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Moate P, Williams S, Jacobs J, Hannah M, Beauchemin K, Eckard R, Wales W. Wheat is more potent than corn or barley for dietary mitigation of enteric methane emissions from dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:7139-7153. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Berry ED, Wells JE, Varel VH, Hales KE, Kalchayanand N. Persistence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Total Escherichia coli in Feces and Feedlot Surface Manure from Cattle Fed Diets with and without Corn or Sorghum Wet Distillers Grains with Solubles. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1317-1327. [PMID: 28708031 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Feeding corn wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) to cattle can increase the load of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feces and on hides, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. The objective of these experiments was to examine a role for the persistence of E. coli O157:H7 in the feces and feedlot pen surfaces of cattle fed WDGS. In the first study, feces from steers fed 0, 20, 40, or 60% corn WDGS were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7. The E. coli O157:H7 numbers in feces from cattle fed 0% corn WDGS rapidly decreased (P < 0.05), from 6.28 to 2.48 log CFU/g of feces by day 14. In contrast, the E. coli O157:H7 numbers in feces from cattle fed 20, 40, and 60% corn WDGS were 4.21, 5.59, and 6.13 log CFU/g of feces, respectively, on day 14. A second study evaluated the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in feces from cattle fed 0 and 40% corn WDGS. Feces were collected before and 28 days after the dietary corn was switched from high-moisture corn to dry-rolled corn. Within dietary corn source, the pathogen persisted at higher concentrations (P < 0.05) in 40% corn WDGS feces at day 7 than in 0% WDGS. For 40% corn WDGS feces, E. coli O157:H7 persisted at higher concentrations (P < 0.05) at day 7 in feces from cattle fed high-moisture corn (5.36 log CFU/g) than from those fed dry-rolled corn (4.27 log CFU/g). The percentage of WDGS had no effect on the E. coli O157:H7 counts in feces from cattle fed steam-flaked corn-based diets containing 0, 15, and 30% sorghum WDGS. Greater persistence of E. coli O157:H7 on the pen surfaces of animals fed corn WDGS was not demonstrated, although these pens had a higher prevalence of the pathogen in the feedlot surface manure after the cattle were removed. Both or either the greater persistence and higher numbers of E. coli O157:H7 in the environment of cattle fed WDGS may play a part in the increased prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle by increasing the transmission risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine D Berry
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| | - James E Wells
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| | - Vincent H Varel
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| | - Kristin E Hales
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| | - Norasak Kalchayanand
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
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Stahl RS, Ellis CK, Nol P, Waters WR, Palmer M, VerCauteren KC. Fecal Volatile Organic Ccompound Profiles from White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) as Indicators of Mycobacterium bovis Exposure or Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Vaccination. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129740. [PMID: 26060998 PMCID: PMC4465024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) serve as a reservoir for bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, and can be a source of infection in cattle. Vaccination with M. bovis Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) is being considered for management of bovine tuberculosis in deer. Presently, no method exists to non-invasively monitor the presence of bovine tuberculosis in deer. In this study, volatile organic compound profiles of BCG-vaccinated and non-vaccinated deer, before and after experimental challenge with M. bovis strain 95–1315, were generated using solid phase microextraction fiber head-space sampling over suspended fecal pellets with analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Chromatograms were processed using XCMS Online to characterize ion variation among treatment groups. The principal component scores resulting from significant (α = 0.05) ion responses were used to build linear discriminant analysis models. The sensitivity and specificity of these models were used to evaluate the feasibility of using this analytical approach to distinguish within group comparisons between pre- and post-M. bovis challenge: non-vaccinated male or female deer, BCG-vaccinated male deer, and the mixed gender non-vaccinated deer data. Seventeen compounds were identified in this analysis. The peak areas for these compounds were used to build a linear discriminant classification model based on principal component analysis scores to evaluate the feasibility of discriminating between fecal samples from M. bovis challenged deer, irrespective of vaccination status. The model best representing the data had a sensitivity of 78.6% and a specificity of 91.4%. The fecal head-space sampling approach presented in this pilot study provides a non-invasive method to discriminate between M. bovis challenged deer and BCG-vaccinated deer. Additionally, the technique may prove invaluable for BCG efficacy studies with free-ranging deer as well as for use as a non-invasive monitoring system for the detection of tuberculosis in captive deer and other livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randal S. Stahl
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Christine K. Ellis
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Pauline Nol
- Wildlife Livestock Disease Investigations Team, USDA-APHIS-Veterinary Services-Science, Technology, and Analysis Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratory, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - W. Ray Waters
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Mitchell Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kurt C. VerCauteren
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Ellis JL, Dijkstra J, Bannink A, Kebreab E, Archibeque S, Benchaar C, Beauchemin KA, Nkrumah JD, France J. Improving the prediction of methane production and representation of rumen fermentation for finishing beef cattle within a mechanistic model. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2013-192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Ellis
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J. Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A. Bannink
- Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands 8219PH
| | - E. Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - S. Archibeque
- Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - C. Benchaar
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - K. A. Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - J. D. Nkrumah
- The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - J. France
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Dong RL, Zhao GY, Chai LL, Beauchemin KA. Prediction of urinary and fecal nitrogen excretion by beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:4669-81. [PMID: 25149338 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An analysis of predicting urinary and fecal N excretion from beef cattle was conducted using a data set summarizing 49 published studies representing 180 treatment means for 869 animals. Variables included in the data set were initial BW (kg), DMI (kg/d), dietary CP content (% of DM), N intake (g/d), apparent total tract N digestibility (%), and urinary and fecal N excretion (g/d). Correlation analysis examined relationships between animal and dietary variables and N excretion. A mixed model regression analysis was used to develop equations to predict N excretion in urine and feces and the proportion of urinary N in total N excretion as a function of various animal and dietary variables. Of the single animal and dietary variables, N intake was the best predictor of N excretion in urine and feces, whereas apparent total tract N digestibility was best to predict the proportion of urinary N in total N excretion. Low prediction errors and evaluation of the equations using cross-validation indicated the prediction equations were accurate and robust. Urinary and fecal N excretion can be accurately and precisely predicted by N intake, whereas the proportion of urinary N in total N excretion was best predicted solely using apparent total tract N digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - G Y Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100193, China
| | - L L Chai
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - K A Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
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Comparative effects of processing methods on the feeding value of maize in feedlot cattle. Nutr Res Rev 2011; 24:183-90. [PMID: 22098680 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422411000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The primary reason for processing maize is to enhance feeding value. Total tract starch digestion is similar for coarsely processed (dry rolled, cracked) dry maize. Enhancements in starch digestion due to dry rolling maize v. feeding maize whole may be greater in light-weight calves than in yearlings, and when DM intake is restricted ( < 1·5 % of body weight). The net energy (NE) maintain (NEm) and NE gain (NEg) values for whole maize are 8·83 and 6·02 MJ (2·11 and 1·44 Mcal)/kg, respectively. Compared with conventional dry processing (i.e. coarse rolled, cracked), finely processing maize may increase the initial rate of digestion, but does not improve total tract starch digestion. Tempering before rolling (without the addition of steam) may enhance the growth performance response and the NE value of maize. Average total tract starch digestion is similar for high-moisture and steam-flaked maize. However, the proportion of starch digested ruminally is greater (about 8 %) for high-moisture maize. The growth performance response of feedlot cattle to the feeding of high-moisture maize is highly variable. Although the NEm and NEg value of whole high-moisture maize was slightly less than that of dry processed maize (averaging 9·04 and 6·44 MJ (2·16 and 1·54 Mcal)/kg, respectively), grinding or rolling high-moisture maize before ensiling increased (6 %) its NE value. Substituting steam-flaked maize for dry processed maize increases average daily gain (6·3 %) and decreases DM intake (5 %). The comparative NEm and NEg values for steam-flaked maize at optimal processing (density = 0·34 kg/l) are 10·04 and 7·07 MJ (2·40 and 1·69 Mcal)/kg, respectively. These NE values are greater (3 %) than current tabular values (National Research Council, 2000), being more consistent with earlier standards (National Research Council, 1984). When maize is the primary or sole source of starch in the diet, concentration of starch in faeces (faecal starch, % of DM) of feedlot steers can serve as an indicator of total tract starch digestion, and, hence, the feeding value of maize.
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Community structures of fecal bacteria in cattle from different animal feeding operations. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:2992-3001. [PMID: 21378055 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02988-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The fecal microbiome of cattle plays a critical role not only in animal health and productivity but also in food safety, pathogen shedding, and the performance of fecal pollution detection methods. Unfortunately, most published molecular surveys fail to provide adequate detail about variability in the community structures of fecal bacteria within and across cattle populations. Using massively parallel pyrosequencing of a hypervariable region of the rRNA coding region, we profiled the fecal microbial communities of cattle from six different feeding operations where cattle were subjected to consistent management practices for a minimum of 90 days. We obtained a total of 633,877 high-quality sequences from the fecal samples of 30 adult beef cattle (5 individuals per operation). Sequence-based clustering and taxonomic analyses indicate less variability within a population than between populations. Overall, bacterial community composition correlated significantly with fecal starch concentrations, largely reflected in changes in the Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes populations. In addition, network analysis demonstrated that annotated sequences clustered by management practice and fecal starch concentration, suggesting that the structures of bovine fecal bacterial communities can be dramatically different in different animal feeding operations, even at the phylum and family taxonomic levels, and that the feeding operation is a more important determinant of the cattle microbiome than is the geographic location of the feedlot.
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Green AL, Dargatz DA, Wagner BA, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Ladely SR, Kopral CA. Analysis of Risk Factors Associated withSalmonellaspp. Isolated from U.S. Feedlot Cattle. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:825-33. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2007.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alice L. Green
- Tennessee Department of Health, Communicable and Environmental Disease Services, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David A. Dargatz
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Bruce A. Wagner
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Paula J. Fedorka-Cray
- Richard B. Russell Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
| | - Scott R. Ladely
- Richard B. Russell Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
| | - Chris A. Kopral
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Varel VH, Wells JE, Berry ED, Miller DN. Manure odor potential and Escherichia coli concentrations in manure slurries of feedlot steers fed 40% corn wet distillers grains. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2010; 39:1498-1506. [PMID: 20830936 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2009.0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated feeding 0 and 40% wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) diets to cattle and the effects on feedlot manure collected from soil-based pens and incubated for 28 d. Steers (n = 603; 261 +/- 32 kg) were fed in eight pens (15 x 150 m) of 75 to 77 steers per pen. Two consecutive experiments were conducted with WDGS--one in which the corn source fed with WDGS was high-moisture and one in which WDGS was fed with dry-rolled corn. We compared odorants (volatile fatty acids [VFAs], aromatic compounds, NH3, H2S) and persistence of Escherichia coli in feedlot manure slurries stored from 0 to 28 d. From both experiments, manure collected from cattle fed 40% WDGS had lower (P < 0.05) total VFAs, including acetate, propionate, and butyrate, all of which continued to be lower to 28 d. However, these slurries had greater concentrations (P < 0.05) of branched-chained VFAs (isobutyrate and isovalerate), especially after 14 d of incubations. Similarly, p-cresol and skatole concentrations tended to be greater in slurries originating from 40% WDGS diets and increased with incubation time. Indole was initially greater in the slurries from 40% WDGS diets; however, it was metabolized by microbes during incubation. Manure slurries from the 40% WDGS diets had greater quantities of H2S, NH3, and P (P < 0.05). Levels of E. coli in 0 and 40% WDGS manure slurries were similar when high-moisture corn was used in the diets. However, when dry-rolled corn was used, E. coli persisted longer in 40% WDGS manure slurries in comparison to 0% WDGS. Results here support earlier studies that suggest feeding WDGS increases odor emissions, N loss, E. coli survival, and surface water contamination due to greater potential P runoff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent H Varel
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166, USA.
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Shabtay A, Ravid U, Brosh A, Baybikov R, Eitam H, Laor Y. Dynamics of offensive gas-phase odorants in fresh and aged feces throughout the development of beef cattle1. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:1835-48. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kebreab E, Johnson KA, Archibeque SL, Pape D, Wirth T. Model for estimating enteric methane emissions from United States dairy and feedlot cattle1. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:2738-48. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-0960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Auditing and Assessing Air Quality in Concentrated Feeding Operations1231Contribution from the USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Res. Laboratory, Bushland, TX 79012, in cooperation with the Texas Agricultural Exp. St., Amarillo, and West Texas A&M Univ., Canyon.2Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDA.3Presented at the Annual ARPAS Symposium Current and Future On-Farm Auditing and Assessment, San Antonio, TX, July, 2007. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30804-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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