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Dourmad JY, Matte JJ. Effect of nutritional status on nutrient and gas utilization by the mammary gland of lactating sows. Animal 2020; 15:100116. [PMID: 33500212 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk synthesis being a continuous process in lactating sows, the mammary gland has to adapt its metabolism in response to extreme short-term changes in nutrient availability in the arterial bloodstream, due to the feeding pattern. The objective of the present study was to better quantify and understand these adaptations. The effect of morning refeeding after an overnight 16-h feed withdrawal was measured on the uptake of energy-supplying nutrients, amino acids (AA), and some vitamins and minerals. After farrowing, catheters were fitted in the right anterior mammary vein and in the carotid artery of six sows. Blood samples were drawn on days 7, 14, and 21 of lactation, every 30 from 60 min before the morning meal to 300 min after the morning meal. Plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, triglycerides (TG), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), glycerol, α-amino nitrogen (N), vitamins B12, and folates were determined on all samples. Riboflavin and AA concentrations were only measured 30 min before the meal and 120 min after the meal. Arterial and venous plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, and α-amino N increased after the meal (P < 0.01), and concentrations of NEFA, glycerol, and TG decreased (P < 0.01). Mammary arteriovenous concentration difference increased after the meal for glucose, lactate, and α-amino N (P < 0.01), remained constant for TG, and decreased for NEFA (P < 0.01) and glycerol (P < 0.05). Arterial concentrations of all AA increased after the meal, but changes of arteriovenous difference with the meal differed among AA. Arteriovenous difference of energy (7.6 kJ/l plasma) concentration was similar in feed-deprived and fed sows, but the contribution of the various nutrients differed, and the respiratory quotient was lower (P < 0.01) before the meal (0.95) than after the meal (1.54). The relative contributions of glucose, lactate, TG, NEFA, and AA to arteriovenous difference in energy concentration were 50.2, 3.8, 25.1, 0, and 20.8% in fed and 24.6, 2.2, 24.9, 32.9, and 15.0% in feed-deprived sows, respectively. The daily mammary extraction of vitamin B12, estimated from arteriovenous differences was higher than the amount of this vitamin bioavailable from the diet, probably contributing to the 50% decrease in plasma concentration between day 7 and day 21 of lactation. For both riboflavin and folates, arteriovenous differences in plasma concentrations were small or not different from zero. These results indicate that the mammary gland has a great capacity to adapt nutrient uptake very rapidly and modify its metabolism according to the nutrients available in the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Dourmad
- PEGASE, INRAE Institut Agro, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France.
| | - J J Matte
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
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A novel blood-sampling technique in lactating sows: The mammary vein route. Vet J 2019; 254:105397. [PMID: 31836171 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the pig industry, labour efficiency and animal welfare have become two of the most important factors for achieving technical goals and farming competitiveness. Blood sampling is one of the most common sample-collecting techniques, but routine on-field blood collection can be very demanding for farm operators and the welfare of the animals, in particular for lactating sows. The aim of this study was to describe and investigate the mammary vein as a novel means of blood access in lactating sows that does not require coercive restraint. The study involved a total of 68 sows: 34 animals were sampled from the jugular vein (Group J) and the other 34 sows from the mammary vein (Group M). Labour time and indicators of the sow welfare (vocalizations during collection and serum cortisol concentration in the 30min after the procedure) were collected from the two groups. The total amount of labour required, calculated as the time employed to perform blood collection multiplied by the number of operators involved in performing the technique (one for Group M and two for Group J, one for restraint and one for sampling), was significantly lower in Group M than Group J (Group M, 39.83±29.45s; Group J, 82.73±55.34s; P<0.001). Mean blood volume collected at T0 was 4.81±2.00mL and 4.84±1.73mL in Group J and Group M, respectively (P>0.05). The percentage of sows that vocalized in Group M was less than in Group J (2.94% vs. 94.12%; P<0.001). Serum cortisol concentrations were not statistically different between the two groups (P>0.05). The present study suggests greater efficiency in terms of saving labour time and reducing sow vocalization during blood collection with the use of mammary vein access compared with jugular vein access.
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Zhong H, Song Y, Wang P, Feng B, Zhang X, Che L, Lin Y, Xu S, Li J, Wu D, Fang Z. Mammary Protein Synthesis upon Long-Term Nutritional Restriction Was Attenuated by Oxidative-Stress-Induced Inhibition of Vacuolar H +-Adenosine Triphosphatase/Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Signaling. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:8950-8957. [PMID: 31189310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To determine how nutritional restriction compromised milk synthesis, sows were fed 100% (control) or 76% (restricted) of the recommended feed allowance from postpartum day (PD)-1 to PD-28. In comparison to the control, more body reserves loss, increased plasma triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and decreased plasma methionine concentrations were observed in the restricted group at PD-21. The increased plasma malondialdehyde level, decreased plasma histidine and taurine concentrations, and decreased glutathione peroxidase activity were observed at PD-28 when backfat loss further increased in the restricted group. In mammary glands, vacuolar H+-adenosine triphosphatase (v-ATPase), as the upstream of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, showed decreased activity, while phosphorylation of mTOR, S6 kinase, and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 and β-casein abundance all decreased following feed restriction. Altogether, long-term nutrition restriction could induce progressively aggravated oxidative stress and compromise mammary protein synthesis through repression of v-ATPase/mTORC1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heju Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , Sichuan 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yumo Song
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , Sichuan 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , Sichuan 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Feng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , Sichuan 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , Sichuan 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , Sichuan 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , Sichuan 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , Sichuan 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , Sichuan 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , Sichuan 611130 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , Sichuan 611130 , People's Republic of China
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Zhong H, Wang P, Song Y, Zhang X, Che L, Feng B, Lin Y, Xu S, Li J, Wu D, Wu Q, Fang Z. Mammary cell proliferation and catabolism of adipose tissues in nutrition-restricted lactating sows were associated with extracellular high glutamate levels. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:78. [PMID: 30410753 PMCID: PMC6217789 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Persistent lactation, as the result of mammary cellular anabolism and secreting function, is dependent on substantial mobilization or catabolism of body reserves under nutritional deficiency. However, little is known about the biochemical mechanisms for nutrition-restricted lactating animals to simultaneously maintain the anabolism of mammary cells while catabolism of body reserves. In present study, lactating sows with restricted feed allowance (RFA) (n = 6), 24% feed restriction compared with the control (CON) group (n = 6), were used as the nutrition-restricted model. Microdialysis and mammary venous cannulas methods were used to monitor postprandial dynamic changes of metabolites in adipose and mammary tissues. Results At lactation d 28, the RFA group showed higher (P < 0.05) loss of body weight and backfat than the CON group. Compared with the CON group, the adipose tissue of the RFA group had higher (P < 0.05) extracellular glutamate and insulin levels, increased (P < 0.05) lipolysis related genes (HSL and ATGL) expression, and decreased (P < 0.05) glucose transport and metabolism related genes (VAMP8, PKLR and LDHB) expression. These results indicated that under nutritional restriction, reduced insulin-mediated glucose uptake and metabolism and increased lipolysis in adipose tissues was related to extracellular high glutamate concentration. As for mammary glands, compared with the CON group, the RFA group had up-regulated (P < 0.05) expression of Notch signaling ligand (DLL3) and receptors (NOTCH2 and NOTCH4), higher (P < 0.05) extracellular glutamate concentration, while expression of cell proliferation related genes and concentrations of most metabolites in mammary veins were not different (P > 0.05) between groups. Accordingly, piglet performance and milk yield did not differ (P > 0.05) between groups. It would appear that activation of Notch signaling and adequate supply of glutamate might assist mammogenesis. Conclusions Mammary cell proliferation and catabolism of adipose tissues in nutrition-restricted lactating sows were associated with extracellular high glutamate levels. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40104-018-0293-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heju Zhong
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Peng Wang
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Yumo Song
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Bin Feng
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Yan Lin
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Jian Li
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - De Wu
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Qiaofeng Wu
- 2Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- 1Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
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Pluschke AM, Simmons GS, Keates HL, Cameron RDA, Zhang D, Wright JD, Williams BA. An updated method for the jugular catheterization of grower pigs for repeated blood sampling following an oral glucose tolerance test. Lab Anim 2017; 51:397-404. [PMID: 28718358 DOI: 10.1177/0023677216682772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Jugular catheterization is a common procedure used under experimental conditions. However, there is considerable variation in the reported techniques, particularly for grower pigs (>40 kg and <60 kg) when larger volumes of blood per sample (>10 mL) are required. This paper provides a complete methodology including the use of current equipment and anaesthetic regimen for grower pigs. This surgical jugular catheterization method was carried out in 30 large white grower pigs. Firstly, the pigs were habituated to human handling for at least two weeks prior to surgery. Animals were sedated and anesthetized. Following intubation, an incision was made in the jugular fossa, and the jugular vein was located. A catheter was then inserted and fixated. The wound was stapled and the catheter line secured to the back of the neck. The pigs recovered fully from the surgery and the catheters remained patent for the duration of the blood sampling period (min 72 h). Twenty millilitres of blood were collected every 15 min, taking approximately 2 min per pig. No haemolysis was detected in any samples. Jugular catheterization of pigs using this procedure proved successful both in terms of animal recovery and quality of samples. Catheters remained patent and pigs remained calm during sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M Pluschke
- 1 ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gregory S Simmons
- 2 The School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helen L Keates
- 2 The School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ranald D A Cameron
- 2 The School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dagong Zhang
- 1 ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John D Wright
- 2 The School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Barbara A Williams
- 1 ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
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Krogh U, Storm AC, Theil PK. Technical note: Measurement of mammary plasma flow in sows by downstream dilution of mammary vein infused -aminohippuric acid. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:5122-5128. [PMID: 28046185 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to design a method to estimate mammary plasma flow (MPF) in lactating sows using downstream dilution of -aminohippuric acid (AH) and to compare these estimates with MPF estimates based on specific AA as internal markers (MPF-AA). A permanent indwelling catheter was surgically implanted in the femoral artery, and another 2 were inserted in the right cranial mammary vein of 8 second- and third-parity sows on d 76 ± 2 SEM of gestation. On the 3rd and 17th days in milk, arterial and venous blood samples were drawn in hourly intervals from 0.5 h before until 6.5 h after feeding. The MPF in the right cranial mammary vein was measured by downstream dilution of infused AH (3.0 mmol/h). Total MPF-AH was calculated assuming that the measured flow constituted the flow from 5 out of 14 suckled glands on the basis of the anatomical structure of the mammary vascular system. Total MPF-AA was estimated on the basis of the output of the specific AA marker in milk and the arteriovenous differences of the marker as free AA in plasma, assuming a direct transfer of AA from plasma to milk protein. Total MPF-AH was 6,860 L/d in early lactation and increased to 8,953 L/d at peak lactation ( = 0.003). In early lactation, MPF-AA estimates were greater or tended to be greater (132% to 175%; < 0.10) than MPF-AH estimates for all internal markers, except Met (119%). Moreover, MPF-AH was correlated with MPF-AA only for MET as an internal marker ( = 0.74; = 0.03) in early lactation. In contrast, MPF-AH and MPF-AA estimates did not differ and were well correlated at peak lactation with the strongest correlation observed when Met ( = 0.84; = 0.009) and Phe + Tyr ( = 0.82; = 0.01) were used as the internal AA markers. Litter gain increased from d 3 to 17 of lactation (2.13 vs. 3.46 g/d; = 0.001) and was correlated with MPF-AH during lactation ( = 0.74; < 0.001), whereas no correlation between litter gain and MPF-AA was observed ( > 0.10). These results suggest that downstream dilution of infused AH and the AA methods are applicable methods to estimate MPF at peak lactation. The reason for the observed discrepancy in early lactation between MPF- AH and MPF-AA is not obvious but might be related to the rapid metabolic changes observed in early lactation. In conclusion, MPF measured by downstream dilution of mammary infused AH was higher at peak compared to early lactation, which the internal AA marker approach failed to show.
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Nielsen TT, Pierzynowski SG, Børsting CF, Nielsen MO, Jakobsen K. Catheterization of Arteria Epigastrica Cranialis, Measurement of Nutrient Arteriovenous Differences and Evaluation of Daily Plasma Flow Across the Mammary Gland of Lactating Sows. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/090647002320229365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Brosnan JT, Wijekoon EP, Warford-Woolgar L, Trottier NL, Brosnan ME, Brunton JA, Bertolo RFP. Creatine synthesis is a major metabolic process in neonatal piglets and has important implications for amino acid metabolism and methyl balance. J Nutr 2009; 139:1292-7. [PMID: 19474158 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.105411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objectives in this study were as follows: 1) to determine the rate of creatine accretion by the neonatal piglet; 2) identify the sources of this creatine; 3) measure the activities of the enzymes of creatine synthesis; and 4) to estimate the burden that endogenous creatine synthesis places on the metabolism of the 3 amino acids required for this synthesis: glycine, arginine, and methionine. We found that piglets acquire 12.5 mmol of total creatine (creatine plus creatine phosphate) between 4 and 11 d of age. As much as one-quarter of creatine accretion in neonatal piglets may be provided by sow milk and three-quarters by de novo synthesis by piglets. This rate of creatine synthesis makes very large demands on arginine and methionine metabolism, although the magnitude of the demand depends on the rate of remethylation of homocysteine and of reamidination of ornithine. Of the 2 enzymes of creatine synthesis, we found high activity of l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase in piglet kidneys and pancreas and of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase in piglet livers. Piglet livers also had appreciable activities of methionine adenosyltransferase, which synthesizes S-adenosylmethionine, and of betaine:homocysteine methyltransferase, methionine synthase, and methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase, which are required for the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine. Creatine synthesis is a quantitatively major metabolic process in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Brosnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada A1B 3X9.
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Hooda S, Matte JJ, Wilkinson CW, Zijlstra RT. Technical note: An improved surgical model for the long-term studies of kinetics and quantification of nutrient absorption in swine1,2. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:2013-9. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Farmer C, Guan X, Trottier NL. Mammary arteriovenous differences of glucose, insulin, prolactin and IGF-I in lactating sows under different protein intake levels. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2008; 34:54-62. [PMID: 17118618 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Revised: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mammary uptake of nutrients is dependent on their availability in the circulation but the role of hormones in that process is not known. Arteriovenous differences (AVD) of glucose and key hormones across the mammary glands were therefore determined in sows fed varying levels of protein. Sixteen lactating sows (four/dietary treatment) were fed a 7.8, 13.0, 18.2 or 23.5% crude protein (CP) isocaloric diet throughout lactation and their litters were standardized to 11 pigs within 48 h of birth. The anterior main mammary vein and a carotid artery were cannulated on day 4+/-1 of lactation and blood samples were collected every 30 min over 6h on days 10, 14, 18 and 22 of lactation to measure glucose, insulin, IGF-I, and prolactin (PRL) concentrations. Amino acid data from these sows were previously published and used here to determine residual correlations. Dietary treatments had no effect on any of the insulin or PRL variables measured (P>0.1) and, on day 18 only, IGF-I AVD was greater (P=0.05) for sows on the 23.5% compared to the 18.2% diet. On days 18 and 22, sows fed the 13% CP diet had greater arterial, venous and AVD glucose concentrations than sows fed other diets (P<0.05). Total arterial amino acid concentrations were correlated to arterial insulin (P<0.001) and PRL (P<0.05) concentrations, but not to those of IGF-I (P>0.1). Mammary AVD for total (P<0.001) and essential amino acids (P<0.05) were correlated to arterial concentrations of insulin, but not to those of IGF-I (P>0.1) or PRL (P>0.1). Mammary AVD of both total (P<0.01) and essential (P<0.05) amino acids were also correlated to mammary PRL AVD. In conclusion, dietary protein level did not affect mammary AVD and circulating lactogenic hormone concentrations. Yet, amino acid utilization by the sow mammary gland seems to be regulated via both circulating insulin concentrations and PRL binding to and uptake by porcine mammary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Farmer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Dairy and Swine R&D Centre, P.O. Box 90, STN Lennoxville, Sherbrooke, Que. J1M 1Z3, Canada.
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Guan X, Pettigrew JE, Ku PK, Ames NK, Bequette BJ, Trottier NL. Dietary protein concentration affects plasma arteriovenous difference of amino acids across the porcine mammary gland1. J Anim Sci 2004; 82:2953-63. [PMID: 15484947 DOI: 10.2527/2004.82102953x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether the porcine mammary gland responds to increasing dietary CP concentration through changes in AA arteriovenous difference (a-v). Sixteen Landrace x Yorkshire lactating sows were provided ad libitum access to one of four isocaloric diets varying in CP concentration (7.8, 13.0, 18.2, and 23.5 %; as-fed basis). Litters were adjusted to 11 pigs within 48 h of birth. Sows were fitted with catheters in the carotid artery and main mammary vein on d 4. On d 10, 14, 18, and 22 of lactation, arterial and venous blood samples were obtained every 30 min over 6 h. Milk yield was estimated on d 11 and 21 using the D2O dilution technique. Final litter sizes on d 21 were 10.3, 11, 9.5, and 11 piglets for sows fed the 7.8, 13.0, 18.2, and 23.5% CP diets, respectively. Piglet ADG tended (P = 0.088) to increase with increasing dietary CP concentration and were 186, 221, 220, and 202 g for sows fed the 7.8, 13.0, 18.2, and 23.5% CP diet, respectively. Daily total milk yield on d 21 (kg milk/d) tended (P = 0.099) to increase, and average milk yield per nursed piglet (kg of milk-pig(-1)d(-1)) increased (P < 0.05) with increasing CP concentration and were, on a per-piglet basis, 0.95, 1.19, 1.14 and 1.13 kg of milk/d for the 7.8, 13.0, 18.2, and 23.5% CP diets, respectively. As dietary CP increased from 7.8 to 23.5%, isoleucine and leucine a-v increased linearly only (linear, P < 0.01); all other AA a-v increased, reached a maximum in sows fed 18.2% CP, and decreased thereafter in sows fed 23.5% CP (quadratic, from P = 0.10 to P < 0.05). Amino acid uptake by the entire udder and by each gland increased (linear, P < 0.05) with increasing dietary CP. Arteriovenous differences response to increasing day of lactation varied among AA, from no change for histidine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, tryptophan, and valine, to a linear trend increase for arginine (P = 0.055), leucine (P = 0.064), phenylalanine (P = 0.101), and threonine (P = 0.057). In summary, for the majority of AA, a-v increased with increasing dietary CP concentration from 7.8 to 18.2%, but decreased when CP concentration exceeded 18.2%. In contrast, mammary AA uptake, piglet ADG and milk yield per pig increased linearly with increasing dietary CP, suggesting a coordinated regulation between AA delivery and transport to meet the demand for milk yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Guan
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA
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12
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Guan X, Bequette BJ, Ku PK, Tempelman RJ, Trottier NL. The amino acid need for milk synthesis is defined by the maximal uptake of plasma amino acids by porcine mammary glands. J Nutr 2004; 134:2182-90. [PMID: 15333702 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.9.2182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To define dietary indispensable amino acid (IAA) needs for milk synthesis by the mammary glands (MG), 16 lactating sows were fed 1 of 4 isocaloric diets varying in protein concentrations (from 78 to 235 g/kg) with an ideal amino acid (AA) pattern. On d 9, 13, 17, and 21 of lactation, blood samples were obtained simultaneously from a carotid artery and the main mammary vein every 30 min over 6 h. A quadratic regression model of the log mammary arteriovenous difference (AVD) of plasma IAA (ŷ) against daily intake of dietary IAA (X) was established. First, the reverse log intercept, defined as the mammary AVD at zero dietary AA supply, was used to quantify the contribution of endogenous IAA. The quantification was validated by body N balance coupled with AA composition analysis. Then, the estimated vertex (ŷ(max), X(i)) was used in 2 aspects: 1) The maximal mammary uptake of plasma IAA, quantified by multiplying the maximal mammary AVD and plasma flow rate, was considered the physiological IAA need for milk synthesis. 2) Corresponding to the ŷ(max), dietary IAA intake (X(i)) would represent the total dietary IAA requirement, i.e., the sum of maintenance need and milk synthesis need after adjustment for body weight loss. Thus, dietary IAA needs for milk synthesis were derived. Moreover, the estimate of lysine need for milk synthesis in this study was identical to an estimate obtained from multiple regression analysis of feeding trial data. We conclude that dietary IAA needs for milk synthesis can be quantified by the maximal uptakes of plasma IAA by porcine MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfu Guan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Staszkiewicz J, Franczak A, Kotwica G, Koziorowski M. Secretion of estradiol-17β by porcine mammary gland of ovariectomized steroid-treated sows. Anim Reprod Sci 2004; 81:87-95. [PMID: 14749051 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4320(03)00117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the mammary gland of many species secretes estradiol (E(2)), nothing is known of E(2) secretion in the porcine gland. The present study was designed to investigate whether porcine mammary gland was a source of E(2), and to test the influence of individual and combined effects of exogenous progesterone and estradiol benzoate (EB) on the secretion of E(2). Immature crossbred gilts were ovariectomized at 7 months of age followed by 4 weeks later by steroid hormone replacement therapy to produce estradiol and progesterone (P(4)) blood concentrations similar to those observed during a normal estrous cycle. Arterial and venous blood plasma (from carotid artery and anterior mammary vein, respectively) were sampled for 2h at 10 min intervals. Plasma concentrations of progesterone, androstenedione (A(4)), testosterone (T), estrone (E(1)) and estradiol were determined by RIA. In all gilts treated with progesterone alone or in combination with EB, concentrations of P(4), A(4) and E(1) in blood collected from venous outflow were lower compared to concentrations in arterial blood, whereas concentrations of E(2) were higher in blood plasma from the anterior mammary vein compared to plasma from the carotid artery. The results indicated that the porcine mammary gland secreted E(2). Increased concentrations of plasma E(2) collected only from P(4)-treated animals suggested that progesterone activated enzymes involved in steroidogenesis in porcine mammary gland, or those utilized in its metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Staszkiewicz
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn ul. Oczapowskiego 5, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
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Renaudeau D, Noblet J, Dourmad JY. Effect of ambient temperature on mammary gland metabolism in lactating sows. J Anim Sci 2003; 81:217-31. [PMID: 12597393 DOI: 10.2527/2003.811217x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two groups of three multiparous Large White x Landrace sows were used to investigate the direct effect of ambient temperature on mammary gland metabolism. Sows from the first group were exposed to temperatures of 28 degrees C between d 8 and 14 of lactation, and 20 degrees C between d 15 and 21; treatments were reversed in the second group. Four to six d after farrowing, an ultrasonic blood flow probe was implanted around the right external pudic artery and catheters were fitted in the right anterior mammary vein and in the carotid artery. After surgery all sows were fed 3.8 kg/d of a lactation diet. The arteriovenous (AV, mg/L) plasma samples were obtained every 30 min between 0915 and 1545 on d 5 of exposure to ambient temperature; the same day, milk samples were collected at 1630. Additional arterial samples were obtained between 1000 and 1100 on d 1, 4, and 6 of exposure. Milk yield was estimated from the body weight gain of the litter. Elevated temperature tended to reduce BW loss (2.44 vs 1.82 kg/d, P < 0.10), but did not affect milk yield (11.0 kg/d). Glucagon and leptin arterial concentrations increased (12 and 8%, respectively; P < 0.10), but thyroxin and triiodothyronine concentrations decreased (26 and 16%, respectively; P < 0.01) between 20 and 28 degrees C. Expressed as a percentage of total nutrients, AV difference, glucose, amino acids, triglycerides (TG), free fatty acids, and lactate A-V differences represented 60, 20, 11, 8, and 1%, respectively. Exposure to 28 degrees C increased the extraction rate of glucose, TG, and a-amino acid N (13, 8, and 2.5%, respectively; P < 0.10). The extraction rates of essential and nonessential amino acids were not affected by temperature. The right pudic artery mammary blood flow increased (872 vs 945 mL/min, P < 0.05) between 20 and 28 degrees C, whereas milk yield was unaffected by temperature. It is suggested that this apparent inefficiency of the sow mammary gland in hot conditions could be related to an increase of proportion of blood flow irrigating skin capillaries in order to dissipate body heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Renaudeau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
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Nielsen TT, Trottier NL, Stein HH, Bellaver C, Easter RA. The effect of litter size and day of lactation on amino acid uptake by the porcine mammary glands123. J Anim Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/ansci/80.9.2402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Guan X, Bequette BJ, Calder G, Ku PK, Ames KN, Trottier NL. Amino acid availability affects amino acid flux and protein metabolism in the porcine mammary gland. J Nutr 2002; 132:1224-34. [PMID: 12042438 DOI: 10.1093/jn/132.6.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A kinetic model was used to examine transmembrane flux kinetics of lysine, methionine and valine across the porcine mammary gland (MG) under dietary amino acid (AA) limiting, adequate and excess conditions. Lactating sows (3 per treatment) were offered three diets: lysine-deficient [LD, 4.9 lysine and 9.9 valine (g/kg diet)], adequate (Control, 9.7 and 10.2) and valine-excess (VE, 9.8 and 13.4). On d 18 of lactation, 2-(15)N-lysine, 5-methyl-(2)H(3)-methionine and 1-(13)C-valine were infused into a jugular vein for 20.5 h. Milk and arterial and mammary venous blood samples were collected at 2- and 1-h intervals, respectively. Compared with Control, milk yield and litter growth rate decreased (P < 0.05) in sows fed the LD diet. Model estimates of mammary protein synthesis (PS), breakdown (PB) and net PS decreased (P < 0.05) in sows fed the LD diet. Net uptake of lysine decreased (P < 0.05) in sows fed the LD diet as a result of decreases in inward and outward transport of lysine. Inward transport of methionine tended to be reduced (P < 0.10) in sows fed the LD diet, resulting in a decrease in net methionine uptake. In sows fed the VE diet, PB was reduced (P < 0.05) and PS unchanged compared with Control. Outward transport of valine and net lysine uptake were reduced (P < 0.05), but net valine uptake was unchanged in sows fed the VE diet compared with Control. In conclusion, the kinetic model provided estimates of PS that were similar to empirical measurements of milk protein output and mammary protein accretion. Transport of lysine and methionine by the porcine MG is closely linked to regulation of mammary PS. Lysine availability has little effect on the transmembrane flux of valine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfu Guan
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Busk H, Sørensen MT, Mikkelsen EO, Nielsen MO, Jakobsen K. Responses to potential vasoactive substances of isolated mammary blood vessels from lactating sows. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART C, PHARMACOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY & ENDOCRINOLOGY 1999; 124:57-64. [PMID: 10579649 DOI: 10.1016/s0742-8413(99)00050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the investigation was to examine the response of the milk vein and the mammary artery to potential vasoactive substances in lactating sows. The response on artery and vein segments from the same sow was measured for the following substances: noradrenaline (NA), serotonin (5-HT), prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha), prostacyclin (PGI2), histamine (Hi) and potassium (K+). Interestingly, the contractile force in the mammary vein segments expressed per weight unit (mN/mg) was 1.5-2.5 fold larger than in the artery segments when NA, 5-HT and PGF2alpha were used, but similar for K+, Hi and PGI2. In vein segments, the order of sensitivity to the substances expressed by their pD2 values was 5-HT > NA = PGF2alpha > Hi > K+. The present findings suggest that NA, 5-HT, PGF2alpha, PGI2, and Hi are involved in mammary blood flow regulation in the sow, and the mammary venous system may be as important as the mammary arterial system in this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Busk
- Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, Department of Animal Product Quality, Tjele.
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Trottier NL. Nutritional control of amino acid supply to the mammary gland during lactation in the pig. Proc Nutr Soc 1997; 56:581-91. [PMID: 9264109 DOI: 10.1079/pns19970059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The paucity of data relating to lactation physiology of the sow has frustrated researchers in estimating nutrient needs for production and mammary maintenance functions. The nutritional control of amino acid supply for milk synthesis is influenced by factors that have yet to be measured, such as blood flow and amino acid contribution from the body protein pool. The interaction or role of hormones such as insulin, glucagon or prolactin in amino acid dynamics and inter-organ exchange during lactation in the sow, are not well understood. The discrepancy existing between milk and mammary amino acid uptake profiles relative to lysine may be indicative of mammary metabolism and possibly maintenance requirements for specific amino acids. Hence, amino acid metabolism in the mammary gland, regardless of arterial blood substrate supply, may play an important role in a factorial approach to determining requirements. Mammary amino acid uptake ratios rather than milk amino acid ratios should provide a better tool to estimate amino acid requirements relative to lysine. Although lysine has typically been limiting in maize-soyabean-meal-based diets fed to lactating sows, current production trends are bringing a new dimension to the formulation of lactating-sow diets. Other amino acids may become limiting if dietary crystalline lysine is added without concern for the whole essential amino acid profile. Formulations based on an ideal amino acid profile for the lactating sow will, therefore, become critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Trottier
- Michigan State University, Department of Animal Science, East Lansing 48824, USA
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Abstracts of Communications. Proc Nutr Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1079/pns19970082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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