1
|
Wu J, Yang Y, Yu H, Li L, Chen Y, Sun Y. Comparative effectiveness of school-based exercise interventions on physical fitness in children and adolescents: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1194779. [PMID: 37342273 PMCID: PMC10278967 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1194779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Schools provide a favorable setting for health education, however, the most effective school-based exercise mode for improving physical fitness remains unclear. This network meta-analysis was designed to assess and rank the comparative efficacy of six exercise modalities on physical fitness indicators in a school-based setting. Methods An online search of the Web of Science, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus databases was conducted. Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials were considered. Outcomes included measures of anthropometry and body composition, muscular fitness, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Data were pooled with a random effects model using the frequentist framework. Results A total of 66 studies with 8,578 participants (48% girls) were included. High-intensity interval training was the most effective intervention reducing body mass index (mean difference (MD) = -0.60 kg·m-2, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = -1.04 to -0.15, p = 0.009), elevating VO2max (MD = 3.59 mL·kg-1·min-1, 95% CI = 2.45 to 4.74, p < 0.001), and 20-meter sprint performance (MD = -0.35 s, 95% CI = -0.55 to -0.14, p = 0.001). Aerobic training had the highest probability of reducing waist circumference (standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.60, 95% CI = -0.88 to -0.32, p < 0.001). Active video games emerged as a promising modality for improving countermovement jump (MD = 2.43 cm, 95% CI = 0.06 to 4.80, p = 0.041) and shuttle running performance (SMD = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.29 to 1.43, p = 0.003). Strength training was the best exercise mode for improving standing long jump performance (SMD = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.07 to 1.98, p = 0.035) while combined training was rated the first for decreasing body fat percent (MD = -2.56%, 95% CI = -4.73 to -0.40, p = 0.022) and increasing push-up repetitions (SMD = 3.59, 95% CI = 0.81 to 6.37, p = 0.012). Conclusion School-based exercise interventions have multiple effects on physical fitness. The findings of this study will help to inform physical education teachers and coaches how best to deliver exercise programs in a school setting. Since the study was limited by the original research, the conclusions will require further verification using high-quality randomized controlled trials. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO, Identifier: CRD42023401963.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wu
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhang Yang
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huasen Yu
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqiang Li
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanying Chen
- Business School, NingboTech University, Ningbo, China
| | - Youping Sun
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Blagrove RC, Howe LP, Howatson G, Hayes PR. Strength and Conditioning for Adolescent Endurance Runners. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
3
|
Moran J, Clark CCT, Ramirez-Campillo R, Davies MJ, Drury B. A Meta-Analysis of Plyometric Training in Female Youth: Its Efficacy and Shortcomings in the Literature. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:1996-2008. [PMID: 30052601 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Moran, J, Clark, CCT, Ramirez-Campillo, R, Davies, MJ, and Drury, B. A meta-analysis of plyometric training in female youth: its efficacy and shortcomings in the literature. J Strength Cond Res 33(7): 1996-2008, 2019-This meta-analysis characterized female youths' adaptability to plyometric training (PT). A second objective was to highlight the limitations of the body of literature with a view to informing future research. Fourteen studies were included in the final analysis. The effect size (ES = Hedges' g) for the main effect of vertical jump performance was "small" (ES = 0.57, 95% confidence interval: 0.21-0.93). Effect sizes were larger in younger (<15 years; ES = 0.78 [0.25-1.30] vs. 0.31 [-0.18 to 0.80]), shorter (<163 cm; ES = 1.03 [0.38-1.68] vs. 0.25 [-0.20 to 0.70]), and lighter (<54 kg; ES = 1.14 [0.39-1.89] vs. 0.26 [-0.15 to 0.67]) participants. Programming variables seemed to influence adaptive responses with larger effects in interventions which were longer (8 weeks; ES = 1.04 [0.35-1.72] vs. 0.24 [-0.11 to 0.59]), had greater weekly training frequency (>2; ES = 1.22 [0.18-2.25] vs. 0.37 [0.02-0.71]), and whose sessions were of longer duration (≥30 minutes ES = 1.16 [0.14-2.17] vs. 0.33 [0.03-0.63]). More than 16 sessions per program (0.85 [0.18-1.51]) was more effective than exactly 16 sessions (0.46 [0.08-0.84]) which, in turn, was more effective than less than 16 (0.37 [-0.44 to 1.17]). These findings can inform the prescription of PT in female youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Cain C T Clark
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael J Davies
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Drury
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vassilis S, Yiannis M, Athanasios M, Dimitrios M, Ioannis G, Thomas M. Effect of a 4-week detraining period followed by a 4-week strength program on isokinetic strength in elite youth soccer players. J Exerc Rehabil 2019; 15:67-73. [PMID: 30899739 PMCID: PMC6416502 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1836538.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine if 4 weeks of training cessation (detraining) followed by a 4-week strength training program can affect the isokinetic strength of elite youth soccer players. There were 13 players who participated in the study. The players performed anthropometric measurements and lower limb isokinetic strength measurements 3 times, before the training cessation, after the training cessation and after the 4-week strength training program. No significant differences were observed in the anthropometric and strength measurements (P>0.05) after the detraining period and after the training program (P>0.05). These results indicate that 4 weeks of detraining in elite youth soccer players does not have any significant effects according to their anthropometric characteristics and isokinetic strength of their lower limbs. Furthermore, neither the 4-week training program affected the parameters above. Perhaps, youth players can maintain the benefits of training better than adults due to their neural adaptations. The duration of the strength training program could be the reason of the lack of adaptations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samolis Vassilis
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michailidis Yiannis
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Mikikis Dimitrios
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gissis Ioannis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Metaxas Thomas
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A Meta-Analysis of Resistance Training in Female Youth: Its Effect on Muscular Strength, and Shortcomings in the Literature. Sports Med 2019; 48:1661-1671. [PMID: 29626334 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0914-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance training is an effective way to enhance strength in female youth but, to date, no researcher has meta-analysed its effect on muscular strength in that population. OBJECTIVES This meta-analysis characterised female youths' adaptability to resistance training (RT). A second objective was to highlight the limitations of the body of literature with a view to informing future research. DATA SOURCES Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Resistance training interventions in healthy females with a mean age between 8 and 18 years. Programmes of between 4 and 16 weeks' duration that included a control group. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS The inverse-variance random effects model for meta-analyses was used because it allocates a proportionate weight to trials based on the size of their individual standard errors and facilitates analysis whilst accounting for heterogeneity across studies. Effect sizes, calculated from a measure of muscular strength, are represented by the standardised mean difference and are presented alongside 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS The magnitude of the main effect was 'small' (0.54, 95% confidence interval: 0.23-0.85). Effect sizes were larger in older (> 15 years; ES = 0.72 [0.23-1.21] vs. 0.38 [- 0.02-0.79]), taller (> 163 cm; ES = 0.67 [0.20-1.13] vs. 0.55 [0.08-1.02]) and heavier (< 54 kg; ES = 0.67 [0.30-1.03] vs. 0.53 [- 0.00-1.06]) participants. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF KEY FINDINGS Resistance training is effective in female youth. These findings can be used to inform the prescription of RT in female youth.
Collapse
|
6
|
Gäbler M, Prieske O, Hortobágyi T, Granacher U. The Effects of Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training on Physical Fitness and Athletic Performance in Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1057. [PMID: 30131714 PMCID: PMC6090054 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining training of muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness within a training cycle could increase athletic performance more than single-mode training. However, the physiological effects produced by each training modality could also interfere with each other, improving athletic performance less than single-mode training. Because anthropometric, physiological, and biomechanical differences between young and adult athletes can affect the responses to exercise training, young athletes might respond differently to concurrent training (CT) compared with adults. Thus, the aim of the present systematic review with meta-analysis was to determine the effects of concurrent strength and endurance training on selected physical fitness components and athletic performance in youth. A systematic literature search of PubMed and Web of Science identified 886 records. The studies included in the analyses examined children (girls age 6–11 years, boys age 6–13 years) or adolescents (girls age 12–18 years, boys age 14–18 years), compared CT with single-mode endurance (ET) or strength training (ST), and reported at least one strength/power—(e.g., jump height), endurance—(e.g., peak V°O2, exercise economy), or performance-related (e.g., time trial) outcome. We calculated weighted standardized mean differences (SMDs). CT compared to ET produced small effects in favor of CT on athletic performance (n = 11 studies, SMD = 0.41, p = 0.04) and trivial effects on cardiorespiratory endurance (n = 4 studies, SMD = 0.04, p = 0.86) and exercise economy (n = 5 studies, SMD = 0.16, p = 0.49) in young athletes. A sub-analysis of chronological age revealed a trend toward larger effects of CT vs. ET on athletic performance in adolescents (SMD = 0.52) compared with children (SMD = 0.17). CT compared with ST had small effects in favor of CT on muscle power (n = 4 studies, SMD = 0.23, p = 0.04). In conclusion, CT is more effective than single-mode ET or ST in improving selected measures of physical fitness and athletic performance in youth. Specifically, CT compared with ET improved athletic performance in children and particularly adolescents. Finally, CT was more effective than ST in improving muscle power in youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Gäbler
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sousa AC, Marinho DA, Gil MH, Izquierdo M, Rodríguez-Rosell D, Neiva HP, Marques MC. Concurrent Training Followed by Detraining: Does the Resistance Training Intensity Matter? J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:632-642. [PMID: 28902118 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sousa, AC, Marinho, DA, Gil, MH, Izquierdo, M, Rodríguez-Rosell, D, Neiva, HP, and Marques, MC. Concurrent training followed by detraining: does the resistance training intensity matter? J Strength Cond Res 32(3): 632-642, 2018-The aim of this study was to analyze the training and detraining (DT) effects of concurrent aerobic training and resistance training against 3 different external loads on strength and aerobic variables. Thirty-two men were randomly assigned to 4 groups: low-load (LLG, n = 9), moderate-load (MLG, n = 9), high-load (HLG, n = 8), and control group (CG, n = 6). Resistance training consisted of full squat (FS) with a low load (40-55% 1 repetition maximum [1RM]), a moderate load (55-70% 1RM), or a high load (70-85% 1RM) combined with jump and sprint exercises. Aerobic training was performed at 75% of the maximal aerobic speed for 15-20 minutes. The training period lasted for 8-week, followed by 4-week DT. Pretraining, post-training, and post-DT evaluations included 20-m running sprints (0-10 m: T10; 0-20 m: T20), shuttle run test, countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) test, and loading test (1RM) in FS. All the experimental groups showed improvements (p ≤ 0.05) in all the parameters assessed, except the LLG for T10 and the HLG for T20. The LLG, MLG, and HLG showed great changes in 1RM and V[Combining Dot Above]O2max compared with the CG (p ≤ 0.05), whereas the HLG and MLG showed a greater percentage change than the CG in T10 (p < 0.001) and CMJ (p ≤ 0.05). The 4-week DT period resulted in detrimental effects in all variables analyzed for all 3 experimental groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that strength training programs with low, moderate, or high external loads combined with low-intensity aerobic training could be effective for producing significant gains in strength and aerobic capacities. Moreover, the higher loads used increased gains in explosive efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- António C Sousa
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | - Maria H Gil
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Navarre, Spain.,GICAEDS Group, Faculty of Physical Culture, Sport and Recreation, Saint Thomas University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Research Center on Physical and Athletic Performance, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Henrique P Neiva
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| | - Mário C Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chaouachi A, Ben Othman A, Makhlouf I, Young JD, Granacher U, Behm DG. Global Training Effects of Trained and Untrained Muscles With Youth Can be Maintained During 4 Weeks of Detraining. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 33:2788-2800. [PMID: 29794891 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chaouachi, A, Ben Othman, A, Makhlouf, I, Young, JD, Granacher, U, and Behm, DG. Global training effects of trained and untrained muscles with youth can be maintained during 4 weeks of detraining. J Strength Cond Res 33(10): 2788-2800, 2019-Global (whole-body) effects of resistance training (i.e., cross-education) may be pervasive with children. Detraining induces less substantial deficits with children than adults. It was the objective of this study to investigate the global responses to 4 weeks of detraining after 8 weeks of unilateral leg press (LP) training in 10-13-year-old, pre-peak-height-velocity stage boys. Subjects were randomly separated into 2 unilateral resistance training groups (high load/low repetitions [HL-LR] and low load/high repetitions [LL-HR], and control group). Assessments at pre-training, post-training, and detraining included dominant and nondominant limbs, unilateral, 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and 60% 1RM LP, knee extension, knee flexion, elbow flexion, and handgrip maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), and countermovement jump (CMJ). All measures significantly increased from pre-test to detraining for both training programs, except for elbow flexion MVIC with increases only with HL-LR. All measures except CMJ and handgrip MVIC significantly decreased from post-test to detraining, except for elbow flexion MVIC with decreases only with HL-LR. The dominant trained limb experienced significantly greater LP improvements (pre- to detraining) and decrements (post- to detraining) with LP 1RM and 60% 1RM LP. In conclusion, youth HL-LR and LL-HR global training effects of trained and untrained limbs demonstrate similar benefits (pre- to detraining) and decrements (post- to detraining) with detraining. The findings emphasize that training any muscle group in a child can have positive global implications for improved strength and power that can persist over baseline measures for at least a month.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation," National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Aymen Ben Othman
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation," National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Issam Makhlouf
- Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimisation," National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - James D Young
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The effects of training and detraining after an 8 month resistance and stretching training program on forward head and protracted shoulder postures in adolescents: Randomised controlled study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.math.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
10
|
Fonseca Junior SJ, Loureiro LL, Feital EM, Pierucci APT. Impacto do destreinamento na antropometria de adolescentes pentatletas. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-86922014200501903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: A caracterização do perfil antropométrico ao fim da fase de treinamento competitivo e após o destreinamento decorrente da fase de transição pode auxiliar a elaboração de estratégias que beneficiem pentatletas adolescentes no retorno ao treinamento.OBJETIVO: Analisar o impacto do destreinamento, originado pela fase de transição, na antropometria de adolescentes pentatletas.MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 16 meninos (15,12 ± 1,77 anos) e 10 meninas (14,57 ± 2,40 anos) praticantes de pentatlo moderno. A adesão à dieta específica no período de destreinamento foi avaliada por profissionais especializados. No fim das fases competitivas e de transição, foram avaliadas a maturação sexual e as variáveis antropométricas.RESULTADOS: Valores percentuais demonstram que meninas tendem a aderir mais à dieta do que meninos. Diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) entre os períodos foram observadas somente no sexo masculino, nas variáveis massa corporal (0,003), estatura (0,000), somatório de dobras cutâneas (0,033) e na mesomorfia (0,001).CONCLUSÃO: A massa corporal, o somatório de dobras cutâneas e a mesomorfia parecem ter sofrido impacto negativo do destreinamento. O aumento da estatura parece estar associado ao pico de velocidade da estatura. Em meninas, a tendência de aderirem mais à dieta pode ter contribuído para a não identificação de alterações antropométricas.
Collapse
|
11
|
Marques MC, Zajac A, Pereira A, Costa AM. Strength training and detraining in different populations: case studies. J Hum Kinet 2011; 29A:7-14. [PMID: 23487418 PMCID: PMC3588903 DOI: 10.2478/v10078-011-0052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many researchers have demonstrated that a specific strength training program can improve maximal strength and, the rate of force production, reduce the incidence of muscle-skeletal injury, and contribute to faster injury recovery times, thereby minimizing the number of missed practice sessions or competitions. Yet, to our best knowledge, there is no apparent consensus on the appropriate method of muscle strength and power training to enhance performance in distinct populations groups. Interruptions in training process because of illness, injury, holidays, post-season break or other factors are normal situations in any kind of sport. However, the detraining period and its consequences are not well reported in sports literature, and namely during puberty. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to discuss several case studies concerning different populations such us physical students, age-swimming competitors and elite power athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mário C. Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior (UBI), Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Adam Zajac
- Department of Sports Training, Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ana Pereira
- Department of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Centre for Sport Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Aldo M. Costa
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior (UBI), Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|