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Branquinho L, de França E, Teixeira JE, Titton A, Leite de Barros LF, Campos P, Marinho DA, Forte P, Caperuto EC, Thomatieli dos Santos RV, Ferraz R. Identifying the ideal weekly training load for in-game performance in an elite Brazilian soccer team. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1341791. [PMID: 38505708 PMCID: PMC10948442 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1341791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the ideal training load to be applied during periods of fixture congestion to ensure an adequate dose-response effect for performance maintenance. Methods: Match performance data and corresponding pre-match training load sessions (both N = 498 match performance cases and training-block session cases) were collected (with the catapult system, VECTOR7) from 36 male professional soccer players (23.5 ± 5.2 years; 178 ± 4 cm; 75.5 ± 6.0 kg) belonging to the Brazilian First Division team during the 2022 season. The following data were collected in match and training sessions: jump, acceleration, deceleration, and change of direction (COD); running distance producing metabolic power at different intensities (>20, >20-35, >35-45, >45-55, and >55 W kg-1), total distance (m), relative distance (m/min), running distance at different speeds (>20, >25, and >30 km/h), number of sprints (running >25 km/h), and maximum speed (km/h). Mixed linear model (MLM), decision tree regression (DTR), and cluster K means model (SPSS v.26) approach were performed to identify the most critical variables (and their respective load) in the training sessions that could explain the athlete's match performance. Results: MLM and DTR regression show that training load significantly affects game performance in a specific way. According to the present data, an interference phenomenon can occur when a high load of two different skills (running in a straight line vs COD, deceleration, and jumping) is applied in the same training block of the week. The cluster approach, followed by a chi-squared test, identified significant associations between training load and athlete match performance in a dose-dependent manner. Discussion: The high load values described here have a beneficial effect on match performance, despite the interference between stimuli discussed above. We present a positive training load from a congested season from the Brazilian First Division team. The study suggests that an interference effect occurs when high physical training loads are applied to different specific physical skills throughout the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Branquinho
- Agrarian School of Elvas, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, Portalegre, Portugal
- CI-ISCE–ISCE Douro, Penafiel, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Elias de França
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José E. Teixeira
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- Sport Sciences and Physical Education Department, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Sport Department, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Daniel A. Marinho
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- CI-ISCE–ISCE Douro, Penafiel, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- Sport Sciences and Physical Education Department, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Sport Department, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Penafiel, Portugal
- LiveWell—Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | | | | | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Henríquez M, Ozaeta E, Castillo D, Reina R, Cornejo MI, Iturricastillo A, Arthur-Banning S, Yanci J. Assessing the Match Physical Responses of International Referees for Footballers with Cerebral Palsy: A Tournaments and Halves Comparative Analysis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1595. [PMID: 38475129 DOI: 10.3390/s24051595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Similar to conventional football, the modality dedicated to footballers with cerebral palsy (CP) requires referees who cope with the physical demands imposed during competitive matches to apply the rules of the game. While a significant body of research has explored the physical demands on referees in mainstream football, there is a noticeable lack of data regarding CP football. This study aimed to examine the physical response of international referees participating in different levels of world competitions for footballers with CP. Thirteen international referees, who officiated 49 matches in the men's 2022 World Cup (1st to 15th ranked teams) and 2022 World Championships (16th to 30th ranked teams), participated in this study. A cross-sectional design was used to determine the physical responses and compare the 1st and 2nd halves and the performance in the different tournaments, recording physical variables throughout the matches. Significant higher physical responses were observed in the World Cup in comparison to the World Championship. Overall, high-level tournaments have been shown to elicit more intense physical responses from referees officiating CP football matches compared to lower-level tournaments. For the World Cup, a significantly higher number of accelerations and decelerations were registered in the 1st half compared to the 2nd half. This information may be useful for the strength and conditioning coaches of referees to plan weekly training sessions more specifically and adjust the periodical training load and post-match recovery protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Henríquez
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Odontología y Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Eñaut Ozaeta
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Valoración del Rendimiento Deportivo, Actividad Física y Salud, y Lesiones Deportivas (REDAFLED), Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | - Raúl Reina
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | | | - Aitor Iturricastillo
- Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Skye Arthur-Banning
- Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Javier Yanci
- Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Pino-Ortega J, Bastida-Castillo A, Gómez-Carmona CD, Rico-González M. Validity and reliability of an eight antennae ultra-wideband local positioning system to measure performance in an indoor environment. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:145-155. [PMID: 33208034 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1830162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Validity and reliability have become crucial factors in tracking player load and positioning. One of the most important parameters to guarantee accurate measurements with radiofrequency systems is the number of reference nodes used to calculate player position. However, the accuracy of ultra-wideband (UWB) technology has only been analysed with 6 antennae. So, the purpose of the present study was to analyse the accuracy and inter-unit reliability of an UWB system with eight antennae. Three well-trained males covered 18 trajectories for the analysis of x- and y- coordinate accuracy assessment related to the positional variation among eight antennae UWB data and lines on a basketball court. This was achieved using geographical information system mapping software that calculated, for each interval and participant, the distance from the main axis of locomotion and the opposite side of the field every 0.5 s. The results showed that this is a valid system (Mean = 0.03 m; magnitude differences = 0.21% with real measures as reference; %CV <1% in all cases) for measuring locomotion and positioning. Besides, the inter-unit, test-retest and inter-subject analysis did not influence the reliability results. So, an eight antennae UWB system can be considered suitable for locomotion and positioning in an indoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pino-Ortega
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- BioVetMed & SportSci Research Group, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Carlos D Gómez-Carmona
- Department of Music, Plastic, and Body Expression, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Markel Rico-González
- BioVetMed & SportSci Research Group, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Morgans R, Oliveira R, Rhodes D, Orme P, Ceylan HI, González-Fernández FT, Linán-González A, Moreira A. Does elite European match-play affect salivary immunoglobulin-A and cortisol in soccer players? The influence of playing status and match outcome. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1253417. [PMID: 38332986 PMCID: PMC10850389 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1253417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The aims of this study were to: a) investigate salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) and cortisol (s-Cort) responses to nine competitive fixtures in starting and non- starting soccer players; and b) compare s-IgA and s-Cort responses of starters and non-starters considering match outcome. Methods: Saliva from 19 male outfield players from an elite soccer team (mean ± SD, age 26 ± 4 years; weight 80.5 ± 8.1 kg; height 1.83 ± 0.07 m; body-fat 10.8% ± 0.7%) was collected. Saliva samples were taken on the day before each match (MD-1), 60-min before kick-off (MDpre), 30-min post-match (MDpost), and 72-h post-match (MD+3). There were five wins, one draw and three losses. Results: The mean s-IgA value was found to be significantly lower at MD+3 compared to MDpre and MDpost. s-Cort was significantly higher at MDpost compared to MD-1 and MDpre. When compared to MDpre, a statistically significant decrease in s-Cort was observed at MD+3 compared to MDpost. Starters displayed higher s-Cort values across the nine matches. There was a significant group-by-time interaction for s-Cort. There was a significant increase in s-Cort levels at MDpost compared to MD-1 and from MDpre to MDpost in starting players. At MDpost, starters had significantly higher s-Cort values. s-IgA values of starting and non- starting players following successful and unsuccessful matches did not reveal a significant difference. However, similar analysis of s-Cort in successful matches showed a significant difference between starters and non-starters. s-IgA values at MD-1, MDpre, MDpost and MD+3 in starters and non-starters following successful and unsuccessful matches revealed significant differences at MDpre and MDpost in starters, respectively. Furthermore, s-Cort values at MD-1, MDpre, MDpost and MD+3 in starters and non-starters in successful and unsuccessful matches revealed significant differences at MD+3 in starting players. Discussion: The present study suggests that in elite level soccer players, both starting status and match outcome influence s-IgA and s-Cort responses, particularly starters. Specifically, s-IgA was lower for starters before and after the match following successful outcomes. Moreover, higher s-Cort values were found before the match while lower values occurred after the match for starters in successful matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Morgans
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - R. Oliveira
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - D. Rhodes
- Football Performance Hub, Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - P. Orme
- Sport Science and Medical Department, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - H. I. Ceylan
- Faculty of Kazim Karabekir Education, Physical Education of Sports Teaching Department, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - F. T. González-Fernández
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - A. Linán-González
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Melilla Campus, University of Granada, Melilla, Spain
| | - A. Moreira
- Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nobari H, Alves AR, Abbasi H, Khezri D, Zamorano AD, Bowman TG. Are Metabolic Power Distribution and Accelerometer-Based Global Positioning System Variables Associated With Odds Ratios of Noncontact Injuries in Professional Soccer Players? J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1809-1814. [PMID: 37389927 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nobari, H, Alves, AR, Abbasi, H, Khezri, D, Zamorano, AD, and Bowman, TG. Are metabolic power distribution and accelerometer-based GPS variables associated with odds ratios of noncontact injuries in professional soccer players? J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1809-1814, 2023-The present study was intended to i) investigate the relationship between metabolic power average (MPA), acceleration (AcZ) and deceleration (DcZ) zones, and their differences (Δ) on 3 load levels with noncontact injuries in professional players throughout a full soccer season and ii) to analyze the injury risk associated between high-load versus low-load levels for each of the aforementioned parameters with odds ratios (OR) and relative risk (RR), respectively. Twenty-one professional soccer players (age = 28.3 ± 3.9 years) were monitored during a full season (48 weeks) through global positioning system (GPS). A relationship between MPA and accelerometer-based GPS, mainly in explosive actions (i.e., AcZs and DcZs), was found. A higher incidence of injuries in the high-load weeks compared with the low-load weeks were reported (mainly in MPA, AcZ1, AcZ2, and DcZ3 variables). Moreover, significant means of OR (mean = 4.3) and RR (mean = 2.6) of noncontact injuries were established in intense periods with higher metabolic load (i.e., power accelerations, AcZ1, x2 = 0.022). Our results may be useful for coaches, sports scientists, and researchers regarding the optimization of the athletes' performance, as well as providing insights about the impact of intense exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- Sports Scientist, Sepahan Football Club, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ana Ruivo Alves
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Research Center in Sports Sciences, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Hamed Abbasi
- Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Khezri
- Department of Sport Biomechanics and Technology, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran; and
| | | | - Thomas G Bowman
- Department of Athletic Training, College of Health Sciences, University of Lynchburg, Lynchburg, Virginia
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Long GM, Joyce SM, Herrington RT, Fox KB, Mumaugh JE. External Workloads Vary by Position and Game Result in US-based Professional Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2023; 16:688-699. [PMID: 37649815 PMCID: PMC10464764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Professional soccer is a physically demanding sport that requires players to be highly trained. Advances using GPS allow the tracking of external workloads for individual players in practice and competition, however, there is a lack of evidence on how these measures impact match results. Therefore, we analyzed external workloads by player position and determined if they vary depending on the result of competitive matches. External workloads were analyzed in professional soccer players (n = 25) across 28 competitive games. One-way ANOVA determined if workloads varied by position (striker - ST, wide midfielder - WM, central midfielder - CM, wide defender - WD, central defender - CD) or across games won (n = 8), lost (n = 13) or tied (n = 7). Repeated-measures ANOVA assessed differences in workloads specific to each position in each of the result categories. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Across all games, more high-speed and very-high speed running was done by ST and WD compared to CD (p < 0.001) and CM (p < 0.001 - 0.02). Whole-team data showed no differences in any external workload variable with respect to match result (p > 0.05), however, in games won ST did more very high-speed running than in losing games (p = 0.03) and defending players did more high and very high-speed running in games tied vs. those won or lost (p < 0.05). Whole-team external workloads do not vary depending on the match result; however, high speed running may be a differentiating factor at the positional level. Coaches should consider position-specific analysis when examining player workloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary M Long
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sam M Joyce
- Indy Eleven Professional Soccer, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Detroit City FC, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Robert T Herrington
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kyle B Fox
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jack E Mumaugh
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Rabano-Muñoz A, Suarez-Arrones L, Requena B, Asian-Clemente JA. Internal and External Loads of Young Elite Soccer Players during Defensive Small-Sided Games. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:179-188. [PMID: 37229419 PMCID: PMC10203841 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/162027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different time periods on the internal and external loads of soccer players during small-sided games (SSGs). Seventeen young soccer players performed a SSG of 5 vs. 5 + 5 with 2 floaters, where two teams had possession of the ball, and one had to recover it. With established periods of 30 s (SSG30), 1 min (SSG1) or 2 min (SSG2), teams participated in a defensive role for these periods of time. Total distance covered, moderate speed running distance, high speed running distance, sprint running distance, accelerations, decelerations and Player Load were monitored using global positioning systems devices. The maximal heart rate and modified training impulse were monitored using heart rate monitors. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was also measured. Data showed a small increase between SSG30 and SSG1 in Player Load (ES = -0.35; p < 0.01), and a small increase in high speed running (ES = -0.41; p < 0.05) and sprinting (ES = -0.47; p < 0.01) between SSG30 and SSG2. Also, SSG1 showed a small increase in sprinting (ES = -0.57; p < 0.01) and accelerations (ES = -0.37; p < 0.05) with respect to SSG2. In addition, SSG2 showed a small increase in the RPE with respect to SSG30 (ES = 0.46; p < 0.05). The results indicate that shorter defensive periods in SSGs increased high speed running, while longer defensive periods promoted greater perceived exertion. Manipulation of the duration of defensive periods in SSGs is a variable that should be considered in soccer training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Suarez-Arrones
- Department of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Performance Department, Football Science Institute, Granada, Spain
| | - Bernardo Requena
- Performance Department, Football Science Institute, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose A. Asian-Clemente
- Performance Department, Real Betis Balompié, Seville, Spain
- Department of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Performance Department, Football Science Institute, Granada, Spain
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Marutani Y, Konda S, Ogasawara I, Yamasaki K, Yokoyama T, Maeshima E, Nakata K. Gaussian mixture modeling of acceleration-derived signal for monitoring external physical load of tennis player. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1161182. [PMID: 37035679 PMCID: PMC10079886 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1161182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: With the widespread use of wearable sensors, various methods to evaluate external physical loads using acceleration signals measured by inertial sensors in sporting activities have been proposed. Acceleration-derived external physical loads have been evaluated as a simple indicator, such as the mean or cumulative values of the target interval. However, such a conventional simplified indicator may not adequately represent the features of the external physical load in sporting activities involving various movement intensities. Therefore, we propose a method to evaluate the external physical load of tennis player based on the histogram of acceleration-derived signal obtained from wearable inertial sensors. Methods: Twenty-eight matches of 14 male collegiate players and 55 matches of 55 male middle-aged players wore sportswear-type wearable sensors during official tennis matches. The norm of the three-dimensional acceleration signal measured using the wearable sensor was smoothed, and the rest period (less than 0.3 G of at least 5 s) was excluded. Because the histogram of the processed acceleration signal showed a bimodal distribution, for example, high- and low-intensity peaks, a Gaussian mixture model was fitted to the histogram, and the model parameters were obtained to characterize the bimodal distribution of the acceleration signal for each player. Results: Among the obtained Gaussian mixture model parameters, the linear discrimination analysis revealed that the mean and standard deviation of the high-intensity side acceleration value accurately classified collegiate and middle-aged players with 93% accuracy; however, the conventional method (only the overall mean) showed less accurate classification results (63%). Conclusion: The mean and standard deviation of the high-intensity side extracted by the Gaussian mixture modeling is found to be the effective parameter representing the external physical load of tennis players. The histogram-based feature extraction of the acceleration-derived signal that exhibit multimodal distribution may provide a novel insight into monitoring external physical load in other sporting activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Marutani
- Graduate School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Kumatori, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shoji Konda
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Sports Medical Biomechanics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Shoji Konda,
| | - Issei Ogasawara
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Sports Medical Biomechanics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keita Yamasaki
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Teruki Yokoyama
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Etsuko Maeshima
- Graduate School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Kumatori, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken Nakata
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
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The Effect of a Single Dose of Citrulline on the Physical Performance of Soccer-Specific Exercise in Adult Elite Soccer Players (A Pilot Randomized Double-Blind Trial). Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235036. [PMID: 36501066 PMCID: PMC9739774 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a single intake of citrulline at 3 g and 6 g doses in adult elite soccer players performing sport-specific exercise. MATERIALS AND METHODS This randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study analyzed 18 soccer players from the top divisions of three European countries. Participants were randomized into three groups of six each and performed a field-based soccer-specific test for 18 min. Comparative analysis of heart rate, fatigue and post-exercise recovery was conducted. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in most of the analyzed parameters, nor at any of the time points for lactate concentration. Players' RPE exercise test score did not reveal any differences. CONCLUSIONS Neither a single intake of 3 g nor of 6 g of citrulline malate affected physical performance, subjective feelings of fatigue or post-exercise recovery in adult elite soccer players who performed a soccer-specific test.
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Rodas G, Ferrer E, Reche X, Sanjuan-Herráez JD, McCall A, Quintás G. A targeted metabolic analysis of football players and its association to player load: Comparison between women and men profiles. Front Physiol 2022; 13:923608. [PMID: 36246100 PMCID: PMC9561103 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.923608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional athletes undertake a variety of training programs to enhance their physical performance, technical-tactical skills, while protecting their health and well-being. Regular exercise induces widespread changes in the whole body in an extremely complex network of signaling, and evidence indicates that phenotypical sex differences influence the physiological adaptations to player load of professional athletes. Despite that there remains an underrepresentation of women in clinical studies in sports, including football. The objectives of this study were twofold: to study the association between the external load (EPTS) and urinary metabolites as a surrogate of the adaptation to training, and to assess the effect of sex on the physiological adaptations to player load in professional football players. Targeted metabolic analysis of aminoacids, and tryptophan and phenylalanine metabolites detected progressive changes in the urinary metabolome associated with the external training load in men and women’s football teams. Overrepresentation analysis and multivariate analysis of metabolic data showed significant differences of the effect of training on the metabolic profiles in the men and women teams analyzed. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the development of metabolic models of adaptation in professional football players can benefit from the separate analysis of women and men teams, providing more accurate insights into how adaptation to the external load is related to changes in the metabolic phenotypes. Furthermore, results support the use of metabolomics to understand changes in specific metabolic pathways provoked by the training process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Rodas
- Medical and Performance Department, Barça Innovation Hub, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Hospital Clinic and Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Gil Rodas,
| | - Eva Ferrer
- Medical and Performance Department, Barça Innovation Hub, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Hospital Clinic and Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Reche
- Medical and Performance Department, Barça Innovation Hub, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alan McCall
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Miguel M, Oliveira R, Brito JP, Loureiro N, García-Rubio J, Ibáñez SJ. External Match Load in Amateur Soccer: The Influence of Match Location and Championship Phase. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10040594. [PMID: 35455772 PMCID: PMC9030506 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10040594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessment of the physical dimension implicit in the soccer match is crucial for the improvement and individualization of training load management. This study aims to: (a) describe the external match load at the amateur level, (b) analyze the differences between playing positions, (c) verify whether the home/away matches and if (d) the phase (first or second) of the championship influence the external load. Twenty amateur soccer players (21.5 ± 1.9 years) were monitored using the global positioning system. The external load was assessed in 23 matches, where 13 were part of the first phase of the competition (seven home and six away matches) and the other 10 matches belonged to the second (and final) phase of the championship (five home and five away matches). A total of 173 individual match observations were analyzed. The results showed significant differences between playing positions for all the external load measures (p < 0.001). There were higher values observed in the total distance covered for central defenders (p = 0.037; ES = 0.70) and in high-intensity decelerations for forwards (p = 0.022; ES = 1.77) in home matches than in away matches. There were higher values observed in the total distance (p = 0.026; ES = 0.76), relative distance (p = 0.016; ES = 0.85), and moderate-intensity accelerations (p = 0.008; ES = 0.93) for central defenders, in very high-speed running distance for forwards (p = 0.011; ES = 1.97), and in high-intensity accelerations (p = 0.036; ES = 0.89) and moderate-intensity decelerations (p = 0.006; ES = 1.11) for wide midfielders in the first phase than in the second phase of the championship. Match location and championship phase do not appear to be major contributing factors to influence the external load while the playing position should be used as the major reference for planning the external training load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Miguel
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (S.J.I.)
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (R.O.); (J.P.B.); (N.L.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2001-902 Santarém, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (R.O.); (J.P.B.); (N.L.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2001-902 Santarém, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Brito
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (R.O.); (J.P.B.); (N.L.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2001-902 Santarém, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nuno Loureiro
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (R.O.); (J.P.B.); (N.L.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2001-902 Santarém, Portugal
| | - Javier García-Rubio
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (S.J.I.)
| | - Sergio Jose Ibáñez
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (S.J.I.)
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12
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Asian-Clemente J, Rabano-Munoz A, Requena B, Suarez-Arrones L. High-speed training in a specific context in soccer: transition games. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:881-888. [PMID: 35272387 DOI: 10.1055/a-1794-9567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to compare the load of three tasks designed to train features of soccer: a transition game, a small-sided game with a change of playing area, and a large-sided game. Twenty young elite players performed these tasks. Variables measured were total distance covered (DC), distance covered at 14.0-17.9 km·h-1 (DC 14.0-17.9 km·h-1), distance covered at 18.0-21 km·h-1 (DC 18-21 km·h-1), distance covered at >21 km·h-1 (DC >21 km·h-1), peak speed, accelerations and decelerations >1.0 and >2.5 m·s-2, player load, and rate of perceived exertion. Transition games produced greater DC 18-21 km·h-1, DC >21 km·h-1, peak speed and Acc >2.5 m·s-2 than the other drills (p<0.01) and higher DC 14-17.9 km·h-1 (p<0.01), Dec >1 m·s-2 (p<0.05) and Dec >2.5 m·s-2 (p<0.01) than the large-sided game. Both sided games produced more DC (p<0.01), Acc >1 m·s-2 (p<0.01) and player load (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively) than the transition game. During the small-sided game, significantly higher DC 14-17.9 km·h-1, DC 18-21 km·h-1 and DC >21 km·h-1 were recorded in comparison with the large-sided game (p<0.01). The studied parameters showed lower variation in the transition game. Coaches could use transition games to train high speed running in counter-attack contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Asian-Clemente
- Perfoemance department, Real Betis Balompié, Spain.,Physical Performance & Sport Research, University of Pablo de Olavide of Sevilla, Sevile, Spain
| | | | - Bernardo Requena
- Research and Development Department, Football Science Institute, Granada, Spain
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13
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Guitart M, Casals M, Casamichana D, Cortés J, Valle FX, McCall A, Cos F, Rodas G. Use of GPS to measure external load and estimate the incidence of muscle injuries in men's football: A novel descriptive study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263494. [PMID: 35120156 PMCID: PMC8815982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurement of external load in players provides objective information to optimise the weekly balance between training and recovery to improve performance and prevent injuries. Our aim was to evaluate the incidence of sports-related muscle injuries of the lower limb in relation to external load, measured by global positioning system (GPS), in football players. A descriptive study was carried out. Data were collected from 71 professional male football players (30 professionals and 41 youth players) from an elite football club competing in the Spanish and European League in the 2017-2018 season. As external load variables, we measured High Metabolic Load Distance (HMLD), High Speed Running (HSR), Player Load (PL), and Total Distance (TD) through GPS. Injury rate (IR) was calculated both in relation to such GPS load metrics and to load exposure time. We considered categories (youth and professional), playing positions (centre back, full back, midfielder, and forward), and training day with respect to match-day (-4MD, -3MD, -2MD, -1MD, MD, +1MD, +2MD). The GPS load metrics HMLD, HSR, PL, and TD showed very similar patterns across categories and positions, but varied according to training session or MD. The highest loads were observed on MD and three days prior to the match (-3MD). Similarly, the overall IR, both calculated per load exposure time and per GPS load metrics, was highest on MD and -3MD. Again, no differences were observed between youth and professional players. Midfielders demonstrated the highest IR in all metrics, followed by the forwards. In conclusion, this study suggests that external load and incidence of muscle injuries are directly proportional. Therefore, the measurement of more external load variables other than load exposure time, such as the GPS metrics HMLD, HSR, PL, and TD may help to describe the pattern and magnitude of injuries. Future studies based on ours may help to further improve the understanding of the incidence of muscle injuries on the basis of external loads measurements in different football teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Guitart
- Performance and Medical Department, FC Barcelona, Sant Joan Despí, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Casals
- Performance and Medical Department, FC Barcelona, Sant Joan Despí, Barcelona, Spain
- Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic—Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Catalonia, Spain
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Cortés
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya/BarcelonaTech, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alan McCall
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Francesc Cos
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gil Rodas
- Performance and Medical Department, FC Barcelona, Sant Joan Despí, Barcelona, Spain
- Sports Medicine Department, Clinic/Sant Joan de Deu Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Rentz LE, Hornsby WG, Gawel WJ, Rawls BG, Ramadan J, Galster SM. Contextual Variation in External and Internal Workloads across the Competitive Season of a Collegiate Women's Soccer Team. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9120165. [PMID: 34941803 PMCID: PMC8708705 DOI: 10.3390/sports9120165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As sports technology has continued to develop, monitoring athlete workloads, performance, and recovery has demonstrated boundless benefits for athlete and team success. Specifically, technologies such as global positioning systems (GPS) and heart rate (HR) monitors have granted the opportunity to delve deeper into performance contributors, and how variations may exist based upon context. A team of NCAA Division I women’s soccer athletes were monitored during games throughout one competitive season. Individual athlete, positional groups, and team external and internal workloads were explored for differences based upon game location, opponent ranking, game result, and the final score differential. Game location and opponent ranking were found to have no effect on team-wide absolute or relative external workloads, whereas game result and score differential did. Internal workloads across the team tended to only vary by game half, independent of game context; however, the HR of defenders was determined to be higher during losses as compared to wins (p = 0.0256). Notably, the games that resulted in losses also represented the games with the fewest number of substitutions. These findings suggest high value in monitoring performance and workloads that are characteristic of varying, often multifaceted, contexts. It is hoped that this information can lead to more informed approaches to vital game-time and coaching decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Rentz
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (B.G.R.); (J.R.); (S.M.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - William Guy Hornsby
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (W.G.H.); (W.J.G.)
| | - Wesley J. Gawel
- College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (W.G.H.); (W.J.G.)
| | - Bobby G. Rawls
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (B.G.R.); (J.R.); (S.M.G.)
| | - Jad Ramadan
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (B.G.R.); (J.R.); (S.M.G.)
| | - Scott M. Galster
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (B.G.R.); (J.R.); (S.M.G.)
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15
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Rojas-Valverde D, Gómez-Carmona CD, Bastida Castillo A, Nakamura FY, Giménez-Martínez E, Matabosch-Pijuán M, Bernal JR, Pino-Ortega J. A longitudinal analysis and data mining of the most representative external workload indicators of the whole elite Mexican soccer clubs elite Mexican soccer clubS. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1996131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte (CIDISAD), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
- Clínica de Lesiones Deportivas (Rehab & Readapt), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona
- Grupo de Investigación en Optimización Del Entrenamiento y Rendimiento Deportivo (Goerd), Departamento de Didáctica de la Música, Plástica y Expresión Corporal, Universidad de Extremadura. Cáceres, Extremadura, España
| | - Alejandro Bastida Castillo
- BioVetMed & Sport Sci Research Group. Departamento de Actividad Física y Deporte. Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Murcia, San Javier, Murcia, España
| | - Fabio Y. Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University Institute of Maia (Ismai), Maia, Portugal
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education Upe/ufpb, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jose R. Bernal
- Centro de Innovación Tecnológica, Liga BBVA, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- BioVetMed & Sport Sci Research Group. Departamento de Actividad Física y Deporte. Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Murcia, San Javier, Murcia, España
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16
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Influence of the Area per Player in Non-Professional Soccer Players: A Pilot Study Focused on Positional Roles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189833. [PMID: 34574757 PMCID: PMC8472487 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
This study analyses the influence of different area per player (AP; 75, 98 and 131 m2) on the average metabolic power (MP) and other soccer-related performance variables in relation to the positional roles. We recruited 19 non-professional male soccer players (25.2 ± 6.3 y; 23.7 ± 2.3 kg/m2; 16.4 ± 6.3 y soccer experience) to play three different small-sided games (SSGs): SSG1 (5 vs. 5; 30 × 30 m; 5 min), SSG2 (5 vs. 5; 35 × 45 m; 5 min) and SSG3 (7 vs. 7; 35 × 45 m; 8 min). Specific playing rules were applied. GPS-assessed soccer-related variables were: average MP (AMP), distance covered in 1 min (DIS); % time spent at high speed (v > 16 km/h; % hst) or MP (>20 W/kg; % hmpt); % distance covered at high positive/negative speed (2 < v < 4 m/s2, % ACC; −6 < v < −2 m/s2, % DEC); and number of actions at high MP (hmpa). All recorded variables differed when each SSG was compared to the others (p < 0.05), but for hmpa for attackers. Most performance variables were positively associated with increasing AP (p < 0.05), but for % ACC and % DEC, and differed among positional roles within the same SSG (p < 0.05). Here the general applicability of SSGs, regardless the physical/technical skills of the group of players, to enhance performance is confirmed; furthermore, quantitative advices on AMP and other performance variables are provided to achieve significant improvements in all soccer players of the team.
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17
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Oliva-Lozano JM, Barbier X, Fortes V, Muyor JM. Key load indicators and load variability in professional soccer players: a full season study. Res Sports Med 2021; 31:201-213. [PMID: 34259100 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1954517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to 1) determine the key load indicators in professional soccer through principal component analysis (PCA); and 2) analyse the load variability of each training and match day within the microcycle considering the principal components. Data from 111 load variables were collected using tracking systems in both training and match days (MD). The results showed that 7 variables, which belonged to the first two components of the PCA, explained 80.3% of total variance. Specifically, these variables were Metabolic power, total of steps, Fourier transform (FFT) duration, deceleration distance covered (2-3 m/s2), total of running actions (12-18 km/h; 21-24 km/h), and distance covered (6-12 km/h). Regarding the analysis of the load variability of each training and match day within the microcycle, the lowest load variability was observed in -1MD. Also, a great load variability in +1MD with significant differences compared to -5MD (p<0.001; d=0.49) and -4MD (p=0.01; d=0.26) was found. This study suggests the use of the PCA in the context of team sports to reduce the large number of variables, which are daily managed by strength and conditioning coaches, in addition to the analysis of load variability of each training and match day within the microcycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xavier Barbier
- Laboratoire de Biologie de l'exercice Pour la Performance et la Santé,Université d'Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Víctor Fortes
- Unión Deportiva Almería, Sport Science Area, Almería, Spain
| | - José M Muyor
- Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Laboratory of Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Ergonomics (KIBIOMER Lab). Research Central Services., University of Almería
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18
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Rico-González M, Pino-Ortega J, Rojas-Valverde D, Arcos AL. Comparing Sampling Frequencies to Measure Collective Tactical Variables During Soccer Training. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 36:2862-2867. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Miguel M, Oliveira R, Loureiro N, García-Rubio J, Ibáñez SJ. Load Measures in Training/Match Monitoring in Soccer: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:2721. [PMID: 33800275 PMCID: PMC7967450 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In soccer, the assessment of the load imposed by training and a match is recognized as a fundamental task at any competitive level. The objective of this study is to carry out a systematic review on internal and external load monitoring during training and/or a match, identifying the measures used. In addition, we wish to make recommendations that make it possible to standardize the classification and use of the different measures. The systematic review was carried out according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search was conducted through the electronic database Web of Science, using the keywords "soccer" and "football", each one with the terms "internal load", "external load", and "workload". Of the 1223 studies initially identified, 82 were thoroughly analyzed and are part of this systematic review. Of these, 25 articles only report internal load data, 20 report only external load data, and 37 studies report both internal and external load measures. There is a huge number of load measures, which requires that soccer coaches select and focus their attention on the most useful and specific measures. Standardizing the classification of the different measures is vital in the organization of this task, as well as when it is intended to compare the results obtained in different investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Miguel
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10005 Caceres, Spain;
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (R.O.); (N.L.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnic Institute of Santarem, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (R.O.); (N.L.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnic Institute of Santarem, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nuno Loureiro
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (R.O.); (N.L.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnic Institute of Santarem, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Javier García-Rubio
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10005 Caceres, Spain;
| | - Sergio J. Ibáñez
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10005 Caceres, Spain;
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20
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Comparison of Running Distance Variables and Body Load in Competitions Based on Their Results: A Full-Season Study of Professional Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18042077. [PMID: 33672740 PMCID: PMC7924652 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to compare the external workload in win, draw and defeat matches and to compare first and second halves in the Iranian Premier League. Observations on individual match performance measures were undertaken on thirteen outfield players (age, 28.6 ± 2.7 years; height, 182.1 ± 8.6 cm; body mass, 75.3 ± 8.2 kg; BMI, 22.6 ± 0.7 kg/m2) competing in the Iranian Premier League. High-speed activities selected for analysis included total duration of matches, total distance, average speed, high-speed running distance, sprint distance, maximal speed and GPS-derived body load data. In general, there were higher workloads in win matches when compared with draw or defeat for all variables; higher workloads in the first halves of win and draw matches; higher total distance, high-speed running distance and body load in the second half in defeat matches. Specifically, lower average speed was found in matches with a win than with draw or defeat (p < 0.05). Sprint distance was higher in the first half of win than defeat matches and high-speed running distance was lower in draw than defeat matches (all, p < 0.05). In addition, first half presented higher values for all variables, regardless of the match result. Specifically, high-speed running distance was higher in the first half of matches with a win (p = 0.08) and total distance was higher in the first half of matches with a draw (p = 0.012). In conclusion, match result influences the external workload demands and must be considered in subsequent training sessions and matches.
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21
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Strength and Speed Profiles Based on Age and Sex Differences in Young Basketball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020643. [PMID: 33451144 PMCID: PMC7828584 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Team sports are in continuous evolution, and physical performance is acquiring greater importance in the game. The assessment of physical fitness is the most reliable method for knowing if the athlete’s physical fitness is appropriate. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to identify profiles of physical-physiological demands with different specific tests of physical fitness related to the maximum strength of the lower body and speed. Moreover, some differences based on the sex and age of the players were identified. One hundred and forty-nine basketball players were analyzed (men n = 103 vs. women n = 46, weight: 74.74 ± 11.65 kg vs. 56.89 ± 3.71 kg, height: 184.66 ± 11.67 vs. 164 ± 4 and BMI: 21.7 ± 0.83 vs. 21.6 ± 0.90). The players performed an Abalakov test, a multi-jump test, and a repeat sprint ability test. Each player was equipped with a WIMU PRO device, and photoelectric cells were used. A MANOVA was performed to discover the differences between ages, and a t-test was used regarding sex. The results showed significant differences based on age and sex in variables related to time and Player Load/min (p < 0.001). The variables related to steps (contact, step, flight) also showed significant differences as a function of age (p < 0.001) and sex (p < 0.05). The multi-jump test showed differences based on age (p < 0.05 except in between jumps), but not on sex. These results confirm the importance of working together on lower body strength and speed skills. In addition, the planning of the work on these abilities must be individualized and according to the characteristics of the athlete.
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22
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Savoia C, Padulo J, Colli R, Marra E, McRobert A, Chester N, Azzone V, Pullinger SA, Doran DA. The Validity of an Updated Metabolic Power Algorithm Based upon di Prampero's Theoretical Model in Elite Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249554. [PMID: 33419381 PMCID: PMC7766422 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to update the metabolic power (MP) algorithm (PV˙O2, W·kg−1) related to the kinematics data (PGPS, W·kg−1) in a soccer-specific performance model. For this aim, seventeen professional (Serie A) male soccer players (V˙O2max 55.7 ± 3.4 mL·min−1·kg−1) performed a 6 min run at 10.29 km·h−1 to determine linear-running energy cost (Cr). On a separate day, thirteen also performed an 8 min soccer-specific intermittent exercise protocol. For both procedures, a portable Cosmed K4b2 gas-analyzer and GPS (10 Hz) was used to assess the energy cost above resting (C). From this aim, the MP was estimated through a newly derived C equation (PGPSn) and compared with both the commonly used (PGPSo) equation and direct measurement (PV˙O2). Both PGPSn and PGPSo correlated with PV˙O2 (r = 0.66, p < 0.05). Estimates of fixed bias were negligible (PGPSn = −0.80 W·kg−1 and PGPSo = −1.59 W·kg−1), and the bounds of the 95% CIs show that they were not statistically significant from 0. Proportional bias estimates were negligible (absolute differences from one being 0.03 W·kg−1 for PGPSn and 0.01 W·kg−1 for PGPSo) and not statistically significant as both 95% CIs span 1. All variables were distributed around the line of unity and resulted in an under- or overestimation of PGPSn, while PGPSo routinely underestimated MP across ranges. Repeated-measures ANOVA showed differences over MP conditions (F1,38 = 16.929 and p < 0.001). Following Bonferroni post hoc test significant differences regarding the MP between PGPSo and PV˙O2/PGPSn (p < 0.001) were established, while no differences were found between PV˙O2 and PGPSn (p = 0.853). The new approach showed it can help the coaches and the soccer trainers to better monitor external training load during the training seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Savoia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Tom Reilly Building, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2ER, UK; (C.S.); (A.M.); (N.C.); (S.A.P.); (D.A.D.)
| | - Johnny Padulo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Roberto Colli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Emanuele Marra
- School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Allistair McRobert
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Tom Reilly Building, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2ER, UK; (C.S.); (A.M.); (N.C.); (S.A.P.); (D.A.D.)
| | - Neil Chester
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Tom Reilly Building, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2ER, UK; (C.S.); (A.M.); (N.C.); (S.A.P.); (D.A.D.)
| | - Vito Azzone
- Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio (F.I.G.C.), 00198 Rome, Italy;
| | - Samuel A. Pullinger
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Tom Reilly Building, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2ER, UK; (C.S.); (A.M.); (N.C.); (S.A.P.); (D.A.D.)
| | - Dominic A. Doran
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Tom Reilly Building, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2ER, UK; (C.S.); (A.M.); (N.C.); (S.A.P.); (D.A.D.)
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Gómez-Carmona CD, Bastida-Castillo A, Ibáñez SJ, Pino-Ortega J. Accelerometry as a method for external workload monitoring in invasion team sports. A systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236643. [PMID: 32841239 PMCID: PMC7447012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerometry is a recent method used to quantify workload in team sports. A rapidly increasing number of studies supports the practical implementation of accelerometry monitoring to regulate and optimize training schemes. Therefore, the purposes of this study were: (1) to reflect the current state of knowledge about accelerometry as a method of workload monitoring in invasion team sports according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and (2) to conclude recommendations for application and scientific investigations. The Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for relevant published studies according to the following keywords: "accelerometry" or "accelerometer" or "microtechnology" or "inertial devices", and "load" or "workload", and "sport". Of the 1383 studies initially identified, 118 were selected for a full review. The main results indicate that the most frequent findings were (i) devices' body location: scapulae; (b) devices brand: Catapult Sports; (iii) variables: PlayerLoadTM and its variations; (iv) sports: rugby, Australian football, soccer and basketball; (v) sex: male; (vi) competition level: professional and elite; and (vii) context: separate training or competition. A great number of variables and devices from various companies make the comparability between findings difficult; unification is required. Although the most common location is at scapulae because of its optimal signal reception for time-motion analysis, new methods for multi-location skills and locomotion assessment without losing tracking accuracy should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Didactics of Music, Plastic and Body Expression Department, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Alejandro Bastida-Castillo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports, International Excellence Campus “Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
- University Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | - Sergio J. Ibáñez
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Didactics of Music, Plastic and Body Expression Department, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports, International Excellence Campus “Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
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Ribeiro JN, Gonçalves B, Coutinho D, Brito J, Sampaio J, Travassos B. Activity Profile and Physical Performance of Match Play in Elite Futsal Players. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1709. [PMID: 32793058 PMCID: PMC7393767 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the physical demands of futsal requires a precise quantification of the players’ activities during match play. This study aimed to (1) describe external load, identifying the differences between the first and second halves in official futsal matches; (2) identify the most important external workload metrics to profile the players; and (3) identify the collinearity between variables in the analysis of physical performance of futsal players. Match external load data were collected from male players (n = 28) in six games of the Final Eight of the Portuguese Futsal Cup 2018. The players increased the distance covered per minute at 12–18 km/h in the second half (p < 0.01). Dynamic stress load also increased in the second half (p = 0.01). The variables that best predicted the physical profile of each player were decelerations (predictor importance, PI = 1), walking (PI = 1), sprinting (PI = 1), jogging (PI = 0.997), total distance covered per minute (PI = 0.992), and metabolic power (PI = 0.989). Decelerations showed the highest association with the clusters levels (p < 0.001; PI = 1); this suggests decelerations as a potential candidate for best analyzing the physical load of futsal players. Overall, the data from this exploratory study suggest that distance covered per minute (m/min), number of sprints (>18 km/h), decelerations (greater than-2 m/s), and metabolic power (W/kg) are the variables that most discriminate the load intensity of elite futsal players.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Nuno Ribeiro
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal.,Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal.,Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Diogo Coutinho
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Travassos
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal.,Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
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25
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Accelerometry-based variables in professional soccer players: comparisons between periods of the season and playing positions. Biol Sport 2020; 37:389-403. [PMID: 33343073 PMCID: PMC7725036 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.96852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide reference data of variation in external training loads for weekly periods within the annual season. Specifically, we aimed to compare the weekly acute load, monotony, and training strain of accelerometry-based measures across a professional soccer season (pre-season, first and second halves of the season) according to players’ positions. Nineteen professional players were monitored daily for 45 weeks using an 18-Hz global positioning system to obtain measures of high metabolic load distance (HMLD), impacts, and high intensity accelerations and decelerations. Workload indices of acute load, training monotony, and training strain were calculated weekly for each of the measures. The HMLD had greater training strain values in the pre-season than in the first (p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.793) and second halves of the season (p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.858). Comparisons between playing positions showed that midfielders had the highest weekly acute load of HMLD (6901 arbitrary units [AU]), while central defenders had the lowest (4986 AU). The pre-season period was associated with the highest acute and strain load of HMLD and number of impacts, with a progressive decrease seen during the season. In conclusion, coaches should consider paying greater attention to variations in HMLD and impacts between periods of the season and between players to individualize training accordingly.
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Influence of Contextual Variables in the Changes of Direction and Centripetal Force Generated during an Elite-Level Soccer Team Season. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030967. [PMID: 32033182 PMCID: PMC7036788 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The study of the contextual variables that affect soccer performance is important to be able to reproduce the competition context during the training sessions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of match outcome as related to goal difference (large win, >2 goals, LW; narrow win, 1–2 goals, NW; drawing, D; narrow loss, 1–2 goals, NL; or large loss, >2 goals, LL), match location (home, H; away, A; neutral, N), type of competition (international, INT; national, NAT; friendly, F), phase of the season (summer preseason, SPS; in-season 1, IS1; winter preseason, WPS; in-season 2), and the field surface (natural grass, NG; artificial turf, TF) on the change of direction (COD) and centripetal force (CentF) generated during official games. Thirty male elite-level soccer players (age: 26.57 ± 5.56 years) were assessed while using WIMU PROTM inertial devices (RealTrack Systems, Almeria, Spain) in 38 matches during the 2017–2018 season, selecting for analysis the number of COD at different intensities and the CentF, depending on the turn direction. Statistical analyses comprised a one-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni post-hoc and t-test for independent samples. The main results showed that the match outcome (ωp2 = 0.01–0.04; NW = D = NL > LL), match location (ωp2 = 0.01–0.06; A = N > H), type of competition (ωp2 = 0.01–0.02; INT > NAT > F), and period of the season (ωp2 = 0.01–0.02; SPS = IS1 = WPS > IS2) all exert some influence. No effect was found for the playing surface. Therefore, match outcome, match location, type of competition, and period of the season influence the demands of centripetal force and changes of direction. These aspects should be considered in the design of training sessions and microcycle workload planning during the season to improve competitive success.
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González-Haro PJ, Gómez-Carmona CD, Bastida-Castillo A, Rojas-Valverde D, Gómez-López M, Pino-Ortega J. Analysis of playing position and match statusrelated differences in external load demands on amateur handball: a case study. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CINEANTROPOMETRIA E DESEMPENHO HUMANO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-0037.2020v22e71427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Currently, the load quantification during training and competition in all sports is important to injury prevention, design specific training sessions, and player performance enhancement. The present study aimed to describe the external load profile of amateur-level handball players and to compare the playing position and match outcome-related differences in an official 2nd Regional Division male official match. 19 handball players were monitored by WIMU PROTM electronic performance and tracking systems (EPTS) with ultrawide-band (UWB) indoor location technology. Statistical analysis was composed of a t-student independent sample test and one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni posthoc. In amateur handball, most demands are composed of aerobic intensity displacements (<12 km/h, 76% playing time) and low-intensity impacts (<5G). Differences were found between playing positions where wingers obtained the greatest values in high-intensity actions, centers in the volume of demands, and defensive specialist players in impacts. Besides, the winning teams performed greater high-intensity demands both in displacements and speed changes. In conclusion, the present results realized the first approximation to handball amateur demands, considering the playing role and match status-related demands to design specific training plans.
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28
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Accelerometry-Based External Load Indicators in Sport: Too Many Options, Same Practical Outcome? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16245101. [PMID: 31847248 PMCID: PMC6950167 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16245101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
With the development of new microsensor technology to assess load in sports, some indicators of external load through accelerometry-based data have been created by sport technology companies. Thus, the study aim was to analyze the agreement between different accelerometry-based external load indicators (ABELIs) available in sport science. A U-16 male soccer team was assessed during three official matches, divided by periods, to obtain 3-D accelerometry data (x, y and z axes). An average of 1,420,000 data points was analyzed per axis per player. The ABELIs were calculated using this information, and the agreement between them was explored. The following ABELIs were considered after a literature review: AcelT, Player LoadRT, PlayerLoadTM, Impulse Load, Player LoadRE and Total Load. In order to compare ABELIs, two analyses were performed using: (1) absolute data; and (2) normalized and centered data (Z-scores). In absolute and centered data, very large to nearly perfect correlations (1st period: r > 0.803, p > 0.01; 2nd period: r > 0.919; p > 0.01) were found. Instead, very large differences were found in absolute values (bias = -579,226.6 to 285,931.1; t = -224.66 to 213.91, p < 0.01), and no differences in scaled and centered values (bias = 0; t = 1; p = 1). In conclusion, considering the different output (magnitude and units) among ABELIs, the standardization of a universal index to calculate accelerometer load is needed in order to make possible between-study comparison.
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