1
|
Lacqua A, Helmer P. Treatment of Septic Tenosynovitis and Osteoarthritis in an American White Pekin ( Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) with Repeated Intravenous Regional Limb Perfusion and Antibiotic-Impregnated Calcium Sulfate Beads. J Avian Med Surg 2023; 36:414-420. [PMID: 36935214 DOI: 10.1647/21-00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
A 2-year-old female American white pekin (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) was assessed for a 2-month history of chronic lameness and swelling involving the left leg. Radiographic images of the left leg showed soft tissue swelling of the digits and tarsometatarsus with osteolysis of the tarsometatarsal-phalangeal joint. A complete blood count revealed marked leukocytosis and hyperproteinemia. A Streptococcus species was isolated from a bacterial culture of fluid obtained from the left tarsometatarsal-phalangeal joint. Biweekly intravenous regional limb perfusions of the left leg with ampicillin-sulbactam and amikacin were performed on the patient. Despite initial improvement in left leg lameness and swelling, follow-up radiographic images showed progressive osteolysis of the tarsometatarsal-phalangeal joint and associated digits. Surgical placement of antibiotic-impregnated calcium sulfate beads into the left tarsometatarsal-phalangeal joint was next performed with concurrent, repeated intravenous regional limb perfusion using the same antibiotic. Following the placement of antibiotic-impregnated beads and continued intravenous regional limb perfusion, the duck had decreased lameness and swelling of the left leg. Repeated antibiotic treatment through intravenous regional limb perfusion and concurrent placement of antibiotic-impregnated calcium sulfate beads is a practical treatment option for complicated distal limb infections in avian species. This therapeutic protocol has great potential in treating aggressive distal leg infections in many avian species because regional limb perfusion alone may not penetrate the joint adequately to achieve complete resolution of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lacqua
- Avian and Exotics Service, BluePearl Pet Hospital, Clearwater, FL 33762, USA,
| | - Peter Helmer
- Avian and Exotics Service, BluePearl Pet Hospital, Clearwater, FL 33762, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Walker KE, Middleton JR, Gull T, Payne CA, Adkins PRF. Bacterial culture and susceptibility of samples taken from septic foot lesions of adult beef cattle. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:757-765. [PMID: 36772950 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lameness is an economically important and common disease of cattle, and foot disease is the most common cause of lameness in cattle. Limited data is available regarding lameness in cow-calf operations. OBJECTIVES Describe the bacteria most commonly isolated from septic lesions of the feet of adult beef cattle and the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolated bacteria. ANIMALS Fifty-four adult cattle from cow-calf operations and diagnosed with a sole abscess or distal interphalangeal joint sepsis were enrolled. METHODS Prospective observational study. Abscess fluid from a convenience sample of clinical cases was cultured. Isolated bacteria were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry or 16s rRNA gene sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiling was performed on isolates when a bacterial species was identified from ≥5 samples. RESULTS Fifty of the 54 samples were polymicrobial. Trueperella pyogenes (22/54), Streptococcus uberis (16/54), and Bacteroides pyogenes (14/54) were the most commonly isolated bacteria. Eighty-one of 96 tested isolates were resistant to at least 1 antimicrobial; multidrug resistance was identified in 37/96 isolates. Oxytetracycline (50/96), tylosin (40/96), and florfenicol (37/96) resistance was commonly identified. Resistance to ceftiofur (5/96) was rare. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Septic processes of the foot in these adult beef cattle frequently were polymicrobial. Most of the isolated bacteria were resistant to at least 1 antimicrobial with over one-third being multidrug resistant. Although simple sole abscesses do not require antimicrobial treatment, deep septic processes of the foot often are treated with antimicrobials. Culture and susceptibility of deep septic lesions may guide judicious antimicrobial usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E Walker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - John R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Tamara Gull
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Craig A Payne
- University of Missouri Extension, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Pamela R F Adkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Knafo SE, Graham JE, Barton BA. Intravenous and intraosseous regional limb perfusion of ceftiofur sodium in an avian model. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:539-546. [PMID: 31140842 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.6.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether IV regional limb perfusion (IVRLP) and intraosseous regional limb perfusion (IORLP) of ceftiofur sodium resulted in clinically relevant drug concentrations in the synovial fluid of the tibiotarsal-tarsometatarsal joint of chickens (ie, an avian model) and to determine whether one of those techniques was superior to the other. ANIMALS 12 healthy adult hens. PROCEDURES Birds were randomly assigned to receive ceftiofur sodium (2 mg/kg) by the IVRLP (n = 4), IORLP (4), or IM (control; 4) route once daily for 6 consecutive days. Blood and tibiotarsal-tarsometatarsal synovial fluid samples were collected 15 minutes after ceftiofur administration on predetermined days for quantification of ceftiofur concentration. Plasma and synovial fluid ceftiofur concentrations were compared among the 3 groups. RESULTS All 4 birds in the IVRLP group developed mild to moderate bruising around the injection site, but this bruising did not prohibit completion of the prescribed treatment regimen. No adverse effects were observed in any of the other birds. The mean plasma and synovial fluid ceftiofur concentrations exceeded the therapeutic threshold for most common bacterial pathogens (> 1.0 μg/mL) at all sample acquisition times for all 3 groups. The mean synovial fluid ceftiofur concentration for the IVRLP group was significantly greater than that for the IORLP and control groups at all sample acquisition times. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that IVRLP may be a safe and effective technique for antimicrobial administration to birds with joint infections, contaminated wounds, pododermatitis, and other musculoskeletal infections of the distal aspect of a limb.
Collapse
|
4
|
van Amstel SR, Anderson DE, Videla R. Modified abaxial approach for resection of the distal sesamoid bone and distal interphalangeal joint while preserving the digital flexor tendons of three Angus bulls with septic arthritis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019; 252:873-881. [PMID: 29553909 DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.7.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION 3 Angus bulls, aged 2 to 3 years, with severe lameness of 2 to 4 weeks' duration and swelling proximal to the coronary band of the affected limb were evaluated after failing to respond to antimicrobial treatment. CLINICAL FINDINGS Septic arthritis of a distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) was diagnosed in all 3 bulls on the basis of results of a physical examination, radiographic and ultrasonographic evaluations of the affected foot, and cytologic evaluation of synovial fluid from the affected DIPJ. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME A novel modified abaxial approach was used to resect the infected distal sesamoid bone (navicular bone) and DIPJ of all 3 bulls. A window was created in the abaxial hoof wall that was lateral to and of sufficient size to extract the navicular bone. Following removal of the navicular bone, the DIPJ was debrided and resected and an orthopedic block was applied to the contralateral claw to minimize weight bearing on the infected digit. Two bulls also had a fiberglass cast applied to the affected limb to help immobilize the DIPJ. All 3 bulls recovered without complications, and 2 bulls were no longer lame, whereas the remaining bull was only mildly lame, at 4 to 5 weeks after surgery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The modified abaxial approach described for surgical resection of the DIPJ allowed extraction of the infected navicular bone without damage to the digital flexor tendons, something that cannot be achieved with other abaxial approaches. This approach is best used for patients without septic tenosynovitis.
Collapse
|
5
|
Celani G, Tulini SMR, Montesano C, Zezza D, Sergi M, Varasano V, Mortellaro CM, Compagnone D, Amorena M, Petrizzi L. Pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin administered via intravenous regional limb perfusion in dairy cows: evaluation of two different tourniquets. Vet Rec Open 2017; 4:e000227. [PMID: 29018533 PMCID: PMC5623333 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2017-000227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study evaluated synovial and systemic plasma pharmacokinetic variables of marbofloxacin after a single intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP) performed using two different tourniquets in clinically healthy, standing, non-sedated dairy cows. The authors hypothesised that the type of tourniquet used for IVRLP would influence the synovial fluid concentration of marbofloxacin in the perfused distal limb. Design The study had a randomised parallel-group design. Methods Ten adult dairy cows were included. Unilateral hindlimb IVRLP through the dorsal common digital III vein was performed in two groups of five cows (group 1: wide rubber tourniquet; group 2: manual pneumatic tourniquet) using 0.67 mg/kg of marbofloxacin. The tourniquet was applied proximal to the tarsus and maintained for 30 minutes. Samples of jugular blood and synovial fluid from the tibiotarsal joints of the perfused limb were obtained before and at intervals after IVRLP. All samples were analysed for drug concentrations using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined to establish the influence of tourniquet types. Differences were considered significant at P≤0.05. Results No adverse effects from the procedure or marbofloxacin were observed in any animal. Significant differences in synovial concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters were measured. The mean ± sd areas under the concentration versus time curve from time 0 to 24 hours were 178.98±58.08 µg hour/ml for group 2 and 21.11±9.93 µg hour/ml for group 1. The mean ± sd maximum marbofloxacin concentrations were 75.50±10.19 µg/ml for group 2 and 6.35±1.47 µg/ml for group 1. Conclusions Performing IVRLP using the dorsal common digital III vein and a manual pneumatic tourniquet set at 300 mmHg above the tarsus in standing cows resulted in significantly higher marbofloxacin concentrations in the tibiotarsal joint compared with those with the wide rubber tourniquet. Trial registration Local ethical committee (number 41/2012/CEISA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Celani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Serena Maria Rita Tulini
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Zezza
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Manuel Sergi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Varasano
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Dario Compagnone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Michele Amorena
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Lucio Petrizzi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Diseases of the bovine digit remain the major cause of painful lameness in cattle and commonly constitute a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for clinicians. Prompt surgical wound revision is critical in acute injuries. Deep infections may be treated with debridement, resection of tendons, synovioscopy, joint lavage, arthrotomy and facilitated joint ankylosis. Postoperative care is more involved, lameness persists longer, and cost of treatment is higher after salvage techniques than after amputation of the digit. Luxations and fractures of the digits often are amenable to conservative treatment but may be treated surgically if indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Nuss
- Farm Animal Department, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shearer JK, Plummer PJ, Schleining JA. Perspectives on the treatment of claw lesions in cattle. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2015; 6:273-292. [PMID: 30101113 PMCID: PMC6067775 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s62071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lameness is a leading cause of welfare and culling issues in cattle, with claw lesions accounting for the majority of these issues. Although the treatment of claw lesions in cattle is a daily activity for hoof trimmers, veterinarians, and livestock producers, there is surprisingly little information in the peer-reviewed literature on which to base strong evidence-based conclusions. As a consequence, many treatment modalities used are empirical and, in some cases, may be counterproductive to rapid lesion healing. Furthermore, many of these empirical treatment modalities fail to fully consider the underlying pathogenesis of the disease process and the implications that it has on lesion healing. For example, sole ulcers are largely a consequence of metabolic disorders and mechanical overloading. Therapeutic interventions that fail to address the weight-bearing issues are unlikely to be successful. Likewise, white line disease is believed to be predisposed by rumen acidosis and laminitis, and interventions need to include in them appropriate measures to prevent further cases through nutritional management. The goal of this review paper is to review the pathogenesis of claw lesions in the context of the published literature and allow the reader to arrive at rational treatment interventions based on the best available information. The use of an orthopedic block applied to the healthy claw of a lame foot, judicious use of bandage or wrap, careful selection of parenteral or topical therapy, and a treatment protocol to manage pain and promote recovery are key components of responsible management of lameness disorders in cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan K Shearer
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA,
| | - Paul J Plummer
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA, .,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Schleining
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jones ML, Washburn KE, Fajt VR, Rice S, Coetzee JF. Synovial fluid pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin, gamithromycin and florfenicol after a single subcutaneous dose in cattle. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:26. [PMID: 25886555 PMCID: PMC4332912 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0346-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deep digital septic conditions represent some of the most refractory causes of severe lameness in cattle. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of tulathromycin, gamithromycin and florfenicol into the synovial fluid of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint of cattle after single subcutaneous administration of drug to evaluate the potential usefulness of these single-dose, long-acting antimicrobials for treating bacterial infections of the joints in cattle. Results Twelve cross-bred beef cows were randomly assigned to one of the drugs. Following subcutaneous administration, arthrocentesis of the left metatarsophalangeal joint was performed at various time points up to 240 hours post-injection, and samples were analyzed for drug concentration. In synovial fluid, florfenicol pharmacokinetic parameters estimates were: mean Tmax 7 +/− 2 hours, mean t½ 64.9 +/− 20.1 hours and mean AUC0-inf 154.0 +/− 26.2 ug*h/mL. Gamithromycin synovial fluid pharmacokinetic parameters estimates were: mean Tmax 8 hours, mean t½ 77.9 +/− 30.0 hours, and AUC0-inf 6.5 +/− 2.9 ug*h/mL. Tulathromycin pharmacokinetic parameters estimates in synovial fluid were: Tmax 19 +/− 10 hours, t½ 109 +/− 53.9 hours, and AUC0-inf 57.6 +/− 28.2 ug h/mL. Conclusions In conclusion, synovial fluid concentrations of all three antimicrobials were higher for a longer duration than that of previously reported plasma values. Although clinical data are needed to confirm microbiological efficacy, florfenicol achieved a synovial fluid concentration greater than the MIC90 for F. necrophorum for at least 6 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meredyth L Jones
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Kevin E Washburn
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Virginia R Fajt
- Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Somchai Rice
- Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, 50011, USA. .,Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| |
Collapse
|