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Rust MK. The Biology and Ecology of Cat Fleas and Advancements in Their Pest Management: A Review. Insects 2017; 8:E118. [PMID: 29077073 PMCID: PMC5746801 DOI: 10.3390/insects8040118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The cat flea Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouché) is the most important ectoparasite of domestic cats and dogs worldwide. It has been two decades since the last comprehensive review concerning the biology and ecology of C. f. felis and its management. Since then there have been major advances in our understanding of the diseases associated with C. f. felis and their implications for humans and their pets. Two rickettsial diseases, flea-borne spotted fever and murine typhus, have been identified in domestic animal populations and cat fleas. Cat fleas are the primary vector of Bartonella henselae (cat scratch fever) with the spread of the bacteria when flea feces are scratched in to bites or wounds. Flea allergic dermatitis (FAD) common in dogs and cats has been successfully treated and tapeworm infestations prevented with a number of new products being used to control fleas. There has been a continuous development of new products with novel chemistries that have focused on increased convenience and the control of fleas and other arthropod ectoparasites. The possibility of feral animals serving as potential reservoirs for flea infestations has taken on additional importance because of the lack of effective environmental controls in recent years. Physiological insecticide resistance in C. f. felis continues to be of concern, especially because pyrethroid resistance now appears to be more widespread. In spite of their broad use since 1994, there is little evidence that resistance has developed to many of the on-animal or oral treatments such as fipronil, imidacloprid or lufenuron. Reports of the perceived lack of performance of some of the new on-animal therapies have been attributed to compliance issues and their misuse. Consequentially, there is a continuing need for consumer awareness of products registered for cats and dogs and their safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Rust
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Crosaz O, Bonati S, Briand A, Chapelle E, Cochet-Faivre N, Ka D, Darmon-Hadjaje C, Varloud M, Guillot J. Usefulness of a topical combination of dinotefuran and pyriproxyfen for long-term control of clinical signs of allergic dermatitis in privately-owned cats in Ile-de-France region. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:392. [PMID: 28830567 PMCID: PMC5567644 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study assessed the activity of a combination of dinotefuran and pyriproxyfen (Vectra® Felis) for long-term control (3 months) of allergic dermatitis (AD) in privately-owned cats under common household conditions in Ile-de-France region. METHODS This was an open pre-treatment vs post-treatment study. Twenty-eight client-owned cats with clinical signs of AD were enrolled in the study. They received topical application of the combination of dinotefuran and pyriproxyfen on days 0, 28, 56 and 84. Two parameters (clinical signs and pruritus severity) were used to assess the animals' condition on days 0, 28 and 84. Fleas were counted if they were observed. RESULTS Of the 28 cats initially enrolled, 26 were presented on day 28 and 20 for the final evaluation on day 84. A significant improvement in clinical signs and pruritus was observed in cats for which fleas and/or flea feces were detected on day 0. Globally, the post-treatment AD clinical scores on days 28 and 84 were different from that of the pre-treatment on day 0, with a reduction of 30% and 71%, respectively. For cats with fleas and/or flea feces, the reduction on days 28 and 84 was 33% and 85%, respectively. The improvement of clinical signs and pruritus was not significant in cats with no visible fleas and no flea feces at the beginning of the trial (n = 8). CONCLUSIONS The present study indicated that the treatment with a combination of dinotefuran and pyriproxyfen should be considered as useful in controlling fleas on cats without additional environmental treatment and useful for long-term control of clinical signs and pruritus in allergic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Crosaz
- Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Dermatology, CHUVA, École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, UPE, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Silvia Bonati
- Ceva Santé Animale, 10 avenue de la Ballastière, 33500, Libourne, France
| | - Amaury Briand
- Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Dermatology, CHUVA, École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, UPE, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Elodie Chapelle
- Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Dermatology, CHUVA, École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, UPE, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Noëlle Cochet-Faivre
- Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Dermatology, CHUVA, École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, UPE, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Diane Ka
- Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Dermatology, CHUVA, École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, UPE, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Céline Darmon-Hadjaje
- Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Dermatology, CHUVA, École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, UPE, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marie Varloud
- Ceva Santé Animale, 10 avenue de la Ballastière, 33500, Libourne, France
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Dermatology, CHUVA, École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, UPE, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Geurden T, Becskei C, Farkas R, Lin D, Rugg D. Efficacy and safety of a new spot-on formulation of selamectin plus sarolaner in the treatment of naturally occurring flea and tick infestations in cats presented as veterinary patients in Europe. Vet Parasitol 2017; 238 Suppl 1:S12-S17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Parasitic diseases are an important health concern to small animal veterinarians worldwide, and their zoonotic potential is also of relevance to human medicine. The treatment and control of such conditions relies heavily on pharmaceutical intervention using a range of antiparasitic drugs and/or their biologically active metabolites. Broad spectrum agents have been produced, although narrow and even monospecific drugs are used in some situations. Their efficacy may depend on dosage, the target pathogen(s), the host species and/or the site of infection. Optimal use of antiparasitics requires a detailed consideration of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the drugs in specific clinical contexts. This review summarizes the present status of knowledge on the metabolism, and physicochemical and pharmacological properties of the major antiparasitic drugs currently used in small animal veterinary practice. In addition, data relevant to therapeutic dosage, efficacy and clinical indication/contraindication, particularly in relation to combination drug therapy, are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Sanchez Bruni
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Universidad Nacional del Centro, Tandil (7000), Argentina.
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