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Glück T, Zablotski Y, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Microcomputed tomographic analysis of the ulnar trochlear notch in medium- and large-breed canine cadavers with and without medial coronoid disease. Res Vet Sci 2024; 166:105108. [PMID: 38101086 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Medial coronoid disease (MCD) is a common disease often associated with thoracic limb lameness in medium- and large-breed dogs. The term MCD includes subchondral changes of the medial coronoid process (MCP), as well as pathologies of both cartilaginous surfaces. As there are only a few comprehensive and detailed studies on the trabecular structure of the medial coronoid, the goal of this study was to compare the trabecular structure of the ulnar trochlear notch of canine cadavers with and without MCD using different micro-computed tomographic (micro-CT) parameters. Fifty-eight elbow joints from 29 canine cadavers of MCD-predisposed and non-predisposed breeds (control group) were examined radiographically, macroscopically and by microcomputed tomography. The study included elbow joints of eight Labrador Retrievers (21.6-37 kg), seven Golden Retrievers (26.3-42 kg), seven Bernese Mountain dogs (31-47 kg) and seven dogs of non-predisposed breeds (19.7-52 kg) (control group). The final diagnosis of MCD was based on necropsy and micro-computed tomographic examinations. Micro-CT examinations were performed using XtremeCT II (Scanco Medical, Zurich, Switzerland) and the following parameters were examined: bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp), trabecular number (Tb.N), connectivity density (Conn.D) and degree of anisotropy (DA). Twenty-four elbows of 44 elbows of the predisposed breeds (Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers Bernese Mountain dogs) showed subchondral changes and lesions of the cartilage surfaces. The result of this study is a higher density (BV/TV) of the trabecular bone of the ulnar trochlear notch in elbows affected by MCD compared to the control group. The increased density due to trabecular reconstruction in the ulnar trochlear notch is likely the result of selectively increased loading during life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Glück
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
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2
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Hayward JJ, Todhunter RJ. Common Orthopedic Traits and Screening for Breeding Programs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023:S0195-5616(23)00066-9. [PMID: 37225647 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Orthopedic diseases are complex traits, meaning genetics and environmental factors affect risk, making identification of genetic associations difficult. In the United States, hip and elbow scores, patellar luxation scores, Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, and shoulder osteochondrosis affectedness are available in the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals registry. Distraction indices and extended, ventrodorsal hip conformation scores are recorded by PennHIP. Application of estimated breeding values for hip and elbow dysplasia in breeder selection reduces the severity and prevalence of these traits. Genomic prediction and whole-genome sequence technologies and methods should improve knowledge of genetics underlying orthopedic diseases, leading to improved canine orthopedic genetic quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Hayward
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Rory J Todhunter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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3
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Binversie EE, Momen M, Rosa GJM, Davis BW, Muir P. Across-breed genetic investigation of canine hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, and anterior cruciate ligament rupture using whole-genome sequencing. Front Genet 2022; 13:913354. [PMID: 36531249 PMCID: PMC9755188 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.913354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the use of genome-wide association study (GWAS) for the analysis of canine whole-genome sequencing (WGS) repository data using breed phenotypes. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were called from WGS data from 648 dogs that included 119 breeds from the Dog10K Genomes Project. Next, we assigned breed phenotypes for hip dysplasia (Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) HD, n = 230 dogs from 27 breeds; hospital HD, n = 279 dogs from 38 breeds), elbow dysplasia (ED, n = 230 dogs from 27 breeds), and anterior cruciate ligament rupture (ACL rupture, n = 279 dogs from 38 breeds), the three most important canine spontaneous complex orthopedic diseases. Substantial morbidity is common with these diseases. Previous within- and between-breed GWAS for HD, ED, and ACL rupture using array SNPs have identified disease-associated loci. Individual disease phenotypes are lacking in repository data. There is a critical knowledge gap regarding the optimal approach to undertake categorical GWAS without individual phenotypes. We considered four GWAS approaches: a classical linear mixed model, a haplotype-based model, a binary case-control model, and a weighted least squares model using SNP average allelic frequency. We found that categorical GWAS was able to validate HD candidate loci. Additionally, we discovered novel candidate loci and genes for all three diseases, including FBX025, IL1A, IL1B, COL27A1, SPRED2 (HD), UGDH, FAF1 (ED), TGIF2 (ED & ACL rupture), and IL22, IL26, CSMD1, LDHA, and TNS1 (ACL rupture). Therefore, categorical GWAS of ancestral dog populations may contribute to the understanding of any disease for which breed epidemiological risk data are available, including diseases for which GWAS has not been performed and candidate loci remain elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Binversie
- Comparative Orthopaedic and Genetics Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mehdi Momen
- Comparative Orthopaedic and Genetics Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Guilherme J. M. Rosa
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Brian W. Davis
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Peter Muir
- Comparative Orthopaedic and Genetics Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States,*Correspondence: Peter Muir,
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4
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Haney PS, Wilborn RR. Breeding Program Management. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 51:891-904. [PMID: 34059262 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Managing a colony of high-quality, purpose-bred dogs requires strategic organization and planning. Because current demand for working dogs exceeds the supply available, production success should be maximized. Quality should always be emphasized over quantity, especially for the selection of breeding stock. Puppy development plans should take into account the 4 unique phases of puppy development. Many factors influencing breeding decisions are discussed in this article, based on lessons learned from the Canine Performance Sciences program at Auburn University, a medium-sized production colony in its twentieth year that has produced 140 litters of the highest-quality purpose-bred working dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S Haney
- Canine Performance Sciences Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 104 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Robyn R Wilborn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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5
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Gluding D, Stock KF, Tellhelm B, Kramer M, Eley N. Genetic background of lumbosacral transitional vertebrae in German shepherd dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:967-972. [PMID: 34155659 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Estimation of genetic parameters of lumbosacral transitional vertebrae based on data derived from radiographic screening of 27,597 German shepherd dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Results of radiographic screening for lumbosacral transitional vertebrae classified according to a published scheme were collected. Obtained data were used for estimating variance components in single and multiple trait linear animal models to obtain heritabilities and additive genetic correlations for different types of lumbosacral transitional vertebrae. RESULTS Estimations indicated a moderate heritability of lumbosacral transitional vertebrae of h2 = 0.27. Trait definitions reflecting the different types of lumbosacral transitional vertebrae revealed positive additive genetic correlations of rg > 0.5 between those types usually categorised as pathologic. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Results of comprehensive genetic analyses enable the development of breeding measures against lumbosacral transitional vertebrae to reduce their prevalence and support management of potentially correlated diseases in German shepherd dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gluding
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals (Surgery), Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - K F Stock
- IT Solutions for Animal Production (vit), 27283, Verden, Germany
| | - B Tellhelm
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals (Surgery), Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - M Kramer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals (Surgery), Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - N Eley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals (Surgery), Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Effects of Long-Term Selection in the Border Collie Dog Breed: Inbreeding Purge of Canine Hip and Elbow Dysplasia. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101743. [PMID: 32992858 PMCID: PMC7601391 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary For dog breeders, health is one of the main criteria when choosing a breeding animal; thus, selection for good anatomy is the key to reduce orthopedic disorders. In many dog breeds, radiographic screening for canine hip and elbow dysplasia is a compulsory test for breeding; however, these multifactorial traits are determined by genetic and environmental factors. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to eliminate these disorders from the population. In natural selection, such traits can be “purged” out of the population with inbreeding. The study aimed to examine the inbreeding-purge of canine hip and elbow dysplasia in the border collie breed. The main conclusion was that over-representation of homozygous individuals may have a positive effect on hip and elbow conformation. Abstract Pedigree data of 13,339 border collie dog was collected along with canine hip dysplasia (CHD) and canine elbow dysplasia (CED) records (1352 CHD and 524 CED), and an inbreeding–purging (IP) model was created. Ancestral inbreeding coefficients were calculated by using a gene dropping simulation method with GRain 2.2 software. Cumulative logit models (CLM) for CHD and CED were fitted using a logit-link Poisson distribution and the classical (F_W), and ancestral inbreeding (F_BAL, F_KAL, and F_KAL_NEW) coefficients as linear regression coefficients. The effective population size was calculated from F_W and decreased in the examined period along with an increase of F_W; however, slight differences were found as a consequence of breeding dog imports. CHD values were lowered by the expansion of F_BAL, as the alleles had been inbred in the past. For CHD, signs of purging were obtained. There was a positive trend regarding the breeding activity (both sire and dam of the future litters should be screened and certified free from CHD and CED), as years of selection increased the frequency of alleles with favorable hip and elbow conformation. Division of the ancestral inbreeding coefficient showed that alleles that had been identical by descent (IBD) for the first time (F_KAL_NEW) had a negative effect on both traits, while F_KAL has shown favorable results for alleles IBD in past generations. Some authors had proven this phenomenon in captive populations or experimental conditions; however, no evidence of inbreeding purge has ever been described in dog populations. Despite the various breeding practices, it seems that alleles of these polygenic disorders could be successfully purged out of the population with long-term selection.
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Ohlerth S, Geiser B, Flückiger M, Geissbühler U. Prevalence of Canine Hip Dysplasia in Switzerland Between 1995 and 2016-A Retrospective Study in 5 Common Large Breeds. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:378. [PMID: 31709271 PMCID: PMC6821640 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is a genetic disease, modulated by epigenetic and environmental factors. To decrease the prevalence of CHD, the hip joints of many pure breed dogs are radiographed to identify dysplastic dogs not qualified for breeding. It has been shown that both, prevalence and severity of CHD may be reduced on the basis of phenotypic i.e., radiographic selection of breeding animals. The method has been used in many countries for over 50 years. In the present study, severity and prevalence of CHD in five common large breeds in Switzerland were evaluated since 1995. Both, prevalence and severity of CHD dropped in each breed between the periods 1995-1999 and 2010-2016. The prevalence decreased in Golden Retrievers from 25 to 9% and in Labrador Retrievers from 16 to 3%, respectively. In the Flat-Coated Retriever, prevalence in general was low, decreasing from 6 to 3%. In the Bernese mountain dog and the German shepherd dog, a decrease from 21 to 12% and from 46 to 18%, respectively, was observed. However, the rather low overall rate of radiographed dogs (Retrievers: 11 to 18%, Bernese Mountain dogs: 23% and German Shepherd dogs: 31%) does not allow to draw reliable conclusions regarding the true prevalence of CHD for the entire population of these breeds in Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Ohlerth
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Clinical Services and Diagnostics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Britta Geiser
- Section of Clinical Radiology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mark Flückiger
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Clinical Services and Diagnostics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Geissbühler
- Section of Clinical Radiology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Leighton EA, Holle D, Biery DN, Gregor TP, McDonald-Lynch MB, Wallace ML, Reagan JK, Smith GK. Genetic improvement of hip-extended scores in 3 breeds of guide dogs using estimated breeding values: Notable progress but more improvement is needed. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212544. [PMID: 30794614 PMCID: PMC6386262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Two hip quality phenotypes-a hip-extended score assigned by a board certified radiologist and the PennHIP distraction index-were analyzed to estimate genetic parameters and to calculate estimated breeding values used for selecting replacement breeders. Radiographs obtained at 12-18 months of age were available on 5,201 German Shepherd Dogs, 4,987 Labrador Retrievers and 2,308 Golden Retrievers. Obtained by fitting a two-trait model using Bayesian techniques, estimates of heritability for the hip-extended score were 0.76, 0.72, and 0.41 in German Shepherd Dogs, Labrador Retrievers, and Golden Retrievers, respectively, while estimated heritabilities for distraction index were 0.60, 0.66 and 0.59, respectively. Genetic correlations between the two hip quality measures were -0.28 in German Shepherd Dogs, -0.21 in Labrador Retrievers, and -0.29 in Golden Retrievers. Genetic selection for improved hip quality based upon the hip extended score phenotype began in 1980. Among first generation puppies, 34% of 273 German Shepherd Dogs, 55% of 323 Labrador Retrievers, and 43% of 51 Golden Retrievers had an Excellent hip extended score. After 8 generations of selection, mostly based on estimated breeding values derived from the hip extended score, over 93% of 695 German Shepherd Dogs, 94% of 528 Labrador Retrievers, and 87% of 116 Golden Retrievers received an Excellent hip extended score. With respect to PennHIP distraction index values among these same dogs, median values were at or above 0.30 for all 3 breeds meaning that half or more of dogs possessing the Excellent hip-extended-score phenotype remained susceptible to developing the osteoarthritis of canine hip dysplasia. Genetic improvement of the hip-extended-view phenotype to its desired biological endpoint left a surprising proportion of dogs expressing sufficient joint laxity to place them in an osteoarthritis at-risk state as they age. Only by directly applying selection pressure to reduce distraction index was marked reduction in joint laxity noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldin A. Leighton
- The Seeing Eye, Inc, Morristown, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Dolores Holle
- The Seeing Eye, Inc, Morristown, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Darryl N. Biery
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Thomas P. Gregor
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mischa B. McDonald-Lynch
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mandy L. Wallace
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jennifer K. Reagan
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gail K. Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
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9
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Wang S, Leroy G, Malm S, Lewis T, Viklund Å, Strandberg E, Fikse WF. Genetic correlations of hip dysplasia scores for Golden retrievers and Labrador retrievers in France, Sweden and the UK. Vet J 2017; 226:51-56. [PMID: 28911842 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to reduce the prevalence of inherited diseases in pedigree dogs, the feasibility of implementation of an international breeding program was investigated. One prerequisite is a strong genetic correlation between countries and our objective was to estimate this correlation for canine hip dysplasia (HD) across three countries to evaluate the feasibility of an international genetic evaluation. Data were provided by the Société Centrale Canine (SCC, France), Svenska Kennelklubben (SKK, Sweden) and The Kennel Club (KC, UK) on Golden retriever and Labrador retriever dogs. Trivariate analysis on the three different modes of scoring HD in France, Sweden and the UK was performed using a mixed linear animal model. Heritability, genetic correlation, number of common sires, genetic similarity, selection differentials and accuracy of selection were calculated. The estimated heritabilities of Golden retrievers (Labrador retrievers) for HD scores were 0.28 (0.15), 0.28 (0.29) and 0.41 (0.34) in France, Sweden and the UK, respectively. The feasibility of performing a genetic evaluation of HD across countries was indicated by the favourable genetic correlations estimated between score modes (ranged from 0.48 to 0.99). The accuracy of selection for the most recent birth year cohorts of male dogs was not improved by international evaluation compared to national evaluation. Improvement in genetic progress can however be achieved by selection across populations in different countries, particularly for small populations, which were indicated by the large difference between selection differentials based on the national and international evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wang
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 26, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden; Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, AgroParisTech, 16 Rue Claude Bernard, 75231 Paris, France; Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, INRA, Domain de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - G Leroy
- Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, AgroParisTech, 16 Rue Claude Bernard, 75231 Paris, France; Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, INRA, Domain de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - S Malm
- Svenska Kennelklubben, Rinkebysvängen 70, 163 74 Spånga, Sweden
| | - T Lewis
- The Kennel Club, Clarges Street, London W1J 8AB, United Kingdom; School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Å Viklund
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 26, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E Strandberg
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 26, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - W F Fikse
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 26, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
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Oberbauer AM, Keller GG, Famula TR. Long-term genetic selection reduced prevalence of hip and elbow dysplasia in 60 dog breeds. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172918. [PMID: 28234985 PMCID: PMC5325577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) and elbow dysplasia (ED) impact the health and welfare of all dogs. The first formally organized assessment scheme to improve canine health centered on reducing the prevalence of these orthopedic disorders. Phenotypic screening of joint conformation remains the currently available strategy for breeders to make selection decisions. The present study evaluated the efficacy of employing phenotypic selection on breed improvement of hips and elbows using the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals complete database spanning the 1970–2015 time period. Sixty breeds having more than 1000 unique hip evaluations and 500 elbow evaluations (1,056,852 and 275,129 hip and elbow records, respectively) were interrogated to derive phenotypic improvement, sex and age at time of assessment effects, correlation between the two joints, heritability estimates, estimated breeding values (EBV), and effectiveness of maternal/paternal selection. The data demonstrated that there has been overall improvement in hip and elbow conformation with a reduction in EBV for disease liability, although the breeds differed in the magnitude of the response to selection. Heritabilities also differed substantially across the breeds as did the correlation of the joints; in the absence of a universal association of these differences with breed size, popularity, or participation in screening, it appears that the breeds themselves vary in genetic control. There was subtle, though again breed specific, impact of sex and older ages on CHD and ED. There was greater paternal impact on a reduction of CHD. In the absence of direct genetic tests for either of these two diseases, phenotypic selection has proven to be effective. Furthermore, the data underscore that selection schemes must be breed specific and that it is likely the genetic profiles will be unique across the breeds for these two conditions. Despite the advances achieved with phenotypic selection, incorporation of EBVs into selection schemes should accelerate advances in hip and elbow improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Oberbauer
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA United States of America
| | - G G Keller
- Orthopedic Foundation for Animals, Columbia, MO United States of America
| | - T R Famula
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA United States of America
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11
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Population structure, inbreeding trend and their association with hip and elbow dysplasia in dogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s1357729800058197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aims of this study were to examine population structure and inbreeding trend in six dog breeds in Finland and to assess the inbreeding depression for hip and elbow dysplasia. Data consisted of 289 569 dogs, of which 36 924 dogs also had a record for hip and/or elbow dysplasia screening. From the early 1980s onwards, inbreeding trends were decreasing in the Golden Retriever, the Labrador Retriever, the Rough Collie and the Rottweiler, probably as a result of importations of dogs, and somewhat increasing in the Finnish Hound and the German Shepherd. When analysed per generation, observed mean inbreeding coefficients were higher than the expected ones in each breed, indicating that breeders have not actively avoided inbreeding. As a class effect, the inbreeding level was significant only for hip dysplasia in the Labrador Retriever and the German Shepherd breeds. As a regression, inbreeding level of a dog had only a minor effect on both of the dysplasias. Hip dysplasia in the Labrador Retriever appeared to be more influenced by longer term aggregation of homozygosity (long-term inbreeding) in animals than by shorter-term inbreeding. When analysed from two data sets with a minimum of five and two ancestral generations for each dog in the data, a statistically significant association between hip dysplasia and inbreeding for the Labrador Retriever could be detected only in the former data set.
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12
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Genetic variances, trends and mode of inheritance for hip and elbow dysplasia in Finnish dog populations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s1357729800052966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aims of this study were to assess genetic variances, trends and mode of inheritance for hip and elbow dysplasia in Finnish dog populations. The influence of time-dependent fixed effects in the model when estimating the genetic trends was also studied. Official hip and elbow dysplasia screening records of 42 421 dogs from seven breeds were analysed with REML. To investigate the mode of inheritance of hip and elbow dysplasia, trait distributions, genetic variances and regressions of offspring phenotypes on parental predicted breeding values were studied separately in males and in females. Genetic trends for hip dysplasia between the years 1983 and 1998 were favourable only in the Rottweiler. In elbow dysplasia, the trends were favourable after the year 1992 in all the four breeds studied but the overall changes were small. The reason for this seemed to be negligible selection pressure against these traits. Time-dependent fixed effects in the model had an influence on the estimated genetic trends, resulting either in a more negative or more positive genetic trend compared with the model from which the time-dependent effects were removed. Mitochondrial or sex-linked inheritance did not seem likely in the expression of hip and elbow dysplasia in the populations studied. Regression coefficients of offspring phenotypes on estimated parental breeding values were approximately equal to their expected value in a situation with equal parental contribution. Furthermore, the phenotypic frequency distributions of hip and elbow dysplasia grades were similar among males and females in each breed studied. No indication of major genes was found in the offspring frequency distributions within individual sires. According to these Finnish data, mode of inheritance for both hip and elbow dysplasia is polygenic (quantitative) with equal expression of the genes from both parents, although the estimates of heritability for hip dysplasia in the Rough Collie and for elbow dysplasia in the German Shepherd and the Golden Retriever were somewhat different in males compared with females.
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Sturaro E, Menegazzo L, Piccinini P, Bittante G, Carnier P, Gallo L. Prevalence and genetic parameters for hip dysplasia in Italian population of purebred dogs. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2006.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Sturaro E, Ojala M, Mäki K, Bittante G, Carnier P, Pedrani G, Gallo L. Results from an explorative screening program for elbow dysplasia in some breeds of dogs in Italy. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2005.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Sturaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche. Università di Padova, Italy
| | - Matti Ojala
- Department of Animal Science. University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Mäki
- Department of Animal Science. University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Paolo Carnier
- Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche. Università di Padova, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Gallo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche. Università di Padova, Italy
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15
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Estimate of heritability and genetic trend of intervertebral disc calcification in Dachshunds in Finland. Acta Vet Scand 2015; 57:78. [PMID: 26597811 PMCID: PMC4656185 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-015-0170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intervertebral disc disease (IDD) is a hereditary condition particularly common in Dachshunds. The breed is predisposed to early intervertebral disc degeneration and intervertebral disc calcification (IDC). When calcified, these severely degenerated discs are visible in spinal radiographs. Since the number of calcified discs (NCD) is associated with IDD, spinal radiography can be utilized in screening programmes in attempts to diminish the incidence of IDD in Dachshunds. Our aims were to estimate the heritability and genetic trend of NCD in Dachshunds in Finland and to explore the effect of age at the time of radiographic screening. Since the NCD has a highly skewed distribution, a log-transformed NCD (lnNCD) was also used as an analysed trait. The variance components for both traits were estimated, using the restricted maximum likelihood method. The fixed effects of breed variant, sex, as well as year of screening and the random effects of litter and animal were included in the model. The genetic trends in the NCD and lnNCD were assessed from the estimated breeding values (EBVs) of individual dogs by comparing the mean EBV of dogs born in different years. The breeding values were estimated, using the best linear unbiased prediction animal model. The pedigree in the genetic analyses included a total of 9027 dogs, of which 1567 showed results for NCDs. Results The heritability estimates of the NCD and lnNCD in Dachshunds were high (0.53 and 0.45, respectively). Small genetic improvements were seen as the mean EBVs increased from 100 to 104 and 105 over a 15-year period. The gain in the entire Dachshund population in Finland may differ from that observed, since less than 10 % of the Dachshunds registered have a screening result for NCD. Age at the time of the screening did not significantly affect the NCD or lnNCD. Conclusions We recommend systematic radiographic screening for IDC in Dachshunds and adopting EBVs as a tool for selecting breeding dogs. Age at the time of the radiographic screening may not be as important as previously suggested.
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Ginja M, Gaspar AR, Ginja C. Emerging insights into the genetic basis of canine hip dysplasia. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2015; 6:193-202. [PMID: 30101106 PMCID: PMC6070022 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s63536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is the most common inherited polygenic orthopedic trait in dogs with the phenotype influenced also by environmental factors. This trait was described in the dog in 1935 and leads to a debilitating secondary hip osteoarthritis. The diagnosis is confirmed radiographically by evaluating signs of degenerative joint disease, incongruence, and/or passive hip joint laxity. There is no ideal medical or surgical treatment so prevention based on controlled breeding is the optimal approach. The definitive CHD diagnosis based on radiographic examination involves the exposure to ionizing radiation under general anesthesia or heavy sedation but the image does not reveal the underlying genetic quality of the dog. Phenotypic expression of CHD is modified by environmental factors and dogs with a normal phenotype can be carriers of some mutations and transmit these genes to their offspring. Programs based on selection of dogs with better individual phenotypes for breeding are effective when strictly applied but remain inferior to the selection of dogs based on estimation of breeding values. Molecular studies for dissecting the genetic basis of CHD are ongoing, but progress has been slow. In the future, the recommended method to improve hip quality in controlled breeding schemes, which will allow higher selection pressure, would be based on the estimation of the genomic breeding value. Since 2012, a commercial DNA test has been available for Labrador Retrievers using a blood sample and provides a probability for development of CHD but we await evidence that this test reduces the incidence or severity of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Ginja
- Department of Veterinary Sciences-CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal,
| | - Ana Rita Gaspar
- Department of Veterinary Sciences-CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal,
| | - Catarina Ginja
- Ce3C - Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Ambientais, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,CIBIO-InBIO - Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
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17
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Soo M, Worth AJ. Canine hip dysplasia: phenotypic scoring and the role of estimated breeding value analysis. N Z Vet J 2014; 63:69-78. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2014.949893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Kunst CM, Pease AP, Nelson NC, Habing G, Ballegeer EA. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION OF DYSPLASIA AND PROGRESSION OF OSTEOARTHRITIS IN DOG ELBOWS PREVIOUSLY ASSIGNED OFA GRADES 0 AND 1. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 55:511-20. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony P. Pease
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48823
| | | | - Greg Habing
- Department of Veterinary Preventative Medicine; Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210
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Lavrijsen ICM, Heuven HCM, Meij BP, Theyse LFH, Nap RC, Leegwater PAJ, Hazewinkel HAW. Prevalence and co-occurrence of hip dysplasia and elbow dysplasia in Dutch pure-bred dogs. Prev Vet Med 2014; 114:114-22. [PMID: 24588976 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hip as well as elbow dysplasia (HD, ED) are developmental disorders leading to malformation of their respective joints. For a long time both disorders have been scored and targeted for improvement using selective breeding in several Dutch dog populations. In this paper all scores for both HD and ED, given to pure bred dogs in the Netherlands from 2002 to 2010, were analyzed. Heritabilities and correlations between HD and ED were calculated for the 4 most frequently scored breeds. Heritabilities ranged from 0.0 to 0.37 for HD related traits (FCI-score, osteoarthritis, congruity, shape and laxity (Norberg angle); FCI: Fédération Cynologique Internationale) and from 0.0 to 0.39 for ED related traits (IEWG score, osteoarthritis, sclerosis and indentation; IEWG: International Elbow Working Group). HD related traits showed high genetic and residual correlations among each other but were only to a minor extent correlated with ED related traits, which also showed high correlations among each other. Genetic correlations were higher than residual correlations. Phenotypic and genetic trends since 2001 for the four most scored breeds were slightly positive but decreasing over time, indicating that selection over the past decade has not been effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C M Lavrijsen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80154, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H C M Heuven
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80154, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands; Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - B P Meij
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80154, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L F H Theyse
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80154, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R C Nap
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80154, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands; Uppertunity Consultants, Gaspar Campos 245, B1638 Vicente Lopez, Argentina
| | - P A J Leegwater
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80154, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H A W Hazewinkel
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80154, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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20
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Hou Y, Wang Y, Lu X, Zhang X, Zhao Q, Todhunter RJ, Zhang Z. Monitoring Hip and Elbow Dysplasia achieved modest genetic improvement of 74 dog breeds over 40 years in USA. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76390. [PMID: 24124555 PMCID: PMC3790730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hip (HD) and Elbow Dysplasia (ED) are two common complex developmental disorders of dogs. In order to decrease their prevalence and severity, the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) has a voluntary registry of canine hip and elbow conformation certified by boarded radiologists. However, the voluntarily reports have been severely biased against exposing dogs with problems, especially at beginning period. Fluctuated by additional influential factors such as age, the published raw scores barely showed trends of improvement. In this study, we used multiple-trait mixed model to simultaneously adjust these factors and incorporate pedigree to derive Estimated Breeding Values (EBV). A total of 1,264,422 dogs from 74 breeds were evaluated for EBVs from 760,455 hip scores and 135,409 elbow scores. These EBVs have substantially recovered the reporting bias and the other influences. Clear and steady trends of genetic improvement were observed over the 40 years since 1970. The total genetic improvements were 16.4% and 1.1% of the phenotypic standard deviation for HD and ED, respectively. The incidences of dysplasia were 0.83% and 2.08%, and the heritabilities were estimated as 0.22 and 0.17 for hip and elbow scores, respectively. The genetic correlation between them was 0.12. We conclude that EBV is more effective than reporting raw phenotype. The weak genetic correlation suggested that selection based on hip scores would also slightly improve elbow scores but it is necessary to allocate effort toward improvement of elbow scores alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Hou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yachun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Lu
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rory J. Todhunter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RJT); (ZZ)
| | - Zhiwu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RJT); (ZZ)
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21
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Krontveit RI, Nødtvedt A, Sævik BK, Ropstad E, Trangerud C. Housing- and exercise-related risk factors associated with the development of hip dysplasia as determined by radiographic evaluation in a prospective cohort of Newfoundlands, Labrador Retrievers, Leonbergers, and Irish Wolfhounds in Norway. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:838-46. [PMID: 22620698 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.6.838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify housing- and exercise-related risk factors associated with the development of hip dysplasia (HD) as determined by radiographic evaluation in Newfoundlands, Labrador Retrievers, Leonbergers, and Irish Wolfhounds in Norway. ANIMALS 501 client-owned dogs from 103 litters. PROCEDURES Dogs were assessed from birth until official radiographic screening for HD at 12 (Labrador Retriever [n = 133] and Irish Wolfhound [63]) or 18 (Newfoundland [125] and Leonberger [180]) months of age. Information regarding housing and exercise conditions during the preweaning and postweaning periods was obtained with questionnaires. Multivariable random effects logistic regression models were used to identify housing- and exercise-related risk factors associated with the development of radiographically detectable HD. RESULTS Puppies walking on stairs from birth to 3 months of age had an increased risk of developing HD. Factors associated with a decreased risk of developing HD included off-leash exercise from birth to 3 months of age, birth during the spring and summer, and birth on a farm. Significant clustering of dogs with HD was detected within litters. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that puppies ≤ 3 months old should not be allowed access to stairs, but should be allowed outdoor exercise on soft ground in moderately rough terrain to decrease the risk for developing radiographically detectable HD. These findings could be used as practical recommendations for the prevention of HD in Newfoundlands, Labrador Retrievers, Leonbergers, and Irish Wolfhounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi I Krontveit
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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22
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Malm S, Sørensen AC, Fikse WF, Strandberg E. Efficient selection against categorically scored hip dysplasia in dogs is possible using best linear unbiased prediction and optimum contribution selection: a simulation study. J Anim Breed Genet 2012; 130:154-64. [PMID: 23496016 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2012.01013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Breeding to reduce the prevalence of categorically scored hip dysplasia (HD), based on phenotypic assessment of radiographic hip status, has had limited success. The aim of this study was to evaluate two selection strategies for improved hip status: truncation selection based on phenotypic record versus best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP), using stochastic simulation and selection scenarios resembling those in real dog populations. In addition, optimum contribution selection (OCS) was evaluated. Two traits were considered: HD (as a categorical trait with five classes and a heritability of 0.45 on the liability scale) and a continuous trait (with a heritability of 0.25) intended to represent other characteristics in the breeding goal. A population structure mimicking that in real dog populations was modelled. The categorical nature of HD caused a considerably lower genetic gain compared to simulating HD as a continuous trait. Genetic gain was larger for BLUP selection than for phenotypic selection in all scenarios. However, BLUP selection resulted in higher rates of inbreeding. By applying OCS, the rate of inbreeding was lowered to about the same level as phenotypic selection but with increased genetic improvement. For efficient selection against HD, use of BLUP breeding values should be prioritized. In small populations, BLUP should be used together with OCS or similar strategy to maintain genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Malm
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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23
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Lavrijsen ICM, Heuven HCM, Voorhout G, Meij BP, Theyse LFH, Leegwater PAJ, Hazewinkel HAW. Phenotypic and genetic evaluation of elbow dysplasia in Dutch Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, and Bernese Mountain dogs. Vet J 2012; 193:486-92. [PMID: 22336139 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Canine elbow dysplasia encompasses four developmental diseases: ununited anconeal process, osteochondrosis of the medial part of the humeral condyle, fragmented medial coronoid process (FCP), and incongruity of the elbow joint. Four radiographic views per joint were used to evaluate 2693 Labrador Retrievers (LRs), 1213 Golden Retrievers (GRs), and 974 Bernese Mountain Dogs (BMDs) for the presence of elbow dysplasia between 2002 and 2009 in the Netherlands. The views were also graded for signs of osteoarthritis and sclerosis. FCP was diagnosed most frequently in LRs, GRs and BMDs, with an incidence of 6%, 5%, and 15%, and a heritability of 0.17, 0.24, and 0.06, respectively. Heritabilities were estimated using a sire model and all available ancestors. Sclerosis at the base of the medial coronoid process was the radiographic sign most strongly correlated with FCP (r=0.95, 0.92, and 0.95 in LRs, GRs and BMDs, respectively). The sex of the dog was significantly correlated with the presence of osteoarthritis in LRs, but not in GRs and BMDs. Male LRs were 1.7-fold more frequently, but not more severely, affected by osteoarthritis than female dogs. Age at radiographic examination was significantly associated with osteoarthritis in all three breeds. The heritability estimates in Retrievers were high enough to warrant including FCP findings in the breeding policy, but until the biomechanical and genetic background of elbow dysplasia are better understood, correct phenotyping with a sensitive technique is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C M Lavrijsen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80154, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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24
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Verhoeven G, Fortrie R, Van Ryssen B, Coopman F. Worldwide Screening for Canine Hip Dysplasia: Where Are We Now? Vet Surg 2012; 41:10-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2011.00929.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geert Verhoeven
- Europees Specialist Chirurgie Gezelschapsdieren, Ghent University; Medical Imaging and Orthopedics, Salisburylaan 133; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Ruth Fortrie
- Algemene Dierenkliniek Randstad, Frans Beirenslaan 155; Borsbeek Belgium
| | - Bernadette Van Ryssen
- Europees Specialist Chirurgie Gezelschapsdieren, Ghent University; Medical Imaging and Orthopedics, Salisburylaan 133; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Frank Coopman
- University College Ghent; Department of Biosciences and Landscape Architecture, Busselsesteenweg 161; Melle Belgium
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25
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Vostrý L, Čapková Z, Šebková N, Přibyl J. Estimation of genetic parameters for hip dysplasia in Czech Labrador Retrievers. J Anim Breed Genet 2011; 129:60-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2011.00946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Stock K, Klein S, Tellhelm B, Distl O. Genetic analyses of elbow and hip dysplasia in the German shepherd dog. J Anim Breed Genet 2011; 128:219-29. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2010.00901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Occurrence of Radiologically Detectable “Kissing” Lesion in Dog Elbows in Dependence on the Type of Fragmentation of the Processus Coronoideus Medialis and on Sex. ACTA VET BRNO 2010. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201079030475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to find the frequency of radiologically detectable “kissing” lesion in individual variants of fragmented processus coronoideus medialis (FCP) and its occurrence in relation to sex. The radiographs of elbow joints (n = 135) of dogs (n = 77) in which a fragmented processus coronoideus medialis ulnae was detected arthroscopically (n = 109) or arthrotomically (n = 26) were evaluated. Significantly higher occurrence of radiologically detectable “kissing” lesion was found in elbows with non-dislocated and dislocated fragment (p< 0.01). Significantly lower occurrence of radiologically detectable “kissing” lesion was found in elbows with chondromalacia of processus coronoideus medialis (PCM) (p< 0.01). We found no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the occurrence of a “kissing” lesion in males and females with FCP. The occurrence of the “kissing” lesion extending to the subchondral bone was not affected by sex. The results of our study suggest the possibility of identifying elbow joints with completely fragmented FCP on the basis of occurrence of a radiologically detectable “kissing” lesion.
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Krontveit RI, Nødtvedt A, Sævik BK, Ropstad E, Skogmo HK, Trangerud C. A prospective study on canine hip dysplasia and growth in a cohort of four large breeds in Norway (1998-2001). Prev Vet Med 2010; 97:252-63. [PMID: 20956024 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The study-objective was to measure the effect of weight and growth related parameters on the risk of development of Canine Hip Dysplasia (CHD). The hypothesis was that heavy and fast growing dogs of large sized breeds were at increased risk of development of CHD compared to lighter and slower growing dogs. A prospective cohort study was conducted among dogs of four large breeds: Newfoundland (NF), Leonberger (LEO), Labrador retriever (LR), and Irish wolfhound (IW). The dogs were privately owned with individualized nutrition and environment, and they were followed from birth and throughout the growth period until the official screening for CHD was performed. The study sample consisted of 501 dogs from 103 litters, with the breed distribution 125 NF, 180 LEO, 133 LR, and 63 IW. Because the dogs were clustered in litters a multivariable random effects logistic regression model was used to assess statistically significant growth-related risk factors for CHD. The estimated incidence risk of CHD was 36% in NF, 25% in LEO, 20% in LR, and 10% in IW. Based upon the final multilevel model it appears that the odds of CHD among both LR and IW (odds ratio (OR) 0.22) are about one-fifth of the odds for NF. The odds for LEO (OR 0.60) are not significantly different from NF. There appeared to be an inverse relationship between body weight at 3 months of age and odds of CHD, with an OR of 0.89 (P=0.044). The degree of clustering at the litter-level was high (22.6%) and highly significant (P<0.001). Findings failed to support the hypothesis that heavy and fast growing dogs from four large sized breeds were at increased risk for development of CHD. There might be other unmeasured environmental risk factors for CHD in this cohort of dogs, although the contribution of the genetic variance to the litter-level clustering also needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi I Krontveit
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Vieira G, Tôrres R, Barros G, Rocha B, Rezende C. Associação entre o ângulo de Norberg, o percentual de cobertura da cabeça femoral, o índice cortical e o ângulo de inclinação em cães com displasia coxofemoral. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352010000500011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foram avaliadas 386 radiografias da articulação coxofemoral, sendo 220 de cães da raça Pastor Alemão, 112 machos e 108 fêmeas, e 166 da raça Labrador Retriever, 69 machos e 97 fêmeas. As radiografias foram classificadas segundo o grau de displasia coxofemoral (DCF), e foram mensurados o ângulo de inclinação, o ângulo de Norberg, o índice cortical e o percentual de cobertura da cabeça femoral de ambos os lados. As variáveis foram associadas mediante análise estatística multivariada de componentes principais. As variáveis índice cortical e ângulo de inclinação foram inversamente associadas. A raça Pastor Alemão apresentou valores de índice cortical e graus de DCF mais baixos em relação à raça Labrador Retriever. Maior ângulo de inclinação foi associado a menor ângulo de Norberg e menor percentual de cobertura. Animais mais velhos apresentaram menor ângulo de Norberg, menor porcentagem de cobertura e maior grau de DCF. Nas fêmeas, foram observados menor porcentagem de cobertura, menor ângulo de Norberg e maior grau de DCF. Pode-se concluir que o ângulo de inclinação e o índice cortical não demonstraram associação com a DCF.
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Kempe R, Koskinen N, Mäntysaari E, Strandén I. The genetics of body condition and leg weakness in the blue fox (Alopex lagopus). ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2010.515241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Innes JF, Clegg P. Comparative rheumatology: what can be learnt from naturally occurring musculoskeletal disorders in domestic animals? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010; 49:1030-9. [PMID: 20176567 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Examples of naturally occurring musculoskeletal disorders are extremely common in veterinary species and provide a valuable comparative research resource, which can provide compelling comparative data on the aetiopathogenesis and treatment of many common human musculoskeletal diseases. In particular, orthopaedic diseases are a common morbidity in both dogs and horses. In this review, we give an overview of the common musculoskeletal diseases encountered in these species: for instance, tendon and ligament injuries, arthropathies and stress fractures, as well as an insight into the basic biology of these conditions. In doing so, we aim to demonstrate the similarities and differences between these disorders and similar conditions in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Innes
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Department of Comparative Molecular Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK.
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Clements DN, Short AD, Barnes A, Kennedy LJ, Ferguson JF, Butterworth SJ, Fitzpatrick N, Pead M, Bennett D, Innes JF, Carter SD, Ollier WER. A Candidate Gene Study of Canine Joint Diseases. J Hered 2009; 101:54-60. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esp088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Malm S, Fikse F, Egenvall A, Bonnett BN, Gunnarsson L, Hedhammar A, Strandberg E. Association between radiographic assessment of hip status and subsequent incidence of veterinary care and mortality related to hip dysplasia in insured Swedish dogs. Prev Vet Med 2009; 93:222-32. [PMID: 19819036 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the association between grading of hip status as assessed by radiographic examination (hip screening) and subsequent incidence of veterinary care and mortality related to hip dysplasia (HD) in five breeds of insured dogs in Sweden. Screening results for hip status from the Swedish Kennel Club and data on veterinary care and mortality from the insurance company Agria were merged based on the registration number of the dog. Dogs of five breeds (Bernese Mountain Dogs, German Shepherds, Golden Retrievers, Labrador Retrievers, and Rottweilers) screened during 1995-2004 and covered by an insurance plan for veterinary care or life at the time of screening were included. The study populations included between 1667 and 10,663 dogs per breed. Breed-specific multivariable Cox proportional-hazards analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of radiographic hip status on time from hip screening to first HD-related veterinary and life claim, respectively. The effects of gender, birth season, and a time-varying covariate of year were also studied. Additional analyses, on the five breeds combined, were performed to investigate the effects of hip status, breed, and the interaction between hip status and breed. The effect of hip status was highly significant (P<0.001) for both life and veterinary claims related to HD in all five breeds with increased hazard ratio (HR) for deteriorating hip status. Dogs with moderate or severe hip status at screening had a markedly increased hazard of HD-related veterinary care and mortality compared with dogs assessed as free or mild. The time-varying covariate of year showed a significantly higher HR in the last time period for German Shepherds and Labrador Retrievers in the analyses of veterinary claims. In the analyses on all five breeds, German Shepherds had the highest HR for both veterinary care and mortality related to HD, followed by Bernese Mountain Dogs. Golden and Labrador Retrievers had the lowest HR. The effect of hip status on the hazard was the same irrespective of breed. However, as a consequence of differences between breeds in overall risk, the predictive ability of screening results for subsequent incidence of HD-related problems for individual dogs was breed-dependent. Based on the strong association between radiographic hip status and incidence of HD-related veterinary care and mortality, and the previously reported moderate heritability of hip status, we conclude that selection based on screening results for hip status can be expected to reduce the risk of HD-related clinical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Malm
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. 7023, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Zhu L, Zhang Z, Friedenberg S, Jung SW, Phavaphutanon J, Vernier-Singer M, Corey E, Mateescu R, Dykes N, Sandler J, Acland G, Lust G, Todhunter R. The long (and winding) road to gene discovery for canine hip dysplasia. Vet J 2009; 181:97-110. [PMID: 19297220 PMCID: PMC2679856 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hip dysplasia is a common inherited trait of dogs that results in secondary osteoarthritis. In this article the methods used to uncover the mutations contributing to this condition are reviewed, beginning with hip phenotyping. Coarse, genome-wide, microsatellite-based screens of pedigrees of greyhounds and dysplastic Labrador retrievers were used to identify linked quantitative trait loci (QTL). Fine-mapping across two chromosomes (CFA11 and 29) was employed using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping. Power analyses and preferential selection of dogs for ongoing SNP-based genotyping is described with the aim of refining the QTL intervals to 1-2 megabases on these and several additional chromosomes prior to candidate gene screening. The review considers how a mutation or a genetic marker such as a SNP or haplotype of SNPs might be combined with pedigree and phenotype information to create a 'breeding value' that could improve the accuracy of predicting a dog's hip conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Zhiwu Zhang
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, 175 Biotechnology Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Steven Friedenberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Seung-Woo Jung
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Janjira Phavaphutanon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Margaret Vernier-Singer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Elizabeth Corey
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Raluca Mateescu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Nathan Dykes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jody Sandler
- Guiding Eyes for the Blind, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
| | - Gregory Acland
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - George Lust
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Rory Todhunter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Ginja MMD, Silvestre AM, Gonzalo-Orden JM, Ferreira AJA. Diagnosis, genetic control and preventive management of canine hip dysplasia: a review. Vet J 2009; 184:269-76. [PMID: 19428274 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite expensive screening and breeding programmes, hip dysplasia (HD) continues to be one of the most common orthopaedic diseases in dogs. The vast majority of dogs afflicted with HD show minimal to no clinical signs, but it can also be a highly debilitating condition for both working and pet dogs. Hip joint laxity is considered a major risk factor for the development of degenerative joint disease and a definitive diagnosis is made if characteristic signs are evident on a ventrodorsal view of the pelvis. Early prediction of the condition can be made using stress radiographic techniques to evaluate the passive hip laxity. The diagnosis of HD may be used for the purpose of selecting breeding stock or to decide on the best treatment approach. Breeding programmes based on individual dog phenotypes have been ineffective and a selection procedure based on breeding value (BV) estimation is recommended. Traditional conservative and surgical treatment approaches are reserved for dogs with overt clinical signs of the disease but such treatments can be expensive and aggressive, and are often ineffective in eliminating clinical signs or subluxation and in preventing the development of degenerative joint disease. The implementation of breeding programmes based on BVs and further research into early prediction/diagnosis of HD and effective preventive treatment approaches are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M D Ginja
- Department of Veterinary Science - CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
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Zhang Z, Zhu L, Sandler J, Friedenberg SS, Egelhoff J, Williams AJ, Dykes NL, Hornbuckle W, Krotscheck U, Moise NS, Lust G, Todhunter RJ. Estimation of heritabilities, genetic correlations, and breeding values of four traits that collectively define hip dysplasia in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:483-92. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.4.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Coopman F, Verhoeven G, Saunders J, Duchateau L, van Bree H. Prevalence of hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia and humeral head osteochondrosis in dog breeds in Belgium. Vet Rec 2009; 163:654-8. [PMID: 19043090 DOI: 10.1136/vr.163.22.654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The official screening results of the Belgian National Committee for Inherited Skeletal Disorders, an affiliate of the Belgian Kennel Club, have been used to estimate the prevalence of hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia and humeral head osteochondrosis in the dog breeds in Belgium, and these have been compared with reported prevalence data from other countries. In some breeds, the prevalence of hip and elbow dysplasia is very high, both in Belgium and in other countries. Comparisons of the prevalence of hip dysplasia are not always feasible because different systems are used to evaluate the quality of the hips and because there is no strict consensus on what should be considered a diseased hip joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Coopman
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Comhaire FH, Criel ACC, Dassy CAA, Guévar PGJ, Snaps FR. Precision, reproducibility, and clinical usefulness of measuring the Norberg angle by means of computerized image analysis. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:228-35. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.2.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Malm S, Fikse W, Danell B, Strandberg E. Genetic variation and genetic trends in hip and elbow dysplasia in Swedish Rottweiler and Bernese Mountain Dog. J Anim Breed Genet 2008; 125:403-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2008.00725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ginja M, Silvestre A, Ferreira A, Gonzalo-Orden J, Orden M, Melo-Pinto P, Llorens-Pena M, Colaço J. Passive hip laxity in Estrela Mountain Dog--distraction index, heritability and breeding values. Acta Vet Hung 2008; 56:303-12. [PMID: 18828482 DOI: 10.1556/avet.56.2008.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two hundred and fifteen Estrela Mountain Dogs (EMD) were examined using the PennHIP method between 2002 and 2006. Passive hip laxity (PHL) was estimated calculating the distraction index (DI). Pedigree information was obtained from the Portuguese Kennel Club. The heritability and breeding values were estimated using the linear Animal Model. The DI, using as reference the worst joint of each animal, ranged from 0.15 to 1.12 (0.55 +/- 0.19). The PHL was equal in right and left sides, and was higher in females than in males (P > 0.05 and P <0.01 in the t-test, respectively). The estimated heritability was 0.83 +/- 0.11. The mean breeding values for PHL were stable in EMD born between 1991 and 2003, and showed an improvement in 2004 and 2005. The data confirm high PHL in breeds with high prevalence and severity of canine hip dysplasia. The high heritability indicates that the DI could be reduced in the breed if PHL were used as a selection criterion. The early favourable evolution of DI breeding values could be related with the increase of voluntary radiographic hip screening in the last years, and the subsequent introduction of hip quality as a breeding criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Ginja
- 1 University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Department of Veterinary Sciences-CIT Vila Real Portugal
| | - António Silvestre
- 2 University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Department of Zootechny-CECAV Vila Real Portugal
| | - António Ferreira
- 3 University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Department of Engineering-CITAB Vila Real Portugal
| | - José Gonzalo-Orden
- 4 Technical University of Lisbon Department of Clinic-CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Lisbon Portugal
| | - Maria Orden
- 4 Technical University of Lisbon Department of Clinic-CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Lisbon Portugal
| | - Pedro Melo-Pinto
- 5 University of Léon Department of Animal Pathology: Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Léon Spain
| | - Maria Llorens-Pena
- 6 University Complutense of Madrid Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Madrid Spain
| | - Jorge Colaço
- 2 University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Department of Zootechny-CECAV Vila Real Portugal
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Hip dysplasia in Estrela mountain dogs: prevalence and genetic trends 1991-2005. Vet J 2008; 182:275-82. [PMID: 18722145 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three hundred and thirteen Estrela mountain dogs were examined for hip dysplasia (HD) using the standard ventrodorsal hip extended view, and graded into five categories (A, B, C, D and E) using the Fédération Cynologique Internationale's (FCI) scoring system. The Ortolani method was performed to evaluate hip joint laxity. Pedigree information was obtained from the Portuguese Kennel Club and the genetic trend was evaluated by calculating the mean breeding values (BVs) for the last 15 years, using the threshold model. HD was found in 66% of the dogs. There was low-moderate correlation between the results of the Ortolani test and FCI hip scores (r(s)=0.386; P<0.001). Grades of hip dysplasia were equal in both males and females (P=0.14) and in the animals' right and left sides (P=0.51). The mean BVs for HD were stable in dogs born between 1991 and 2003, and showed an improvement in 2004 and 2005. The data confirm the high prevalence and severity of HD in predisposed breeds that do not have breeding programmes in place. It also confirms an initial favourable change in BVs that is a likely consequence of the voluntary radiographic hip-screening programme.
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Tromblee TC, Jones JC, Bahr AM, Shires PK, Aref S. Effect of computed tomography display window and image plane on diagnostic certainty for characteristics of dysplastic elbow joints in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:858-71. [PMID: 17669026 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.8.858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the effects of computed tomography (CT) image plane and window settings on diagnostic certainty for CT characteristics associated with dysplastic elbow joints (elbow joint dysplasia) in dogs and to provide optimal display guidelines for these CT characteristics. SAMPLE POPULATION CT images of 50 dysplastic elbow joints from 49 lame dogs and 10 elbow joints from 5 sound dogs. PROCEDURES CT image data were obtained in transverse, sagittal, and dorsal planes. Each plane was examined by use of 3 Hounsfield unit (HU) window settings. Two veterinary radiologists independently evaluated sets of CT images for evidence of 7 CT characteristics. Effect of elbow joint status, image plane, and window settings on diagnostic certainty for these CT characteristics was tested by use of a visual analogue scale. RESULTS Diagnostic certainty for abnormalities of the medial coronoid process (MCP) and radial incisure was highest in the transverse plane, subchondral defects or sclerosis of the trochlea humeri was highest in the dorsal plane, and joint incongruity was highest in the sagittal plane. Certainty for hypoattenuating subchondral defects or fissures was highest at 2,500 or 3,500 HUs, whereas certainty for subchondral sclerosis was highest at 1,500 HUs and lowest at 3,500 HUs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Diagnostic certainty for CT characteristics of elbow joint dysplasia in dogs was affected by image display variables. Diagnostic certainty for altered subchondral bone density was primarily influenced by window settings, whereas structural MCP abnormalities and joint incongruity were influenced most by image plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya C Tromblee
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061
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Ferrigno CR, Schmaedecke A, Sterman FA, Lincoln J. Treatment of ununited anconeal process in 8 dogs by osteotomy and dynamic distraction of the proximal part of the ulna. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2007000800006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A surgical technique for the treatment of ununited anconeal process in dogs treated by osteotomy and dynamic distraction of the proximal part of the ulna using a linear external skeletal fixator was evaluated. In all cases the osteotomy was distracted 1mm each day after the surgery until desired distraction had been achieved. Eight dogs and 9 joints diagnosed with ununited anconeal process were treated. The success of the procedure was determined by comparing clinical signs of lameness and degree of arthrosis at the time of diagnosis to 6 months after the surgical intervention. Radiographic union occurred in 88.9% of the affected joints between 21 and 42 days after the surgical procedure. Clinically, six elbows were classified as good, two as satisfactory and one as unsatisfactory. Six months after surgery two elbows had no arthrosis, one had Grade 1, two Grade 2 and one Grade 3. It is concluded the combination of ulnar osteotomy and dynamic distraction of the olecranon by a linear external skeletal fixator is a feasible procedure for the treatment of ununited anconeal process in dogs.
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45
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Abstract
Fragmented coronoid process in the dog is a common yet frustrating and poorly understood condition. Elbow joint incongruency, which refers to malalignment of the joint surfaces of the elbow, has been proposed as a key factor in the pathogenesis of fragmented coronoid process, and various surgical procedures have been devised to treat the proposed incongruency. However, precise characterisation of incongruency present in cases of fragmented coronoid process has not been reported consistently. In this article, the literature relating to the pathogenesis of fragmented coronoid process, the role of incongruency and its implications are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Gemmill
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, 78 Tanworth Lane, Solihull, West Midlands B90 4DF
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46
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Silvestre AM, Ginja MMD, Ferreira AJA, Colaço J. Comparison of estimates of hip dysplasia genetic parameters in Estrela Mountain Dog using linear and threshold models. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:1880-4. [PMID: 17468417 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic parameters, breeding values, and genetic trends of hip dysplasia in Estrela Mountain Dogs were estimated using a linear model (LM) and a threshold model (TM). A database with 313 animals was used. Right and left hip joints were individually scored, according to the Fédération Cynologic Internationale grading rules of the canine hip dysplasia system, as normal (1), borderline (2), slight (3), moderate (4), and severe (5 and 6). The estimate of repeatability was lower in LM (0.86) than in TM (0.90). The same tendency was verified with the heritability because its estimate in LM was 0.38 and in TM was 0.43. However, these results did not establish any statistical differences between the models. The genetic trend of canine hip dysplasia for LM and TM showed a similarity in shape, but considerable individual differences were found in the EBV ranking lists. Therefore, the selection of breeding animals would not be the same with the 2 methodologies. To select the best method for genetic evaluation of hip dysplasia, further studies using more data and other dog breeds are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Silvestre
- Department of Animal Science-CECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
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47
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Malm S, Strandberg E, Danell B, Audell L, Swenson L, Hedhammar A. Impact of sedation method on the diagnosis of hip and elbow dysplasia in Swedish dogs. Prev Vet Med 2007; 78:196-209. [PMID: 17112612 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Revised: 09/24/2006] [Accepted: 10/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to investigate the effect of sedation method on the screening result for hip and elbow dysplasia. The study was based on a questionnaire survey of routines for hip and elbow screening at Swedish veterinary clinics and results of hip and elbow status, for eight breeds (Bernese Mountain Dog, Boxer, German Shepherd Dog, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, Newfoundland, Rottweiler, and Saint Bernard) recorded by the Swedish Kennel Club. In total 5877 and 5406 dogs examined for hip and elbow dysplasia, respectively, from January 2002 through March 2003 were included. We used logistic regression to examine whether the type of chemical restraint used for sedation affected the screening result for hip and elbow dysplasia. In addition to sedation method, the effects of veterinary clinic, sex, breed, and age at screening were studied. The type of chemical restraint used for sedation affected the screening result for hip but not for elbow dysplasia. Acepromazine gave less than half the odds of hip dysplasia compared with medetomidine and butorphanol (the most common method), medetomidine alone or xylazine. Females had about 25% higher odds for developing hip dysplasia whereas males had almost 40% higher odds for developing elbow dysplasia. Saint Bernard, Newfoundland and German Shepherd Dog had the highest odds of developing hip dysplasia, whereas Rottweiler and Labrador Retriever had the lowest odds. Boxer had the lowest risk for elbow dysplasia, followed by Labrador Retriever. Saint Bernard and Rottweiler had the highest odds of elbow dysplasia. Increasing age increased the odds of both hip and elbow dysplasia, by about 2.5% per month. Following the results in this study, recording of the type of chemical restraint used for sedation during hip screening has now become mandatory in Sweden. This makes it possible to account for the effect of sedation method in a model for prediction of breeding values for hip dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Malm
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7023, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Clements DN, Carter SD, Innes JF, Ollier WER. Genetic basis of secondary osteoarthritis in dogs with joint dysplasia. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:909-18. [PMID: 16649929 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.5.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan N Clements
- Connective Tissue Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
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Janutta V, Hamann H, Klein S, Tellhelm B, Distl O. Genetic analysis of three different classification protocols for the evaluation of elbow dysplasia in German shepherd dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2006; 47:75-82. [PMID: 16438694 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Three different scoring systems for elbow dysplasia and its radiographic signs were genetically evaluated in 2645 German shepherd dogs. METHODS An animal model was used to estimate heritabilities and additive genetic and residual correlations for the three scoring systems: ED-SV, which is recommended by the International Elbow Working Group; ED-LA, developed by Lang and others; and ED-TH, proposed by Tellhelm. RESULTS The effects of sex, age at examination and the correlation between the two factors were significant for all three scoring systems. Heritability estimates (se) were 0.18 (0.04) for ED-SV, 0.11 (0.03) for ED-LA and 0.16 (0.04) for ED-TH. The additive genetic correlations among the different single criteria for elbow dysplasia and the different elbow dysplasia scores were between 0.68 and 0.98, except for the criteria ununited anconeal process and osteochondrosis dissecans of the trochlea humeri, which were mostly genetically negatively correlated to the other radiological criteria. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The elbow dysplasia scores were determined by two genetically different traits. The possibilities for selecting German shepherd dogs with respect to elbow dysplasia might be improved by taking into account these two traits in the prediction of breeding values.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Janutta
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Janutta V, Hamann H, Klein S, Tellhelm B, Distl O. Genetic Evaluation of Elbow Angles as Predictors of Elbow Dysplasia in German Shepherd Dogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:254-61. [PMID: 15943611 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2005.00722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Elbow angles were measured in X-rays of both elbows to elucidate the usefulness of such data for selecting against elbow dysplasia (ED) in German shepherd dogs. These measurements record the size, proportions and alignments of the anconeal process (PA), the radius (RA), the olecranon (OL), and the ulnar trochlear notch (UL). The reference system for evaluating the information content of the measurements was the score for ED (ED-SV) as recommended by the International Elbow Working Group. Data from 2645 X-rayed dogs born from 1998 to 2001 in 1331 kennels were analysed by using residual maximum likelihood procedures to estimate heritabilities, additive genetic correlations and residual correlations. The pedigree file included 11,426 dogs and contained ancestors for up to six generations. ED-SV was significantly influenced by sex, by age within sex and by month of birth. The elbow angles were significantly influenced by the month and year of birth, X-ray positioning of the dog's forelimbs, angle of elbow flection, litter size and number of dogs X-rayed by the veterinary practitioners. The following heritability estimates were found: h2=0.18+/-0.04 for ED; h2=0.76+/-0.04 for OL; h2=0.52+/-0.05 for PA; h2=0.50+/-0.04 for UL; and h2=0.39+/-0.04 for RA. The additive genetic correlations of ED-SV with three elbow angles (OL, UL and RA) were close to zero. A higher additive genetic correlation to ED-SV was found only for PA, for which r(g)=0.31. The distributions of predicted breeding values for susceptibility to ED were not affected by regarding the elbow angles as additional traits in the multivariate prediction procedure. Measurements of elbow angles were thus shown to be unsuitable for use in selection programmes against ED in German shepherd dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Janutta
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
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