The effect of grass transpiration on the air temperature

Determination of land surface temperatures for some oak stands with Landsat 8 OLI satellite images: a case study from Turkey

This study investigates the effect of forest cover, development stage and aspect factors on surface temperature (LST) in Demirköy and Düzce Forest Enterprises (FE) using Landsat 8 OLI satellite imagery from July 2021. In Demirköy FE, the highest LST value was recorded in the district center with 47.4 °C, in Düzce FE, the highest LST value was recorded in the provincial center with 44.6 °C, while the lowest value was 14.3 °C in Demirköy FE and 13.02 °C in Düzce FE in densely forested areas. When the stands were evaluated, it was found that pure juvenile oak stands had the highest average LST value with 30.48 °C in Demirköy FE and 23.96 °C in Düzce FE, whereas lower LST values were observed in old oak stands due to more dense cover. In terms of aspect, higher temperatures were recorded in the southern and western aspects in both study areas. In Düzce FE, high LST values were also observed in juvenile stands in the northern direction, indicating the influence of local factors such as topography and solar radiation angle. The highest LST values were observed in open forest areas; 6-9 °C higher temperatures were found in Demirköy and 1-5 °C higher in Düzce compared to vegetated areas. Significant correlations were found between LST and vegetation indices, and the highest correlation was found between LST and Normalized Difference Structuring Index (NDBI) (R2, 0.54 in Demirköy and R2, 0.50 in Düzce). NDVI showed a negative relationship with LST (R2, 0.47 in Demirköy, R2, 0.43 in Düzce). These findings reveal the critical role of forest density, tree species, and forest management practices in regulating surface temperatures, especially in the context of urbanization and deforestation.