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Kirk C. A 5-Year Analysis of Age, Stature and Armspan in Mixed Martial Arts. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024; 95:450-457. [PMID: 37826856 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2252473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Athlete stature and armspan is anecdotally assumed to provide an advantage in mixed martial arts (MMA), despite an absence of supporting data. In contrast, winners of MMA bouts have been shown to be younger than bouts losers. Whilst absolute measurements of stature, armspan and armspan:stature scale (A:S) have been shown to not distinguish between winners and losers of MMA bouts, relative differences between competitors have not been analysed. This study aimed to analyse 5 years of athlete age and morphological data to replicate and expand previous studies to determine whether absolute and/or relative age and morphological variables effect winning and losing in MMA. Methods and Results: Bayes factor (BF>3) inferential analyses conducted on the cohort overall (n = 2,229 professional bouts), each year sampled and each individual body mass division found that only absolute (winners = 29.8 ± 4 years; losers = 30.7 ± 4.2 years) and relative age (winners = 0.82 ± 5.3 years younger than losers) differentiates between winners and losers across the whole cohort, in 4 of the 5 years, and in 4 of the 13 divisions sampled. Armspan appears to provide an advantage in heavyweight only (winners = 198.4 ± 6.6cm; losers = 196.1 ± 7.7cm), with greater A:S being a disadvantage (winners = 1.003 ± 0.022cm∙cm-1; losers = 1.010 ± 0.023 cm∙cm-1) in women's strawweight only. No variables had any effect on how bouts were won. Conclusions: These results confirm previous reports that the effect of athlete morphology is greatly overstated in MMA, appearing to be irrelevant in most divisions. Bout winners tend to be younger than losers, particularly in divisions displaying more diverse skill requirements.
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Gonçalves AF, Miarka B, Maurício CDA, Teixeira RPA, Brito CJ, Ignácio Valenzuela Pérez D, Slimani M, Znazen H, Bragazzi NL, Reis VM. Enhancing performance: unveiling the physiological impact of submaximal and supramaximal tests on mixed martial arts athletes in the -61 kg and -66 kg weight divisions. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1257639. [PMID: 38283281 PMCID: PMC10811793 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1257639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This study delves into the intricate details of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) by examining key variables such as maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), aerobic energy (EAER), anaerobic energy (EAN), and accumulated O2 deficit (DOA). By investigating associations and comparing athletes in the -61 kg bantamweight and -66 kg featherweight weight divisions, we aim to shed light on their physiological characteristics. The sample consisted of 20 male volunteers separated into two paired groups: ten athletes in the category up to 61 kg (age: 27.7 ± 5.9 years old, height: 170.9 ± 3.4 cm, body mass: 72.8 ± 1.4 kg, fat percentage: 9.5% ± 3.0%, professional experience: 7.5 ± 7.1 years) and ten athletes up to 66 kg (age: 27.6 ± 2.9 years old, height: 176.0 ± 5.5 cm, body mass: 77.0 ± 1.5 kg, fat percentage: 7.85% ± 0.3%, professional experience: 5.5 ± 1.5 years). Remarkably, our findings revealed striking similarities between the two weight divisions. Furthermore, we discovered a negative correlation between VO2 peak and the number of MMA fights, indicating a potential impact of professional experience on aerobic capacity (r = -0.65, p < 0.01). Additionally, the number of fights exhibited negative correlations with anaerobic energy (r = -0.53, p < 0.05) and total energy cost (r = -0.54, p < 0.05). These results provide valuable insights for designing training programs in the context of MMA. While training both weight divisions together can be beneficial, it is equally crucial to incorporate specific weight-class-focused training to address each division's unique physical demands and requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandro Ferreira Gonçalves
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca Miarka
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clóvis de Albuquerque Maurício
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pereira Azevedo Teixeira
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ciro José Brito
- Sciences of Physical Activity, Sports and Health School, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Maamer Slimani
- School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Genoa University, Genoa, Italy
| | - Hela Znazen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, College of Education, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Victor Machado Reis
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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Miarka B, Soto DAS, Aedo-Muñoz EA, Maurício CA, Müller VT, Bragazzi NL, Brito CJ. Concussion vs. resignation by submission: Technical–tactical behavior analysis considering injury in mixed martial arts. Front Neurol 2022; 13:941829. [PMID: 36119707 PMCID: PMC9473287 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.941829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This research study verified the technical–tactical actions during the mixed martial arts (MMA) fights to generate serious enough injury to stop the MMA round, determining technical-tactical potential risk factors for injury in official MMA combats, according to Concussion or Resignation per Submission. A total of 990 rounds with concussions and 627 resignations per submission were considered with severe injury (i.e., a fight ended by a doctor or referee). All injuries were diagnosed and managed by attending ringside physicians during the MMA fights and rounds and had a continuous technical–tactical behavior analysis, p ≤ 0.05. The leading cause of concussion was due to head trauma (~90%), with higher dependence on head strikes scored actions. Comparisons between Concussion and Resignation per Submission combats demonstrated differences between distance head strikes actions [13(6,25) vs. 9(4,18) frequencies], clinch head strikes actions [1(0;4) vs. 1(0;3) frequencies], ground head strikes actions [1(0;8) vs. 2(0;10) frequencies] and takedowns actions [0(0;1) vs. 1(0;2) frequencies]. This information may provide significant evidence regarding the doctor stoppage in concussion combats and when it could be called by officials supervising MMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Miarka
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Combat and Sports, Physical Education Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dany A. Sobarzo Soto
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Puerto Montt, Chile
- *Correspondence: Dany A. Sobarzo Soto
| | - Esteban A. Aedo-Muñoz
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile
| | - Clóvis A. Maurício
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Combat and Sports, Physical Education Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa T. Müller
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Combat and Sports, Physical Education Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nicola L. Bragazzi
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ciro José Brito
- Physical Education Postgraduate Program, Juiz de Fora Federal University, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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Bueno JCA, Faro H, Lenetsky S, Gonçalves AF, Dias SBCD, Ribeiro ALB, da Silva BVC, Filho CAC, de Vasconcelos BM, Serrão JC, Andrade A, Souza-Junior TP, Claudino JG. Exploratory Systematic Review of Mixed Martial Arts: An Overview of Performance of Importance Factors with over 20,000 Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10060080. [PMID: 35736820 PMCID: PMC9227211 DOI: 10.3390/sports10060080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to analyze the findings in the literature related to Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) through an exploratory systematic review and to present the state of the art from a multifactorial perspective. The review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement, with a search performed in the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Participants were competitive athletes (amateurs or professionals) of regional, national, or international levels. Of the 2763 registries identified, 112 studies met the eligibility criteria. The pooled sample size and age were 20,784 participants, with a mean age of 27.7 ± 6 years for male and 28.9 ± 3 years for female, with the vast majority of athletes being male (94.9%). MMA athletes were 17.2% amateurs, 73.8% professionals, and 9% were not reported. The scientific literature related to MMA reported injuries (n = 28), weight loss (n = 21), technical and tactical analysis (n = 23), physical fitness (n = 8), physiological responses and training characteristics (n = 13), psychobiological parameters (n = 12), and interventions applied to MMA athletes (n = 7). Therefore, this exploratory systematic review presents practitioners and researchers with seven broad summaries of each facet of performance of importance in this population of athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C. A. Bueno
- Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Department of Physical Education, Jardim Botânico Campus, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80210-132, PR, Brazil;
- Sciences Center of Health and Sport, Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Physical Education Department, State University of Santa, Catarina 88080-350, FLN, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-41-99907-2389
| | - Heloiana Faro
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58059-900, PB, Brazil;
| | - Seth Lenetsky
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
- Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, BC V9E 2C5, Canada;
| | - Aleksandro F. Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports & Combats, School of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, RDJ, Brazil;
| | - Stefane B. C. D. Dias
- Exercise and Sport Science Laboratory, Keiser University Orlando, Sports Medicine & Fitness Tech/Exercise Science, 5600 Lake Underhill Road Orlando, Florida, FL 32807, USA;
| | - André L. B. Ribeiro
- Department of Physiology and Product Development Limber Software, Balsam 15140-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Bruno V. C. da Silva
- Department of Physical Education, University of Itaúna, Highway MG 431-Km 45, Itaúna 35680-142, MG, Brazil;
| | - Carlos A. Cardoso Filho
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, Campus São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, SAO, Brazil; (C.A.C.F.); (J.C.S.); or (J.G.C.)
- Research and Development Department, LOAD CONTROL, Contagem 32000-000, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Júlio C. Serrão
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, Campus São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, SAO, Brazil; (C.A.C.F.); (J.C.S.); or (J.G.C.)
| | - Alexandro Andrade
- Sciences Center of Health and Sport, Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Physical Education Department, State University of Santa, Catarina 88080-350, FLN, Brazil;
| | - Tácito P. Souza-Junior
- Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Department of Physical Education, Jardim Botânico Campus, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80210-132, PR, Brazil;
| | - João G. Claudino
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, Campus São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, SAO, Brazil; (C.A.C.F.); (J.C.S.); or (J.G.C.)
- Research and Development Department, LOAD CONTROL, Contagem 32000-000, MG, Brazil
- Center for Health Sciences, Group of Research, Innovation and Technology Applied to Sport (GSporTech), Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64000-850, PI, Brazil
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Miarka B, Nascimento de Carvalho G, Ignácio Valenzuela Pérez D, Aedo-Muñoz E, José Brito C. Comparisons of Pacing Strategy and Technical-Tactical Behaviors in Female Mixed Martial Arts Rounds. Front Psychol 2021; 11:548546. [PMID: 33584398 PMCID: PMC7879976 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.548546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Miarka
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Department of Fights, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Nascimento de Carvalho
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Department of Fights, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Esteban Aedo-Muñoz
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Physical Activity, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, Chilean High Performance Center, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ciro José Brito
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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Pinto FCL, Neiva H, Nunes C, Marques MC, Sousa AC, Marinho DA, Branquinho L, Ferraz R. Ultimate Full Contact: Fight Outcome Characterization Concerning Their Methods, Occurrence Times and Technical-Tactical Developments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E7094. [PMID: 32998211 PMCID: PMC7579074 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fight analysis produces relevant technical-tactical information. However, this knowledge is limited in hybrid full-contact combat sports. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the results of the fights' outcomes through the winners at the World Ultimate Full Contact (WUFC) Championships between 2008 and 2017. Methods: 170 combats between senior male fighters (master class) from 38 countries were observed; all fight outcome methods, their occurrence times, inherent skills and their development forms were analyzed through frequencies, percentages, crosstabs and chi-square test, considering a Fisher's exact value of p < 0.05. The fight outcome methods were, in decreasing order, as follows: submission; decision and technical knockout (TKO); knockout (KO); and doctor stoppage. Only 19.4% fights completed the regular time 10 min (600 s), and 68.8% fight outcomes occurred in the first 5 min (300 s). Chokes were more used than joint locks, primarily developed in single actions. Head punches and kicks were the skills most responsible for KO, developed more in combinations and counter-attacks, while TKO was always through combination attacks and mostly by ground and pound. Ground fighting is most effective. In stand-up fighting, combination attacks and counter-attack are most effective. It is important to increase the technical-tactical capacities and adjustable decision-making to perform the regular fight time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando C. Loio Pinto
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (F.C.L.P); (H.N.); (C.N.); (A.C.S.); (D.A.M); (L.B.); (R.F.)
| | - Henrique Neiva
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (F.C.L.P); (H.N.); (C.N.); (A.C.S.); (D.A.M); (L.B.); (R.F.)
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Célia Nunes
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (F.C.L.P); (H.N.); (C.N.); (A.C.S.); (D.A.M); (L.B.); (R.F.)
- Centre of Mathematics and Applications, CMA-UBI, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário C. Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (F.C.L.P); (H.N.); (C.N.); (A.C.S.); (D.A.M); (L.B.); (R.F.)
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - António C. Sousa
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (F.C.L.P); (H.N.); (C.N.); (A.C.S.); (D.A.M); (L.B.); (R.F.)
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniel A. Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (F.C.L.P); (H.N.); (C.N.); (A.C.S.); (D.A.M); (L.B.); (R.F.)
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Luís Branquinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (F.C.L.P); (H.N.); (C.N.); (A.C.S.); (D.A.M); (L.B.); (R.F.)
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (F.C.L.P); (H.N.); (C.N.); (A.C.S.); (D.A.M); (L.B.); (R.F.)
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal
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