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Mizutani Y, Inoue Y, Goda Y, Mizutani S, Asanuma T, Miura N, Hidaka Y, Sato R, Satoh H. Successful Treatment of Central Nervous System Lymphoma with Combination Therapy of Nimustine and Prednisolone in Two Dogs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:533. [PMID: 37756055 PMCID: PMC10538104 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Of intracranial tumors, primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is rare in dogs. Herein, we describe our experience with two dogs (a 3-year-old intact female toy poodle and a 5-year-old spayed female toy poodle) that developed neurological symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed intracranial disseminated lesions. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination revealed pleocytosis and B-cell monoclonal proliferation in both cases. PCNSL or secondary central nervous system lymphoma (SCNSL) was diagnosed on the basis of MRI findings and CSF examinations. Nimustine (ACNU) is a nitrosourea alkylating agent, a class of drugs that includes lomustine. Nimustine is mainly used to treat human intracranial neoplasia because of its high permeability across the blood-brain barrier. The dogs in this study were treated with combined chemotherapy comprising nimustine and prednisolone, which achieved complete or nearly complete remission of neurological symptoms and long-term survival (>2583 days and 1218 days), but with problematic adverse effects. We determined that the dose of nimustine for canine PCNSL or SCNSL with intravenous infusion was 25-30 mg/m2 every 3-4 weeks for a total of four times; however, the data were insufficient to determine the optimal regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Mizutani
- Faculty of Agriculture, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki-shi 889-2192, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Inoue
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki-shi 889-2192, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Goda
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki-shi 889-2192, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Shinya Mizutani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari 794-8555, Ehime, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Asanuma
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari 794-8555, Ehime, Japan
| | - Naoki Miura
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hidaka
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki-shi 889-2192, Miyazaki, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki-shi 889-2192, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Reiichiro Sato
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki-shi 889-2192, Miyazaki, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki-shi 889-2192, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Satoh
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki-shi 889-2192, Miyazaki, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki-shi 889-2192, Miyazaki, Japan
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Fonti N, Parisi F, Aytaş Ç, Degl’Innocenti S, Cantile C. Neuropathology of Central and Peripheral Nervous System Lymphoma in Dogs and Cats: A Study of 92 Cases and Review of the Literature. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:862. [PMID: 36899719 PMCID: PMC10000237 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The literature about nervous system lymphoma (NSL) in dogs and cats is fragmentary, based on a few case series and case reports with heterogeneous results. The aim of our study was to retrospectively analyze 45 cases of canine and 47 cases of feline NSL and compare our results with previously reported data, also providing an extensive literature review. Breed, age, gender, clinical signs, type, and neurolocalization were recorded for each case. The pathological patterns and phenotype were assessed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The occurrence of central and peripheral NSL was similar between the two species in both primary and secondary types. NSL occurred with a slightly higher prevalence in Labrador Retrievers, and spinal cord lymphoma (SCL) was associated with young age in cats. The most frequent locations were the forebrain in dogs and the thoracolumbar segment in cats. Primary central nervous system lymphoma (CNSL) in cats most frequently involved the forebrain meninges, particularly as a B-cell phenotype. Peripheral NSL mostly affected the sciatic nerve in dogs and had no preferred location in cats. Nine different pathological patterns were identified, with extradural as the most prevalent SCL pattern in both species. Finally, lymphomatosis cerebri was described for the first time in a dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Fonti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge n. 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Parisi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge n. 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Çağla Aytaş
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge n. 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Degl’Innocenti
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Carlo Cantile
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge n. 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Apostolopoulou EP, Vlemmas I, Pardali D, Adamama-Moraitou KK, Poutahidis T, Papadopoulou PL, Brellou GD. Bilateral Renal Large B Cell Lymphoma in a Dog: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8110258. [PMID: 34822631 PMCID: PMC8624832 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine lymphoma is a commonly reported neoplasia and, in most dogs, arises from lymph nodes before spreading to other organs. Renal lymphoma rarely occurs, and kidneys usually are a secondary site of origin. Primary renal lymphoma is infrequently described in the veterinary literature. In this study, we present a rare case of primary renal lymphoma in a dog and a review of similar cases. A 3-year-old male dog was admitted due to anorexia, weakness and vomiting. Clinical examination revealed bilaterally enlarged kidneys. Imaging demonstrated the presence of multiple renal masses. Cytology of abdominal fluid and kidneys led to the diagnosis of large cell lymphoma. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry on tissue samples taken from the kidneys confirmed the cytological diagnosis of lymphoma and categorized it as primary bilateral renal large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouela P. Apostolopoulou
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.P.A.); (I.V.); (T.P.)
| | - Ioannis Vlemmas
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.P.A.); (I.V.); (T.P.)
| | - Dimitra Pardali
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thesssaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Katerina K. Adamama-Moraitou
- Companion Animal Clinic (Medicine Unit), Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thesssaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Theofilos Poutahidis
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.P.A.); (I.V.); (T.P.)
| | - Paraskevi L. Papadopoulou
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thesssaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Georgia D. Brellou
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.P.A.); (I.V.); (T.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Conway EA, Waugh EM, Knottenbelt C. A case of T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia progressing to Richter syndrome with central nervous system involvement in a dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:147-152. [PMID: 32215932 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An 8-year-old neutered Beagle dog was presented with polyuria and polydipsia. Routine clinicopathologic testing showed a significant lymphocytosis and proteinuria. Lymphocytes were of small to intermediate in size with a mature morphology. Infectious disease screening was negative. PCR for antigen receptor gene rearrangements showed a clonal T-cell receptor (TCR) rearrangement consistent with T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Bone marrow cytology showed <30% lymphocytes, while the proportion in splenic fine-needle aspirate cytology was considered increased. The dog was initially monitored but started on prednisolone and chlorambucil therapy 2 months later due to worsening clinical signs and progressive lymphocytosis. After an additional 2 weeks, the dog developed multifocal spinal pain and single-node lymphadenomegaly. Cytology of the lymph node showed a monomorphic population of large lymphoblasts consistent with lymphoma. Cytology of a cerebrospinal fluid sample also showed large lymphoblasts. PCR for antigen receptor gene rearrangement at both sites showed a clonal TCR rearrangement of the same molecular size as in the initial leukemic cells. The dog was diagnosed with a transformation of the CLL to Richter syndrome (RS) with involvement of the central nervous system (CNS). Therapy was started with L-asparaginase and an increased dose of prednisolone; however, the dog was euthanized due to progressive clinical signs. To our knowledge, this is the first report of canine RS with direct involvement of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Conway
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Hospital, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Elspeth M Waugh
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Clare Knottenbelt
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Hospital, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Coelho AM, Cherubini G, De Stefani A, Negrin A, Gutierrez-Quintana R, Bersan E, Guevar J. Serological prevalence of toxoplasmosis and neosporosis in dogs diagnosed with suspected meningoencephalitis in the UK. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 60:44-50. [PMID: 30371939 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in a population of dogs with a diagnosis of suspected inflammatory meningoencephalitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records of three referral centres were reviewed from 2008 to 2016 to identify a cohort of dogs diagnosed and treated for suspected inflammatory meningoencephalitis after testing for evidence of exposure to these pathogens. RESULTS In our sample of 400 dogs the prevalence for exposure (IgG>1:50) to Toxoplasma gondii was 8/201 (3∙98%). Active infection (IgG titre >1:400 or/and an IgM titre >1:64 and/or positive PCR in CSF) was suspected in 1/400 (0∙25%). The prevalence for exposure [Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) titre >1:50] and active infection (IFA titres ≥⃒1:400 and/or positive PCR in CSF) with Neospora caninum were 14/201 (6∙96%) and 9/400 (2∙25%), respectively. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In view of the low prevalence of protozoan infections, the risk associated with starting immunosuppressive medication in dogs with evidence of inflammatory meningitis or encephalitis in the UK appears low.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Coelho
- Dick White Referrals (DWR), Veterinary Specialist Centre, Cambridge CB8 0UH, UK
| | - G Cherubini
- Dick White Referrals (DWR), Veterinary Specialist Centre, Cambridge CB8 0UH, UK
| | - A De Stefani
- Dick White Referrals (DWR), Veterinary Specialist Centre, Cambridge CB8 0UH, UK
| | - A Negrin
- Dick White Referrals (DWR), Veterinary Specialist Centre, Cambridge CB8 0UH, UK
| | - R Gutierrez-Quintana
- College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - E Bersan
- School of Veterinary Science, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, CH64 7TE, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - J Guevar
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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LaRue MK, Taylor AR, Back AR, Lindley SE, Boudreaux BL, Almond GT, Shores A, Brawner WR, Smith AN. Central nervous system lymphoma in 18 dogs (2001 to 2015). J Small Anim Pract 2018; 59:547-552. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. K. LaRue
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary MedicineAuburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849 USA
| | - A. R. Taylor
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary MedicineAuburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849 USA
| | - A. R. Back
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary MedicineAuburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849 USA
| | - S. E. Lindley
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary MedicineAuburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849 USA
| | - B. L. Boudreaux
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary MedicineLouisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803 USA
| | - G. T. Almond
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary MedicineAuburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849 USA
| | - A. Shores
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary MedicineMississippi State University; Mississippi State Mississippi 39762 USA
| | - W. R. Brawner
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary MedicineAuburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849 USA
| | - A. N. Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary MedicineAuburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849 USA
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Coia M, Guevar J, Penderis J, Hammond G. Imaging diagnosis: chronic unilateral trigeminal neuropathy masquerading as a trigeminal peripheral nerve tumour on MRI in a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2016-000358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Coia
- School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Julien Guevar
- School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | | | - Gawain Hammond
- Glasgow UniversitySchool of Veterinary MedicineGlasgowUK
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Sisó S, Marco-Salazar P, Moore PF, Sturges BK, Vernau W, Wisner ER, Bollen AW, Dickinson PJ, Higgins RJ. Canine Nervous System Lymphoma Subtypes Display Characteristic Neuroanatomical Patterns. Vet Pathol 2016; 54:53-60. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985816658101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Primary and secondary nervous system involvement occurs in 4% and 5%–12%, respectively, of all canine non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The recent new classification of canine malignant lymphomas, based on the human World Health Organization classification, has been endorsed with international acceptance. This histological and immunocytochemical classification provides a unique opportunity to study the histologic anatomic distribution patterns in the central and peripheral nervous system of these defined lymphoma subtypes. In this study, we studied a cohort of 37 dogs with lymphoma, which at necropsy had either primary (n = 1, 2.7%) or secondary (n = 36; 97.3%) neural involvement. These T- (n = 16; 43.2%) or B-cell (n = 21; 56.8%) lymphomas were further classified into 12 lymphoma subtypes, with predominant subtypes including peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), respectively. This systematic study identified 6 different anatomically based histologically defined patterns of lymphoma infiltration in the nervous system of dogs. Different and distinct combinations of anatomical patterns correlated with specific lymphoma subtypes. Lymphoma infiltration within the meningeal, perivascular, and periventricular compartments were characteristic of DLBCL, whereas peripheral nerve involvement was a frequent feature of PTCL. Similarly cell counts above 64 cells/μL in cerebrospinal samples correlated best with marked meningeal and periventricular lymphoma infiltration histologically. Prospective studies are needed in order to confirm the hypothesis that these combinations of histological neuroanatomic patterns reflect targeting of receptors specific for the lymphoma subtypes at these various sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Sisó
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - P. Marco-Salazar
- Centro VISAVET, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - P. F. Moore
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - B. K. Sturges
- Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - W. Vernau
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - E. R. Wisner
- Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A. W. Bollen
- Neuropathology Division, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - P. J. Dickinson
- Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - R. J. Higgins
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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10
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Allett B, Hecht S. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FINDINGS IN THE SPINE OF SIX DOGS DIAGNOSED WITH LYMPHOMA. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 57:154-61. [PMID: 26765833 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma is one of the most common neoplasms in the dog. Despite its prevalence and the increasing use of advanced diagnostic imaging in veterinary patients only few reports of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in spinal lymphoma have been published to date. The purpose of this retrospective case series study was to describe the MRI findings in dogs with confirmed lymphoma affecting the spine and/or paraspinal soft tissues. Medical records were searched for patients that had MRI of the spine and a diagnosis of lymphoma during the period of 2005-2015. Data recorded from retrieved MRI studies were presence of focal or multifocal disease, structures involved, and signal characteristics on T2-W, short tau inversion recovery (STIR), and T1-W sequences prior to and following intravenous contrast medium administration. Six dogs met the inclusion criteria. Common findings included multifocal disease (4/6), vertebral involvement (5/6), spinal cord compression (4/6), and involvement of more than one spinal compartment (medullary cavity, vertebral canal, paraspinal soft tissues) (6/6). Vertebral changes were confined to the medullary cavity without evidence of cortical osteolysis. There was questionable involvement of the spinal cord in one case. All spinal and paraspinal lesions identified were T2-W isointense to hyperintense, STIR hyperintense, T1-W hypointense to isointense, and showed variable moderate to strong contrast enhancement. Additional lesions identified were enlarged intraabdominal lymph nodes, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and a splenic nodule. The STIR and T1-W postcontrast sequences were subjectively the most useful in identification of the spinal and paraspinal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Allett
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN
| | - Silke Hecht
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN
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Bentley RT. Magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of brain tumors in dogs. Vet J 2015; 205:204-16. [PMID: 25792181 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A great deal of information is now available regarding the range of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of many primary and secondary brain tumors from dogs. In this review, these canine neoplasms are grouped into meningeal masses, ventricular masses, intra-axial enhancing lesions, intra-axial mildly to non-enhancing lesions, and multifocal lesions. For each of these patterns, the major and sporadic neoplastic differential diagnoses are provided, and guidance on how to rank differential diagnoses for each individual patient is presented. The implication of MRI features such as contrast-enhancement, signal intensities and location is discussed. However, the information garnered from MRI must be correlated with all available clinical information and with epidemiological data before creating a differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Timothy Bentley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026, USA.
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12
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Hugo TB, Heading KL, Labuc RH. Canine cerebrospinal fluid total nucleated cell counts and cytology associations with the prevalence of magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2014; 5:75-84. [PMID: 32670848 PMCID: PMC7337202 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s63805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The combination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are often used to investigate intracranial disease in dogs. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine if the total nucleated cell count (TNCC) or cytology findings in abnormal CSF are associated with the prevalence of MRI abnormalities. Materials and methods For each case, the TNCC was categorized into one of three groups: A (<25×106/L); B (25-100×106/L); and C (>100×106/L). Cytology findings were categorized by the predominant cell type as lymphocytic, monocytoid, neutrophilic, or eosinopilic. MRI descriptions were classified as either normal or abnormal, and abnormal studies were further evaluated for the presence of specific characteristics (multifocal or diffuse disease versus focal disease, positive T2-weighted hyperintensity, positive FLAIR hyperintensity, contrast enhancement, mass effect, and the presence of poorly or well-defined lesion margins). Results Forty-five dogs met the inclusion criteria and MRI abnormalities were found in 29/45 (64%) dogs. TNCCs were not associated with the prevalence of MRI abnormalities or specific characteristics. Cytology categories were significantly associated with the prevalence of MRI abnormalities (P<0.001). Specifically, monocytoid cytology was 22.8 times more likely to have an abnormal MRI than lymphocytic cytology. CSF cytology was not significantly associated with specific abnormal MRI characteristics. Conclusion There are minimal associations between CSF abnormalities and the prevalence of MRI abnormalities. These results support the continued importance of utilizing both tests when investigating intracranial disease. When CSF analysis must be performed initially, this study has demonstrated that an abnormal CSF with a monocytoid cytology supports the value of performing a brain MRI in dogs with evidence of intracranial neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Hugo
- Melbourne Veterinary Specialist Centre, Glen Waverley, Vic, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Heading
- Melbourne Veterinary Specialist Centre, Glen Waverley, Vic, Australia
| | - Robert H Labuc
- Melbourne Veterinary Specialist Centre, Glen Waverley, Vic, Australia
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13
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Taylor AJ, Lara-Garcia A, Benigni L. Ultrasonographic characteristics of canine renal lymphoma. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 55:441-6. [PMID: 24629062 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is little published information on the ultrasonographic appearance of canine renal lymphoma. The purpose of this retrospective study was to provide additional information regarding the ultrasonographic characteristics of canine renal lymphoma, suggest ultrasonographic description criteria, and evaluate the role of fine-needle aspirate cytology in the diagnosis of this disease. The ultrasonographic features of confirmed renal lymphoma were reviewed in ten dogs. Pyelectasia was found in all dogs. Other ultrasonographic findings were loss of corticomedullary distinction (9/10 dogs), renomegaly (8/10 dogs), renal deformity (6/10 dogs), hypoechoic lesion(s) (6/10 dogs), and hyperechoic lesion(s) (2/10 dogs). Hypoechoic lesions were described as masses, nodules, and indistinct areas. In 30% of the cases (3/10 dogs) ultrasound revealed only minor abnormalities, including grade 1 pyelectasia, mild renomegaly, and focal loss of corticomedullary definition. Bilateral lesions were seen in nine dogs (90%). Renal fine-needle aspirates were performed in 9/10 dogs, yielding a diagnosis in seven on first attempt (78%). Two dogs had been given a provisional cytological diagnosis of round cell neoplasia; in one dog lymphoma was confirmed by second aspirate and by tissue core biopsy in the other. In 1/10 dogs, lymphoma was found at necropsy. Findings indicated that ultrasonographic signs of canine renal lymphoma may be subtle, canine renal lymphoma should be included in the differential diagnosis when the above ultrasonographic features are observed, and fine-needle aspirate cytology is a useful method for diagnosing this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Taylor
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Service, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London
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14
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Johnson GC, Coates JR, Wininger F. Diagnostic immunohistochemistry of canine and feline intracalvarial tumors in the age of brain biopsies. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:146-60. [PMID: 24280940 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813509387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The focus of immunohistochemistry as applied to nervous system tumors is in identifying the neoplasm present and evaluating margins between normal and neoplastic tissue. Although not always utilized by specialists in neuropathology, immunohistochemistry remains useful to resolve concerns about the differentiation and rate of tumor growth. The aims of this review are to discuss the utility of immunohistochemical reagents currently used in diagnosis of canine and feline intracalvarial tumors, to indicate the applicability of some tests currently used in human nervous system tumors for domestic species, and to evaluate a few less commonly used reagents. A panel of biomarkers is usually needed to confirm a diagnosis, with groups of reagents for leptomeningeal, intraparenchymal, and ventricular neoplasms. In the future, signature genetic alterations found among feline and canine brain tumors--as correlated prospectively with diagnosis, rate of enlargement, or response to treatment--may result in new immunohistochemical reagents to simplify the task of diagnosis. Prospective studies determining the type and proportion of stem cell marker expression on patient longevity are likely to be fruitful and suggest new therapies. Due to increased frequency of biopsy or partial resection of tumors from the living patient, biomarkers are needed to serve as accurate prognostic indicators and assist in determining the efficacy of developing therapeutic options in nervous system tumors of dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Missouri, 1600 East Rollins Street, Columbia MO 65211, USA.
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15
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Nagel C, Silver T, Grahn B. Optic chiasm B-cell lymphoma in a 20-month-old Mastiff dog. Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 16 Suppl 1:164-7. [PMID: 23675769 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A 20-month-old intact female Mastiff dog presented for evaluation of acute blindness. Computed tomography confirmed a tumor involved the optic chiasm and optic nerves. A B-cell lymphoma was confirmed with postmortem examinations. This case report documents a central nervous system neoplasm in a young dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Nagel
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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16
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Moraes L, Romão F, Borges A, Takahira R, Souza F, Amorim R, Vulcano L. Linfoma primário de células T no líquido cefalorraquidiano de cão: relato de caso. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352012000600014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Relata-se o diagnóstico de linfoma primário no sistema nervoso central em um cão Labrador Retrievier, de 10 anos de idade, que apresentava episódios convulsivos, incoordenação nos membros posteriores, head tilt, ataxia e sensibilidade diminuída no lado esquerdo. Constataram-se alterações laterais esquerdas, como ausências de propriocepção e de posicionamento tátil, alterações posteriores nas provas de carrinho de mão e de reação ao pulo e diminuição da extensão da postura e hemilocomoção. No líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR), houve predomínio de linfócitos atípicos, caracterizados pela presença de anisocitose e anisocariose, nucléolos evidentes e anisonucleose, basofilia e microvacuolização citoplasmáticas, mitoses atípicas e corpúsculos linfoglandulares, compatíveis com linfoma, confirmado pelo exame histológico e imunocitoquímico, o qual revelou origem T, com expressão CD3+ e CD79-. A tomografia computadorizada não foi conclusiva e evidenciou diversas áreas hipodensas e intensificação de contraste na região de sulcos e giros do parênquima encefálico. A coleta do LCR foi essencial na rapidez do diagnóstico definitivo, indicando a natureza rara desta lesão primária.
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17
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Burballa A, Martinez J, Martorell J. Splenic Lymphoma with Cerebellar Involvement in an African Hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris). J Exot Pet Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Wisner ER, Dickinson PJ, Higgins RJ. Magnetic resonance imaging features of canine intracranial neoplasia. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2011; 52:S52-61. [PMID: 21392157 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01785.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although histologic examination following stereotactic or surgical brain biopsy is required for definitive antemortem diagnosis of intracranial neoplasms, these tumors are often associated with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features that warrant a presumptive or prioritized differential diagnosis. The MR imaging features of common canine central nervous system (CNS), adenohypophyseal, and metastatic intracranial neoplasms are reviewed. Characterization of neoplasms by histologic type and biological grade is based on the 2007 World Health Organization classification system for CNS tumors in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Wisner
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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19
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Behling-Kelly E, Petersen S, Muthuswamy A, Webb JL, Young KM. Neoplastic pleocytosis in a dog with metastatic mammary carcinoma and meningeal carcinomatosis. Vet Clin Pathol 2010; 39:247-52. [PMID: 20070645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2009.00211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A 12-year-old female spayed Labrador Retriever was presented with a history of seizures and abnormal vocalization. Approximately 1 year before presentation, multiple mammary cysts had been surgically excised. A mammary mass was noted on physical examination, and 2 separate parenchymal brain lesions were found on imaging studies. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from the cisterna magna was analyzed, and abnormalities included moderate pleocytosis with atypical discrete round cells that occasionally formed loose clusters. The dog was euthanized, and on necropsy a primary solid mammary carcinoma was identified as well as multiple metastatic foci in the brain with diffuse meningeal involvement. The cells in the CSF had a morphologic appearance similar to the cells in the primary mammary tumor and in the metastatic tumors in the brain. On immunostaining, cells from the primary mammary tumor, the brain tumors, and the CSF expressed cytokeratin. The CSF cells did not express CD18, CD3, or CD79a. A final diagnosis of mammary carcinoma with brain metastasis and meningeal carcinomatosis was made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Behling-Kelly
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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20
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Di Terlizzi R, Platt SR. The function, composition and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in companion animals: Part II – Analysis. Vet J 2009; 180:15-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Aptekmann K, Okamoto C, Campos K, Takahira R. Multicentric lymphoma with metastasis in the central nervous system in a dog. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352005000300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicentric lymphoma was diagnosed in a two-year-old dog with respiratory distress, dysorexia, abdominal enlargement and generalized lymphadenopathy. Immunohistochemical examination showed T-cell origin with CD3+ e CD79- expression. After five weeks, progressive neurological deficits and neoplastic lymphocytes were identified in the cerebrospinal fluid. Histopathological examination showed neoplastic cell invasion in the spleen, lymph nodes, cerebrum and cerebellum.
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22
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Presumptive primary cardiac lymphoma in a cat causing pericardial effusion. J Vet Cardiol 2005; 7:65-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2005.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2004] [Revised: 01/01/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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