14 9BE
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hodshon RT, Sura PA, Schumacher JP, Odoi A, Steeil JC, Newkirk KM. Comparison of first-intention healing of carbon dioxide laser, 4.0-MHz radiosurgery, and scalpel incisions in ball pythons (Python regius). Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:499-508. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.3.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
11
|
Etter SW, Ragetly GR, Bennett RA, Schaeffer DJ. Effect of using triclosan-impregnated suture for incisional closure on surgical site infection and inflammation following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:355-8. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.3.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
12
|
Banzato T, Selleri P, Veladiano IA, Martin A, Zanetti E, Zotti A. Comparative evaluation of the cadaveric, radiographic and computed tomographic anatomy of the heads of green iguana (Iguana iguana), common tegu (Tupinambis merianae) and bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps). BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:53. [PMID: 22578088 PMCID: PMC3439268 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiology and computed tomography are the most commonly available diagnostic tools for the diagnosis of pathologies affecting the head and skull in veterinary practice. Nevertheless, accurate interpretation of radiographic and CT studies requires a thorough knowledge of the gross and the cross-sectional anatomy. Despite the increasing success of reptiles as pets, only a few reports over their normal imaging features are currently available. The aim of this study is to describe the normal cadaveric, radiographic and computed tomographic features of the heads of the green iguana, tegu and bearded dragon. Results 6 adult green iguanas, 4 tegus, 3 bearded dragons, and, the adult cadavers of : 4 green iguana, 4 tegu, 4 bearded dragon were included in the study. 2 cadavers were dissected following a stratigraphic approach and 2 cadavers were cross-sectioned for each species. These latter specimens were stored in a freezer (−20°C) until completely frozen. Transversal sections at 5 mm intervals were obtained by means of an electric band-saw. Each section was cleaned and photographed on both sides. Radiographs of the head of each subject were obtained. Pre- and post- contrast computed tomographic studies of the head were performed on all the live animals. CT images were displayed in both bone and soft tissue windows. Individual anatomic structures were first recognised and labelled on the anatomic images and then matched on radiographs and CT images. Radiographic and CT images of the skull provided good detail of the bony structures in all species. In CT contrast medium injection enabled good detail of the soft tissues to be obtained in the iguana whereas only the eye was clearly distinguishable from the remaining soft tissues in both the tegu and the bearded dragon. Conclusions The results provide an atlas of the normal anatomical and in vivo radiographic and computed tomographic features of the heads of lizards, and this may be useful in interpreting any imaging modality involving these species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Banzato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, Clinical Section, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, AGRIPOLIS, Legnaro, Padua 35020, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|