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Uchida-Fujii E, Kuroda T, Niwa H, Kinoshita Y, Kano R, Tamura T, Makimura K, Ueno T. Bacterial and fungal isolates from 107 cases of ulcerative keratitis in Japanese Thoroughbred racehorses (2017-2021). J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 133:104990. [PMID: 38159581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Infectious ulcerative keratitis is a common disease in racehorses. To improve treatment outcomes, this study aimed to assess the antimicrobial susceptibilities of bacterial and fungal isolates obtained from the cornea of Japanese Thoroughbred racehorses with equine infectious ulcerative keratitis. Bacterial and fungal cultures were performed for 166 corneal swabs from 107 cases. A disc diffusion test and minimum inhibitory concentration test were also performed to assess antimicrobial susceptibility of the bacterial and fungal isolates, respectively. Bacterial and/or fungal isolates were obtained from 85.0% (91/107) of the cases. Staphylococcus was primarily isolated from bacterial isolates, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Aerococcus, Streptococcus, Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas. Aspergillus was primarily isolated from filamentous fungi, and Debaryomyces species was primarily identified in yeast-like fungi. Ofloxacin resistance was observed in 100% (12/12), 15.9% (7/44), and 25.0% (3/12) of MRSA, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus isolates, respectively. The prevalence of quinolone-resistant Staphylococci and Streptococci has increased in the past two decades. All Aspergillus isolates were susceptible to voriconazole, whereas other filamentous fungi, including Fusarium, were less susceptible to voriconazole. Further studies are required to determine effective treatments for antimicrobial-resistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Uchida-Fujii
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Taisuke Kuroda
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association.
| | - Hidekazu Niwa
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Yuta Kinoshita
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Rui Kano
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology (TIMM)
| | - Takashi Tamura
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Teikyo University
| | - Koichi Makimura
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Teikyo University
| | - Takanori Ueno
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
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2
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Mo PM, Picard J, Gummow B. The conjunctival fungal microflora of horses in a North Queensland tropical environment and their in vitro susceptibilities to antifungal agents. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1641-1651. [PMID: 37022654 PMCID: PMC10485094 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are ubiquitous in the environment and part of the commensal microflora on the conjunctiva of equine eyes. North Queensland, being tropical, presents an ideal environment for fungi growth. When the cornea is injured, fungi can invade the corneal stroma, resulting in keratomycosis. The objectives of this study were to determine the fungal species specific to the eyes of horses in the Townsville region; to investigate the potential risk factors associated with the presence of fungi; and to test their susceptibility to antifungals to create an empirical guide for treatment. The eyes of forty ophthalmologically normal horses from James Cook University were sampled throughout the summer months of December 2017, January 2018, and January and February 2020. Cultured fungi were identified morphologically, and their identity confirmed by comparing partial 18sRNA DNA sequences with the NCBI nucleotide database. Minimum inhibitory concentration testing of common antifungal medications was performed. Sixty-one out of eighty conjunctival samples grew fungi, and 21 different fungi genera were isolated. The most common genera were Aspergillus (18%, 26/141), Curvularia (14%,20/141), Rhodotorula (12%,17/141) and Penicillium (12%,17/141). No significant association was found between age or environmental factors and fungal culture status. Most fungi were highly susceptible to voriconazole and ketoconazole but resistant to fluconazole and amphotericin B. This adds to the body of evidence on which species of fungi are present as normal ocular microflora of horses living in tropical regions of Australia, and an avenue for treating them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phu Mo Mo
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Jacqueline Picard
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bruce Gummow
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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3
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Martinez PS, Whitley RD, Plummer CE, Richardson RL, Hamor RE, Wellehan JFX. In vitro antifungal susceptibility of Fusarium species and Aspergillus fumigatus cultured from eleven horses with fungal keratitis. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 25:376-384. [PMID: 35684950 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the relationship between Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MICs) and response to therapy of 6 Fusarium spp. and 5 Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from equine ulcerative keratitis cases. PROCEDURE Fungi were identified by morphology and Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with sequencing and evaluated at the University of Texas Fungal Testing Laboratory for susceptibility to three azole antifungals (miconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole), natamycin, and two echinocandins (anidulafungin, caspofungin). A Mann-Whitney rank sum test was used for the comparison of time to heal between infections of different fungal genera and in vitro susceptibility to the drug administered. RESULTS Fusarium spp. were resistant to azole antifungals in 6/6 cases (100%). Fusarium spp. were susceptible to echinocandins and natamycin in all cases. A. fumigatus was resistant to anidulafungin in 1/5 cases (20%) and posaconazole in 1/5 cases (20%) The remainder of A. fumigatus isolates were susceptible to all antifungal agents tested. Fusarium isolates were treated with antifungals to which they were not susceptible; however, all cases of A. fumigatus were treated with antifungals to which they were susceptible. All Fusarium cases and A. fumigatus cases experienced clinical resolution, regardless of surgical intervention. There was no statistical correlation between fungal genus and time to heal (p < .082). CONCLUSIONS The in vitro susceptibility indicated that all cases of Fusarium spp. were resistant to azole antifungal drugs which were used as treatment. Clinical outcomes, however, showed that all cases healed despite resistance to antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paoul S Martinez
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - R David Whitley
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Professor Emeritus, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Caryn E Plummer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Rebecca L Richardson
- Clinical Microbiology, Parasitology and Serology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ralph E Hamor
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - James F X Wellehan
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic & Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Pujol R, Tessier C, Manneveau G, De Fourmestraux C. Suspected primary mycotic rhinitis and paranasal sinusitis in seven horses (2013–2019). EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Pujol
- Department of Surgery Equine Clinic ONIRIS National College of Veterinary Medicine Food Science and Engineering Nantes France
| | - C. Tessier
- Department of Surgery Equine Clinic ONIRIS National College of Veterinary Medicine Food Science and Engineering Nantes France
| | - G. Manneveau
- Department of Surgery Equine Clinic ONIRIS National College of Veterinary Medicine Food Science and Engineering Nantes France
- Clinique Équine de Provence Saint‐Cannat France
| | - C. De Fourmestraux
- Department of Surgery Equine Clinic ONIRIS National College of Veterinary Medicine Food Science and Engineering Nantes France
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Foote BC, Smith JS, Bowden AC, Allbaugh RA, Sebbag L. Case Report: Successful Management of Refractory Keratomycosis in an Alpaca Using Penetrating Keratoplasty and Combination Antifungal Therapy (Caspofungin 0.5% and Terbinafine 1%). Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:644074. [PMID: 33791355 PMCID: PMC8006453 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.644074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis is a common disease in certain parts of the world and affects several species, including equids, camelids, and homo sapiens, leading to blindness or loss of the eye if the infection is not adequately controlled. Reports of clinical use of antifungals caspofungin and terbinafine are limited across both veterinary and human medical literature. The alpaca presented in this case demonstrates that deep keratomycosis can be caused by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and Fusarium verticillioides, two previously unreported fungi to cause keratomycosis in camelids. This report demonstrates successful management with a combination of surgery and topical ophthalmic treatment with caspofungin 0.5% solution and terbinafine 1% dermatologic cream, after initially failing treatment with topical voriconazole 1% solution. Combination therapy appears more effective than monotherapy with some fungal organisms, and synergy between antifungal agents is thought to play a role in the success of combination therapy. Surgery to remove the bulk of the fungal infection is especially helpful in cases that fail initial medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braidee C Foote
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Joe S Smith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Anna Catherine Bowden
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rachel A Allbaugh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Tahoun A, Elnafarawy HK, Elmahallawy EK, Abdelhady A, Rizk AM, El-Sharkawy H, Youssef MA, El-Khodery S, Ibrahim HMM. Epidemiological and Molecular Investigation of Ocular Fungal Infection in Equine from Egypt. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7030130. [PMID: 32911615 PMCID: PMC7558555 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis and treatment of ocular fungal infection in equine seems very challenging for owners and clinicians. The present study aimed to identify and characterize fungal species isolated from the eyes of clinically healthy and diseased equines (N = 100) from Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. The work also involved morphological and molecular characterization of the major fungal species. In addition, correlations between the occurrence of isolated fungi and some of the potential risk factors were also investigated. Interestingly, the prevalence rate of ocular mycosis in all examined equines in the study was 28% and there were major clinical signs associated with ocular fungal infection. Moreover, the identified fungal species included Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Penicillium spp., Mucor spp., and Alternari spp. with a corresponding prevalence rate of 63.9%, 27.8%, 15.3%, 18.1%, 13.9%, and 4.2%, respectively, in healthy equine eyes, while their prevalence in diseased equine eyes was 57.1%, 32.1%, 21.4%, 7.1%, 3.6%, and 0%. Furthermore, a statistical significant association (p < 0.05) was found between the frequency of isolation of A. fumigatus and Penicillium and several risk factors (breed, sex, and ground type), while the remaining risk factors and occurrence of fungi were not statistically correlated. A subset of the Aspergillus species samples positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were sequenced and their phylogenetic analysis identified three species of Aspergillus. Taken together, our study provides novel data related to the occurrence of ocular mycosis in equine in Egypt. Given the zoonotic potential of some identified fungi, our data may be helpful for implementation of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for combating this sight-threatening infection in equine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Tahoun
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelshkh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt;
| | - Helmy K. Elnafarawy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (H.K.E.); (M.A.Y.); (S.E.-K.)
| | - Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leon, s/n, 24071 León, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.K.E.); (H.M.M.I.)
| | - Abdelhamed Abdelhady
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, National Research center, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt;
| | - Amira M. Rizk
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt;
| | - Hanem El-Sharkawy
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed A. Youssef
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (H.K.E.); (M.A.Y.); (S.E.-K.)
| | - Sabry El-Khodery
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (H.K.E.); (M.A.Y.); (S.E.-K.)
| | - Hussam M. M. Ibrahim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (H.K.E.); (M.A.Y.); (S.E.-K.)
- Correspondence: (E.K.E.); (H.M.M.I.)
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7
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Roberts D, Cotter HVT, Cubeta M, Gilger BC. In vitro susceptibility of Aspergillus and Fusarium associated with equine keratitis to new antifungal drugs. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:918-922. [PMID: 32418311 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of four fungal species isolated from horses presented with equine fungal keratitis (EFK) in the southeastern United States to previously untested azole, echinocandin, and carboxamide antifungal drugs. METHODS In vitro assays were performed to determine the susceptibility of Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, Fusarium falciforme, and F. keratoplasticum to five antifungal drugs representing three modes of action. RESULTS Luliconazole exhibited increased growth inhibition against both Aspergillus and Fusarium compared to commonly used, standard antifungal drugs. MIC values for luliconazole at 0.001-0.002 µg/mL were at least 25-fold lower than all other antifungal drugs tested, including voriconazole. CONCLUSIONS The increased antifungal activity of luliconazole observed in this study warrants further investigation for its potential as an antifungal drug for equine fungal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darby Roberts
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Henry Van T Cotter
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Marc Cubeta
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Brian C Gilger
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Tamura N, Okano A, Kuroda T, Niwa H, Kusano K, Matsuda Y, Fukuda K, Mita H, Nagata S. Utility of systemic voriconazole in equine keratomycosis based on pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of tear fluid following oral administration. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:640-647. [PMID: 32383526 PMCID: PMC7496923 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective To clarify the detailed pharmacokinetics (PK) of orally administered voriconazole in tear fluid (TF) of horses for evaluating the efficacy of voriconazole secreted into TF against equine keratomycosis. Animals studied Five healthy Thoroughbred horses. Procedures Voriconazole was administrated through a nasogastric tube to each horse at a single dose of 4.0 mg/kg. TF and blood samples were collected before and periodically throughout the 24 hours after administration. Voriconazole concentrations in plasma and TF samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography‐electrospray tandem‐mass spectrometry. The predicted voriconazole concentration in both samples following multiple dosing every 24 hours was simulated by the superposition principle. Results The mean maximum voriconazole concentrations in plasma and TF were 3.3 μg/mL at 1.5 h and 1.9 μg/mL at 1.6 h, respectively. Mean half‐life in both samples were 16.4 and 25.2 h, respectively. The ratio of predicted AUC0–24 at steady state in TF (51.3 μg∙h/mL) to previously published minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Aspergillus and Fusarium species was >100 and 25.7, respectively. Conclusions This study demonstrated the detailed single‐dose PK of voriconazole in TF after oral administration and simulated the predicted concentration curves in a multiple oral dosing. Based on the analyses of PK‐PD, the simulation results indicated that repeated oral administration of voriconazole at 4.0 mg/kg/d achieves the ratio of AUC to MIC associated with treatment efficacy against Aspergillus species. The detailed PK‐PD analyses against pathogenic fungi in TF can be used to provide evidence‐based medicine for equine keratomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Tamura
- Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Racehorse Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan.,Japan Racing Association, Equine Research Institute, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okano
- Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Racehorse Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kuroda
- Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Racehorse Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Niwa
- Japan Racing Association, Equine Research Institute, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kanichi Kusano
- Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Racehorse Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Matsuda
- Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Racehorse Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kentaro Fukuda
- Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Racehorse Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mita
- Japan Racing Association, Equine Research Institute, Tochigi, Japan
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9
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Mustikka MP, Grönthal TSC, Pietilä EM. Equine infectious keratitis in Finland: Associated microbial isolates and susceptibility profiles. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 23:148-159. [PMID: 31364808 PMCID: PMC7004187 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To retrospectively describe laboratory findings, treatment, and outcome associated with equine infectious keratitis in Finland. ANIMALS AND PROCEDURES Medical records of horses diagnosed with infectious keratitis in University of Helsinki Equine Hospital from January 2007 to June 2018 were reviewed. RESULTS Forty-seven cases were included. Keratomycosis was diagnosed in 27 eyes and bacterial keratitis in 20 eyes. Aspergillus flavus was the most frequent fungal isolate (9/17, 53%), followed by Cylindrocarpon sp. (3/17, 18%) and Aspergillus fumigatus (2/17, 12%). Susceptibility was tested for 10/11 Aspergillus sp. isolates; all were susceptible to voriconazole while only two were susceptible to amphotericin B. Cylindrocarpon sp. isolates were resistant to both agents. Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus was the most frequent bacterial isolate (9/19, 47%), followed by other streptococci (4/19, 21%). All 13 Streptococcus sp. isolates were susceptible to penicillin, and all tested isolates (n = 11) were also susceptible to chloramphenicol. Mean duration of medical treatment was longer in fungal keratitis (38 days) than in bacterial keratitis (25 days) (P < .001). Twenty-six of the eyes underwent globe-sparing surgery in addition to medical therapy. Recovery was achieved in 66% (31/47) of all cases and in 59% (16/27) and 75% (15/20) (P = .264) of cases with keratomycosis and bacterial keratitis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Although Aspergillus sp. and S zooepidemicus were the most frequently encountered isolates, cytology, culture, and susceptibility testing are essential to differentiate bacterial and fungal keratitis and guide the clinician to choose the most efficient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna P Mustikka
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas S C Grönthal
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina M Pietilä
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Wada G, Vincent M, Lee M. Inner Leaf Gel of Aloe striata Induces Adhesion-Reducing Morphological Hyphal Aberrations. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4010023. [PMID: 29419783 PMCID: PMC5872326 DOI: 10.3390/jof4010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi, particularly molds that are cosmopolitan in soils, are frequent etiologic agents of opportunistic mycoses. Members of the Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum species complexes are the most commonly implicated etiologic agents of opportunistic fusarial infections in mammals, while Paecilomyces variotii is one of the most frequently encountered Paecilomyces species in human infections. Prevention and treatment of these mycoses are problematic because available antimycotics are limited and often have toxic side effects. Popular folk medicines, such as the inner leaf gel from Aloe spp., offer potential sources for novel antimycotic compounds. To screen for antifungal properties of Aloe striata, we treated conidia of three strains each of F. solani, F. oxysporum, and P. variotii with homogenized and filtered inner leaf gel. Exposure to gel homogenates caused minimal inhibition of conidial germination in tested strains. However, it significantly increased the frequency of hyphal aberrations characterized by increased hyphal diameters that resulted in intervals of non-parallel cell walls. Non-parallel cell walls ostensibly reduce total hyphal surface area available for adhesion. We found a significant decrease in the ability of aberrated P. variotii hyphae to remain adhered to microscope slides after repeated washing with reverse osmosis water. Our results suggest that treatment with A. striata contributes to a decrease in the adhesion frequency of tested P. variotii strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Wada
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Michael Vincent
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Marcia Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
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Ledbetter EC. Clinical diagnosis and management of atypical infectious keratitis in the horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. C. Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
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12
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Abstract
Fungi are clinically important causes of ocular infections in the horse. Keratomycosis is the most common; however, a diverse range of mycotic infections, affecting numerous ocular tissues, may be encountered. Many equine mycoses are diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Prompt and appropriate treatment is essential to minimize morbidity and reduce the likelihood of vision loss. Knowledge of the characteristics and properties of equine ophthalmology antifungal medications is essential to selecting an optimal treatment strategy, including selection of appropriate medication and effective administration route. Newer delivery methods and devices are available and can contribute to an improved outcome in select situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University Hospital for Animals, CVM Box 34, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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13
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Brilhante RSN, Bittencourt PV, de Souza Collares Castelo-Branco D, de Melo Guedes GM, de Oliveira JS, Alencar LP, de Aguiar Cordeiro R, Pinheiro M, Nogueira-Filho EF, de Aquino Pereira-Neto W, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Biofilms of Candida
spp. from the ocular conjunctiva of horses with reduced azole susceptibility: a complicating factor for the treatment of keratomycosis? Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 20:539-546. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine; Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology; Specialized Medical Mycology Center; School of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - Paula Vago Bittencourt
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; State University of Ceará; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - Débora de Souza Collares Castelo-Branco
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine; Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology; Specialized Medical Mycology Center; School of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - Glaucia Morgana de Melo Guedes
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine; Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology; Specialized Medical Mycology Center; School of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - Jonathas Sales de Oliveira
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine; Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology; Specialized Medical Mycology Center; School of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - Lucas Pereira Alencar
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine; Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology; Specialized Medical Mycology Center; School of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine; Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology; Specialized Medical Mycology Center; School of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - Mariana Pinheiro
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; State University of Ceará; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | | | | | - José Júlio Costa Sidrim
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine; Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology; Specialized Medical Mycology Center; School of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine; Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology; Specialized Medical Mycology Center; School of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza CE Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; State University of Ceará; Fortaleza CE Brazil
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Advances in Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Public Health: Fungal Occurrence in the Hair and Skin of Symptomatic Pets in Turin, Italy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016. [PMID: 26563306 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2015_5004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Companion animals, often asymptomatic reservoir of fungi, can be important sources of infection in humans, due to the close contact with their owners. The present study was aimed to assess the occurrence of dermatophytes and other fungi isolated from pet dermatological lesions in Turin, Italy. Dermatological specimens were examined for fungal elements by direct microscopy and cultured to detect dermatophytes, other filamentous fungi and yeasts: 247 pets (118 cats, 111 dogs and 18 dwarf rabbits) were positive for fungal detection in culture. Microsporum canis was the most frequent dermatophyte in cats and dogs, whereas Trichophyton mentagrophytes was the most common in rabbits. Among the other fungi, for all examined pets, dematiaceous fungi were the most isolated, followed by Mucorales, penicilli, yeasts and yeast-like fungi, and aspergilli. No gender predisposition was detected for dermatophyte growth; on the contrary, for the other fungi male cats were more susceptible than female. The highest fungal occurrence was recorded in <1-year-old cats for dermatophytes, and in <5-year-old cats and dogs for the other fungi. Autumn was the period associated with a relevant incidence of fungal infection. Finally, fungi were more frequent in non pure-breed cats and in pure-breed dogs. These data underline the importance to timely inform pet owners about the potential health risk of infection caused not only by dermatophytes but also by non-dermatophyte fungi, routinely considered to be contaminants or harmless colonizers, since their role as source of zoonotic infections is not to be excluded.
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Sherman AB, Clode AB, Gilger BC. Impact of fungal species cultured on outcome in horses with fungal keratitis. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:140-146. [PMID: 27061354 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the significance of Aspergillus and Fusarium spp., as identified by culture, on clinical outcome in equine keratomycosis. METHODS Retrospective analysis of 66 horses (66 eyes) evaluated at the NCSU-VH diagnosed with keratomycosis from which Aspergillus or Fusarium spp. were cultured. Horses were classified into those who improved with medical management alone or those who required surgical intervention to improve. Horses who underwent surgery were divided into globe-sparing procedures or enucleation. Effects of bacterial co-infection, previous topical steroid or antifungal use, and time of year on fungal genus and outcome were evaluated. RESULTS Aspergillus spp. was cultured from 41 eyes (63%), while 24 eyes (37%) cultured Fusarium spp. One horse cultured both species and was not included in further evaluation. From the horses that cultured Aspergillus spp., 28 eyes (68%) required surgical intervention to control the infection: 21 (75%) of these eyes maintained globe integrity, while 7 eyes (25%) were enucleated. Of those horses with Fusarium spp., 14 eyes (58%) required surgical intervention: 11 (79%) of these eyes maintained globe integrity, while 3 eyes (21%) were enucleated. Genus of fungus cultured was not significantly associated with the need for surgical intervention nor was it significantly associated with the necessity of globe-sparing surgery versus enucleation. Additionally, bacterial co-infection, previous steroidal or antifungal use, and time of year did not affect outcome or type of fungal species cultured. CONCLUSION Equine keratomycosis from Fusarium spp. compared to keratomycosis from Aspergillus spp. is not associated with a different clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Sherman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Alison B Clode
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Brian C Gilger
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
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Bourguet A, Guyonnet A, Donzel E, Guillot J, Pignon C, Chahory S. Keratomycosis in a pet rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) treated with topical 1% terbinafine ointment. Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 19:504-509. [PMID: 26632085 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and medical management of a 2-year-old spayed female dwarf rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) suffering from an ulcerative keratitis and a stromal abscess with a rapid evolution. The diagnosis of fungal keratitis was based on fungal culture identifying the pathogen as Aspergillus fumigatus. Treatment by topical terbinafine was efficacious in resolving the keratomycosis within 8 weeks. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of spontaneous keratomycosis in a rabbit and the first description of successful therapy by terbinafine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Bourguet
- Ophthalmology Unit, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
| | - Alexandre Guyonnet
- Ophthalmology Unit, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Elise Donzel
- Ophthalmology Unit, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Parasitology and Mycology Unit, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Charly Pignon
- Exotics Medicine Unit, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Sabine Chahory
- Ophthalmology Unit, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
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Proietto LR, Plummer CE, Maxwell KM, Lamb KE, Brooks DE. A retrospective analysis of environmental risk factors for the diagnosis of deep stromal abscess in 390 horses in North Central Florida from 1991 to 2013. Vet Ophthalmol 2015. [PMID: 26215543 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this investigation was to identify potential environmental risk factors for the diagnosis of equine deep stromal abscesses (DSA) in the subtropical climate at the University of Florida Veterinary Medical Center (UFVMC). METHODS Cases included were selected from the UFVMC medical record and imaging database, and included all cases of equine DSA diagnosed during the period from December 1991 to December 2013 in patients residing in north central Florida. Patient date of diagnosis and atmospheric data was obtained for north central Florida for the corresponding time period. Univariate and multivariate general linear models were generated testing effects and interactions between environmental conditions. RESULTS When year, sulfur dioxide (SO2 ) and wind were analyzed in the presence of each other, a one-mile per hour increase in wind (P = 0.005) significantly increased the number of DSA cases by 1.63 cases per year. When the influence of temperature was evaluated in conjunction with year and nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ), the number of cases decreased by 0.1534 per year for every degree increase in temperature (°C) (P = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS Wind speed is the first significant atmospheric risk factor to be identified for DSA formation in the horse. The importance of environmental variance in the incidence of DSA indicates that the pathogenesis of DSA formation may be multifactorial, interdependent and provides support in some horses for the micropuncture hypothesis of DSA formation related to the involvement of environmental conditions causing precorneal tear film and epithelial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Proietto
- SACS, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Caryn E Plummer
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 100101, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0101, USA
| | - Kathleen M Maxwell
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 100101, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0101, USA
| | | | - Dennis E Brooks
- LACS, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16 Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
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Ledbetter EC, Norman ML, Starr JK. In vivoconfocal microscopy for the detection of canine fungal keratitis and monitoring of therapeutic response. Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 19:220-9. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Ledbetter
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Clinical Sciences; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Mary L. Norman
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Clinical Sciences; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Jennifer K. Starr
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853 USA
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Ledbetter EC, Montgomery KW, Landry MP, Kice NC. Characterization of fungal keratitis in alpacas: 11 cases (2003-2012). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 243:1616-22. [PMID: 24261813 DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.11.1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe clinical, microbiological, in vivo confocal microscopic, and histopathologic features of fungal keratitis in alpacas and to estimate prevalence of the disease in a population of alpacas from the northeastern United States. DESIGN Retrospective case series. Animals-11 alpacas. PROCEDURES Medical records of alpacas evaluated by the ophthalmology service of a veterinary teaching hospital were searched to identify animals with a clinical diagnosis of fungal keratitis and positive results for fungal culture of a corneal sample between 2003 and 2012. Signalment and historical, clinical, and microbiological details were recorded. Results of cytologic, histopathologic, and in vivo confocal microscopic corneal examinations were collected when available. RESULTS Fungal keratitis was diagnosed in 11 of 169 (6.5%) alpacas that underwent ophthalmologic examination by the ophthalmology service during the study period. Ten of the 11 alpacas were evaluated in the summer or fall months. Corneal lesions included stromal ulcer, stromal abscess, corneal perforation, and nonulcerative keratitis. Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium solani were the most frequently cultured fungi. Fungi were also identified through corneal cytologic examination, histologic examination, or in vivo confocal microscopy in 9 alpacas. Historically, 2 alpacas were evaluated following external ocular trauma and 1 following corneal foreign body removal. Nine alpacas had received topical treatment with antimicrobials and 2 had antimicrobial-corticosteroid combinations administered topically prior to referral. Nine of 10 alpacas for which follow-up information was available were successfully treated, with globe and vision retention. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Fungal keratitis was a relatively common ocular disease in this population of alpacas and appeared to share several clinical features with keratomycosis in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Smith KM, Maxwell L, Gull T, Payton ME, Gilmour MA. Stability of 1% voriconazole solution in a constant-rate infusion pump for topical ocular delivery to horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2014; 17 Suppl 1:82-9. [PMID: 24602272 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish the effect of storage in a constant-rate infusion (CRI) pump on the sterility and stability of voriconazole 1% solution. PROCEDURE Nine vials of voriconazole (Vfend(®) I.V.) 1% solution were prepared. Approximately half of each solution was used to prime a commercially available CRI pump with attached subpalpebral lavage system (CRI/SPL unit) with the remaining solution stored in the commercial glass vial. Three CRI/SPL units and their three corresponding vials were stored at one of three temperatures: 23 °C, 33 °C, and 40 °C. The CRI pumps ran for 7 days, and the vials were stored for 30 days. Fungal and aerobic bacterial cultures were performed on the first and last day of the storage period for each vessel. Samples were obtained at regular intervals for determination of voriconazole concentration using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS No bacterial or fungal contamination was identified in any solution at any time point. All solutions stored in the commercial glass vial remained stable throughout the study period. Multiple CRI/SPL units became blocked with crystallized voriconazole. There was a significant increase in voriconazole concentration after passage through the CRI/SPL units. CONCLUSIONS Voriconazole 1% solution is not compatible for use in a CRI/SPL unit at temperatures between 23 and 40 °C. Voriconazole 1% solution is stable in the commercial glass vial when stored at controlled temperatures as high as 40 °C for up to 30 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Smith
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
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Smith KM, Pucket JD, Gilmour MA. Treatment of six cases of equine corneal stromal abscessation with intracorneal injection of 5% voriconazole solution. Vet Ophthalmol 2014; 17 Suppl 1:179-85. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Smith
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Center for Veterinary Health Sciences; Oklahoma State University; 1 BVMTH Stillwater OK 74078 USA
| | - Jonathan D. Pucket
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Center for Veterinary Health Sciences; Oklahoma State University; 1 BVMTH Stillwater OK 74078 USA
| | - Margi A. Gilmour
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Center for Veterinary Health Sciences; Oklahoma State University; 1 BVMTH Stillwater OK 74078 USA
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Hempstead JE, Clode AB, Borst LB, Gilger BC. Histopathological features of equine superficial, nonhealing, corneal ulcers. Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 17 Suppl 1:46-52. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie E. Hempstead
- Gulf Coast Veterinary Specialists; 1111 West Loop South; Suite 106, Houston; TX 77027 USA
| | - Alison B. Clode
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University; North Carolina State University; 1052 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA
| | - Luke B. Borst
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA
| | - Brian C. Gilger
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University; North Carolina State University; 1052 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA
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Voelter-Ratson K, Monod M, Unger L, Spiess BM, Pot SA. Evaluation of the conjunctival fungal flora and its susceptibility to antifungal agents in healthy horses in Switzerland. Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 17 Suppl 1:31-6. [PMID: 23910390 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the conjunctival fungal flora and to determine the susceptibility of 2 isolated molds to antifungal drugs in samples of 64 healthy horses from The National Stud in Switzerland. PROCEDURE Conjunctival cytobrush samples were collected from both eyes of 64 ophthalmologically normal horses in August 2012 and subsequently cultured on Sabouraud's agar medium. Growing fungi were identified and counted. Etests or broth microdilution tests for Aspergillus fumigatus and Eurotium amstelodami were carried out to determine antifungal drug sensitivity. These species had previously been detected in samples from eyes with keratomycosis in Switzerland. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for voriconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, amphotericin B, and miconazole were recorded. RESULTS Fifty-nine of the horses were tested positive for fungal growth from at least one eye (92%). Eleven genera of fungi were identified. The most common fungal genera were Alternaria, Eurotium, Rhizopus, and Cladosporium. Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. were isolated frequently, while no Fusarium spp. was found. In only 2 cases, yeasts were identified as Candida guilliermondii. For certain fungal species, the type of bedding and housing appeared to influence their prevalence. Susceptibility testing of A. fumigatus showed lowest MICs for voriconazole, E. amstelodami for voriconazole and itraconazole. High MICs for fluconazole were detected for all tested fungi while MICs for amphotericin B and miconazole were variable. CONCLUSIONS A large range of fungal mold species was identified including A. fumigatus and E. amstelodami, which have been causative agents of keratomycosis in Switzerland. Best in vitro susceptibility results for these two species were obtained for voriconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Voelter-Ratson
- Equine Department, Section of Ophthalmology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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Voelter-Ratson K, Pot SA, Florin M, Spiess BM. Equine keratomycosis in Switzerland: a retrospective evaluation of 35 horses (January 2000-August 2011). Equine Vet J 2013; 45:608-12. [PMID: 23489138 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY Keratomycosis is a severe disease in horses. Geographical differences in fungi causing keratomycosis and susceptibility of the organisms to antifungal drugs exist but few previous publications on this disease originate from Europe. OBJECTIVE To retrospectively compare the clinical data of 36 eyes with keratomycosis, diagnosed in 35 horses between January 2000 and August 2011 at the Vetsuisse Faculty of Switzerland. Case history, season, prior treatment, clinical appearance, surgical and medical treatment, treatment duration, and globe survival were evaluated. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS Medical records of horses with a definitive cytological or histological diagnosis of keratomycosis were reviewed. RESULTS Thirty-one of 36 eyes (86.1%) presented with ulcerative keratitis, 2/36 (5.55%) had diffuse corneal infiltration, 2/36 (5.55%) had superficial punctate keratitis and 1/36 (2.8%) had a fluorescein-negative fungal plaque. Two of 6 fungal cultures produced Aspergillus spp. Thirty eyes received medical and surgical treatment, while 3 eyes were treated medically only. In 3 horses the globe was removed at the time of first presentation. Sex, age, prior treatment with antimicrobials or steroids, or type of surgical approach did not significantly influence the outcome. Twenty-three of 36 eyes (63.9%) were at least partially visual, 11/36 eyes (30.5%) were enucleated and 2 horses (2/36 eyes, 5.6%) were subjected to euthanasia. Treatment protocols were compared in the 31 eyes with ulcerative keratitis. In this group, 3/31 globes were immediately enucleated, 16/31 eyes were treated topically with voriconazole or voriconazole/fluconazole and 12/31 with other antifungal drug combinations. The different medication protocols did not significantly affect the outcome. CONCLUSIONS There were no significant differences in outcome between different medical treatment protocols or types of surgical approach. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Future studies in central Europe should focus on the identification of fungal pathogens, susceptibility patterns and the efficacy of antifungal drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Voelter-Ratson
- Equine Department, Section of Ophthalmology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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Prevalence of yeasts in English full blood mares. Mycopathologia 2013; 175:339-44. [PMID: 23344719 PMCID: PMC3622738 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-013-9615-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was a quantitative and qualitative analysis of microflora, presentation of current data about prevalence of the microflora on the skin and mucous membranes, and determination of its possible effect on reproduction of English full blood horses bred in Poland. The material for analyses was sampled from the skin and mucous membranes (385 samples) of 55 English full blood mares. Taking into account reproduction traits, the mares were classified into three groups. Six yeast-like species, including five species from the genus Candida (C. albicans, C. guiliermondii, C. lusitaniae, C. sp., and C. tropicalis) and Trichomonascus ciferrii, were detected on the skin and mucous membranes in the English full blood mares. Growth of yeasts was observed in more than half of the samples taken from mares that had foaled and approximately 46 % of non-conceiving and barren mares. The high prevalence of various yeast strains in the mouth, nostrils, and collateral groove may suggest widespread occurrence of the microflora in the breeding environment. The results obtained indicate that the yeasts isolated in this study may be components of the normal microflora of the skin and mucous membranes in horses. The analysis results do not indicate unambiguously that the isolated microflora affects reproduction in mares, although this cannot be excluded.
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Zeiss C, Neaderland M, Yang FC, Terwilliger G, Compton S. Fungal polymerase chain reaction testing in equine ulcerative keratitis. Vet Ophthalmol 2012; 16:341-51. [PMID: 23227970 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the diagnostic utility of fungal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in forty-three horses with naturally acquired corneal ulcers presenting to a private practice. METHODS Routine evaluation of cytologic, histologic, and microbiologic samples was performed. Two PCR approaches were compared - generic and specific fungal nested PCR followed by sequencing and quantitative PCR (qPCR). PCRs were applied to pure control fungal cultures, corneal tissue from ulcerated eyes and in a subset of 9 horses, to swabs from contralateral normal eyes. RESULTS The expected fungus was identified by nested PCR and qPCR in all control fungal cultures. In all fungal culture-positive affected eyes (10/43), one or more fungi were identified by nested PCR and 4/10 were positive by qPCR. In 6/10 animals, the same fungus was identified by nested PCR and culture. Of these 6, only three were positive by qPCR. Fungal agents were identified by morphology in 8/10 horses. Diagnosis of fungal keratitis was reserved for only those cases in which the same fungus could be identified by PCR, culture, and morphology (5 horses). In 33/43 culture-negative affected eyes and in 6/9 unaffected eyes, one or more fungi were identified by nested PCR in 26 samples and by qPCR in 2 samples. Apart from Aspergillus spp, similar fungi were identified in affected and control eyes. Most eyes harbored mixed bacterial and fungal agents. CONCLUSIONS Nested PCR results confirmed all cytologically positive cases of fungal keratitis. Nested PCR identified a greater spectrum of agents than either culture or qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Zeiss
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Reed Z, Thomasy SM, Good KL, Maggs DJ, Magdesian KG, Pusterla N, Hollingsworth SR. Equine keratomycoses in California from 1987 to 2010 (47 cases). Equine Vet J 2012; 45:361-6. [PMID: 22943420 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Equine keratomycosis in the western USA has received little study, probably owing to its low prevalence. OBJECTIVES To determine clinical features, predominant fungal isolates, treatment modalities and outcomes of horses with keratomycosis in California and compare these with results from different geographic regions. METHODS Records of horses presented to the University of California-Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (UCD-VMTH) with confirmed keratomycosis between 1987 and 2010 were reviewed for this retrospective study. Information retrieved from the record included background, ophthalmic examination findings, treatment prior to and following presentation, visual outcome, and ocular survival. RESULTS A total of 48 eyes in 47 horses met the inclusion criteria and comprised 2% of cases presented to the UCD-VMTH ophthalmology service. Prior to presentation, 20 horses (43%) received at least one topically administered anti-inflammatory medication. Keratomycosis was confirmed by fungal culture in 38 horses (81%), by histopathology in 2 horses (4%) and by cytology in 7 horses (15%). Forty-four isolates were identified in the 38 horses cultured; Aspergillus was the most common isolate (64%) and a novel isolate, Papulospora, was identified in 2 horses. Treatment consisted of medication only (73%), medical and surgical treatment (25%), or immediate enucleation (2%). Globe retention was 77% and vision retention was 53%. Corneal perforation was significantly associated with loss of vision (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Keratomycosis is relatively uncommon in horses presented for ophthalmic conditions at UCD-VMTH. Corneal perforation was a negative prognostic indicator for vision in this population of northern Californian horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Reed
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, USA
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Galera PD, Brooks DE. Optimal management of equine keratomycosis. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2012; 3:7-17. [PMID: 30155429 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s25013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Keratomycosis in the horse exists in several unique clinical forms. This paper discusses the diagnosis and clinical management of keratomycosis in the horse associated with tear film instability, epithelial keratopathy, subepithelial infiltrates, superficial and deep ulcers, plaques, melting ulcers, descemetoceles, iris prolapse, and stromal abscesses. Prompt diagnosis and aggressive treatment of equine keratomycosis can make a major difference in the maintenance of a cosmetic and visual eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula D Galera
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Dennis E Brooks
- Departments of Large and Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe in vivo corneal confocal microscopy of horses with fungal keratitis and correlate findings with clinical, histopathological, and microbiological evaluations of clinical cases and an ex vivo experimental equine fungal keratitis model. ANIMALS STUDIED A total of 12 horses with naturally-acquired fungal keratitis and ex vivo equine corneas experimentally infected with clinical fungal isolates. PROCEDURES Horses with naturally-acquired fungal keratitis were examined with a modified Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II and Rostock Cornea Module. Confocal microscopy images of clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium solani, and Candida albicans were obtained by examination of in vitro cultures and experimentally infected ex vivo equine corneas. RESULTS Non-specific in vivo corneal confocal microscopic findings in horses with fungal keratitis included leukocyte infiltrates, activated keratocytes, anterior stromal dendritic cell infiltrates, and vascularization. Linear, branching, hyper-reflective structures that were 2-6 μm in width and 200 to >400 μm in length were detected in all horses with filamentous fungal keratitis. Round to oval hyper-reflective structures that were 2-8 μm in diameter were detected in a horse with yeast fungal keratitis. The in vivo confocal microscopic appearance of the organisms was consistent with fungal morphologies observed during examination of in vitro cultures and infected ex vivo equine corneas. CONCLUSIONS In vivo corneal confocal microscopy is a rapid and non-invasive method of diagnosing fungal keratitis in the horse. This imaging technique is useful for both ulcerative and non-ulcerative fungal keratitis, and is particularly advantageous for confirming the presence of fungi in deep corneal stromal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Clode A, Davis J, Davidson G, Salmon J, Lafevers H, Gilger B. Aqueous humor and plasma concentrations of a compounded 0.2% solution of terbinafine following topical ocular administration to normal equine eyes. Vet Ophthalmol 2011; 14:41-7. [PMID: 21199278 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the transcorneal penetration and systemic absorption of a compounded 0.2% terbinafine solution following repeated topical administration to normal equine eyes. Sample population Six healthy adult horses with normal ocular examinations. PROCEDURES One eye of each horse received 0.2 mL of a compounded 0.2% terbinafine solution every 4 h for seven doses. During the 1 h following administration of the final dose, multiple peripheral blood samples were obtained, and a single aqueous humor (AH) sample was collected at the end of the hour. AH and plasma concentrations of terbinafine were determined using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Stability of the formulation was assessed with HPLC analysis over a 14-day time period. RESULTS Terbinafine was not detected in the AH or plasma of any horse at any time point. No signs of ocular irritation or systemic toxicity were noted in any horse at any time point. The solution was stable over 14 days. CONCLUSION Topical ocular administration of compounded 0.2% terbinafine solution does not result in detectable AH or plasma levels following administration to normal equine eyes, suggesting its use for deep corneal or intraocular fungal infections in equine ophthalmology may be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Clode
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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Mathes RL, Reber AJ, Hurley DJ, Dietrich UM. Effects of antifungal drugs and delivery vehicles on morphology and proliferation of equine corneal keratocytes in vitro. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:953-9. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.8.953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nystatin-Intralipid Preparation: Characterization and In Vitro Activity Against Yeasts and Molds. Mycopathologia 2010; 169:333-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-009-9271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Clinical findings and outcomes of ulcerative keratomycosis in 30 horses in the mid-Atlantic United States (2006-2007). EQUINE VET EDUC 2009. [DOI: 10.2746/095777309x478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pearce JW, Giuliano EA, Moore CP. In vitro susceptibility patterns of Aspergillus and Fusarium species isolated from equine ulcerative keratomycosis cases in the midwestern and southern United States with inclusion of the new antifungal agent voriconazole. Vet Ophthalmol 2009; 12:318-24. [PMID: 19751493 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2009.00721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the in vitro susceptibility of Aspergillus and Fusarium spp. isolated from horses with ulcerative keratomycosis, address regional differences in equine keratomycosis isolates, and provide susceptibility data to update prior studies. ANIMAL STUDIED Fourteen horses with ulcerative keratomycosis. PROCEDURES Banked fungal isolates from equine corneal ulcers (eight Aspergillus spp. and six Fusarium spp.) were identified at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. In vitro minimum inhibitory concentration and susceptibility to natamycin, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, ketoconazole, and miconazole were determined for each isolate. RESULTS Fungi were significantly more susceptible to voriconazole than to natamycin, itraconazole, fluconazole, and ketoconazole, but miconazole susceptibility did not differ significantly from voriconazole. Aspergillus spp. were most susceptible to voriconazole, miconazole, and itraconazole, which were significantly better to fluconazole and ketoconazole. Fusarium spp. susceptibility was greatest to natamycin and voriconazole and lowest to itraconazole and ketoconazole. Fusarium spp. were significantly less susceptible to itraconazole and ketoconazole compared to natamycin. No significant differences in susceptibility were found when isolates from Florida were compared with isolates from other states. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Based on in vitro evidence, voriconazole appears to be the most effective antifungal for initial treatment of equine keratomycosis in the midwestern and southern United States. Results are comparable with previous studies in that isolated fungi from equine keratomycosis cases showed consistently poor susceptibility to fluconazole. Organisms isolated in different geographic locations of the midwestern and southern United States appeared to have similar patterns of antifungal susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline W Pearce
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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In vitro natamycin susceptibility of ocular isolates of Fusarium and Aspergillus species: comparison of commercially formulated natamycin eye drops to pharmaceutical-grade powder. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:3477-8. [PMID: 18701666 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00610-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute susceptibility method prohibits the use of pharmacy preparations, but obtaining pure powders is difficult. The activity of natamycin against isolates of Aspergillus and Fusarium species isolated from keratitis was assessed by using both powder and pharmacy eye drop preparations. Eye drop preparations may be a viable option for testing natamycin activity.
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Molecular phylogenetic analysis of a geographically and temporally matched set of Candida albicans isolates from humans and nonmigratory wildlife in central Illinois. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2008; 7:1475-86. [PMID: 18621922 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00162-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study explored whether wildlife species serve as the reservoir for human Candida albicans strains in a given geographic area. C. albicans isolates were collected from nonmigratory wildlife admitted to the University of Illinois Wildlife Medical Clinic. A geographically and temporally matched set of C. albicans oral isolates was collected from healthy human volunteers. Multilocus sequence typing was used to assign strains to genetic clades. Clade 1 isolates, particularly diploid sequence type 69 (DST 69), were most common in humans. Clade 1 strains were less frequently recovered from wildlife, while clade 8 strains, particularly DST 90, were overrepresented in the wildlife collection. All instances where a wildlife and human isolate shared the same DST occurred within clade 1. Clade distributions between human and wildlife isolates were significantly different, demonstrating population isolation between the groups. These differences may indicate limited strain transfer between groups or differential selection of C. albicans isolates in humans and wildlife. Wildlife strains had an amphotericin B MIC significantly lower than that of human isolates; strains with increased susceptibility were from several clades. C. albicans isolates were collected from domestic animals to provide comparisons with human and wildlife data sets. C. albicans isolation from canine and feline oral and anal swabs was infrequent; companion animal isolates were closely related to clade 1 human isolates. Collectively, the data suggest a greater likelihood of C. albicans transfer from humans to animals than from animals to humans. The nontransient human population may maintain the connection between geography and the C. albicans genetic groups recovered from humans.
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