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Bendig S, Marín-García PJ, Lesta A, Ramos JJ, Ruvira G, Llobat L. Myostatin serum levels depends on age and diet in athletic and no athletic dogs. Vet J 2024; 307:106207. [PMID: 39053842 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Myostatin is a growth factor related to muscular mass atrophy via mTOR pathway inhibition. Mutations in this gene have been correlated with high muscular mass development in different species of mammals, including human and dogs. Different studies have shown that sport practice increases myostatin gene expression. Some of them were conducted in canine breeds selected for different sport practices, including mushing sports. In this study, body weight, muscular mass, and serum levels of myostatin were analysed in different canine breeds, selected, and not selected for sprint and middle-distance racing, and the effect on epidemiological factors was evaluated. Sex, reproductive status, and canine breed affects body weight and muscular mass, being higher in males, and in sled canine breed. Age has an effect in body weight and myostatin serum levels, being lower in elder dogs. Sport practice and type of diet had an effect in muscular mass development but not in myostatin serum levels. Results showed a high positive correlation between muscular mass and body weight but not with myostatin levels. These results suggest that independent-myostatin mechanisms of mTOR pathway regulation could be related to muscular mass development in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Bendig
- Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Diseases (MMOPS) Research group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia 46113, Spain
| | - Pablo Jesús Marín-García
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia 46113, Spain
| | - Ana Lesta
- Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Diseases (MMOPS) Research group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia 46113, Spain
| | - Juan José Ramos
- Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Diseases (MMOPS) Research group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia 46113, Spain
| | - Guillem Ruvira
- Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Diseases (MMOPS) Research group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia 46113, Spain
| | - Lola Llobat
- Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Diseases (MMOPS) Research group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia 46113, Spain.
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Axnér E, Axelsson R, Hermansson U. Evaluation of Canine Neonatal Health by Breeders: A Prospective Questionnaire Study on the Association between Neonatal Scores (Modified APGAR), Parturition, Birth Weight, Growth, and Puppy Mortality. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3605. [PMID: 38066957 PMCID: PMC10705106 DOI: 10.3390/ani13233605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Mortality of neonatal puppies is a widespread problem in small animal medicine. Neonatal monitoring, according to standardized protocols, can be useful for identifying puppies that are at risk of mortality. Prompt intervention on weak puppies could increase survival rates. Apgar scoring adapted for puppies has been demonstrated to be associated with mortality and is usually performed by trained veterinary staff. The majority of puppies, however, are born in a home or kennel environment and not at a veterinary clinic. Our aims were, therefore, to evaluate if a modified protocol for neonatal monitoring would be usable by breeders in a home environment. We wanted to evaluate potential associations between modified Apgar scores, birth weights, delivery times, growth rates, and puppy mortality. Modified Apgar scores were related to the viability of live-born puppies (p < 0.0013). The viability and expulsion time of each puppy were significantly related (p = 0.010 with all puppies included and p = 0.038 with only live-born puppies included). Viability was significantly related to relative birthweight (p < 0.01). Puppies with a negative growth rate the first two days after parturition did not have a significantly higher risk of mortality. In conclusion, a modified and simplified Apgar scoring performed by breeders approximately 5 min after birth was associated with puppy mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Axnér
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Rebecca Axelsson
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Ulrika Hermansson
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
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Tesema Z, Kefale A, Deribe B, Tilahun M, Lakew M, Alebachew GW, Belayneh N, Zegeye A, Yizengaw L, Alemayehu K, Getachew T, Kebede D, Taye M, Gizaw S. Growth curve analysis in different generations of Boer x Central Highland goats using alternative estimation models. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293493. [PMID: 37948413 PMCID: PMC10637673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth curve analysis can help to optimize the management, determine nutritional requirements, predict the weight of animals at a specific age, and to select highly productive animals. Therefore, this study aimed to find the best-fitted nonlinear functions to provide a specific shape of the growth curve from birth to yearling age in different generations of Boer x Central Highland goats. Gompertz, Logistic, Brody, Von Bertalanffy, Monomolecular, Negative exponential, and Richards models were evaluated to quantify their ability to describe the biological growth curve. Root mean square error (RMSE), Bayesian information criterion (BIC), adjusted coefficient of determination (AdjR2), and Akaike's information criterion (AIC) were used to evaluate the goodness of fit and flexibility of the models. Data were analyzed using the nonlinear regression procedure of SAS. High AdjR2 and lower AIC, BIC, and RMSE values are indicators of best-fitted model. The best-fitting model for the first filial generation (F1), second filial generation (F2), and male goats' growth data was Brody function, whereas the Richards model, followed by Brody, best described the growth of third filial generation (F3) and female goats. The values of parameter A (asymptotic weight) for F1, F2, F3, female, and male goats based on the Brody model were 30.5±1.32, 28.2±1.38, 24.4±1.04, 27.8±0.94, and 29.8±1.32 kg for F1, F2, F3, female, and male goats, respectively. As per the best-fitted growth function, the asymptotic weight tended to reduce when the filial generation increased. The asymptotic weight for male goats was higher than for female goats. F1 had a slightly small value of parameter K, followed by F2 and F3. Both males and females had similar maturity rates. Based on the Brody function, the correlation between maturation rate and mature weight was high (-0.98, P<0.001). The correlation estimates for A-B and B-K were 0.27 and -0.15, respectively. Brody was best fitted for most goat categories, although Richards, followed by Brody, was best fitted for female and F3 goats. Besides, Brody could be better than Richards due to the ease of interpretation, convergence, and applicability for a small sample size. Therefore, the Brody function can predict the mature body weight, maturation rate, and growth rate of Boer x Central Highland goats and be used to formulate breeding and management strategies for profitable goat farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeleke Tesema
- Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Center, Debre Birhan, Ethiopia
| | - Alemu Kefale
- Sirinka Agricultural Research Center, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | - Belay Deribe
- Sirinka Agricultural Research Center, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | | | - Mesfin Lakew
- Amhara Agricultural Research Institute, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Asres Zegeye
- Sirinka Agricultural Research Center, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | | | - Kefyalew Alemayehu
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Getachew
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Damitie Kebede
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistie Taye
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Gizaw
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Alonge S, Beccaglia M, Trovò C, Melandri M, Migliaretti G. Neonatal-Maternal Bodyweight Ratio at Birth: An Indicator for First-Week Survival Prognosis in Canine Newborns. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3397. [PMID: 37958150 PMCID: PMC10648073 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives. In dogs, neonatal bodyweight (NBW) varies at birth. Size-specific reference values for NBW are essential to correctly manage newborns. The present study aimed to define a new tool to evaluate NBW that could be routinely applied in canine neonatology, promptly identifying puppies requiring more care. Methods. The records of 89 litters were retrospectively evaluated. Data were grouped according to maternal bodyweight (MBW) in five categories: toy (≤5 kg), small (5.1-9.9 kg), medium (10-24.9 kg), large (25-39.9 kg), and giant (≥40 kg) dogs. At birth, the NBW of 412 puppies, alongside their litter size (LS) and gender (G), were recorded. Neonatal mortality within the first week was considered. The influence of MBW, LS, and G on NBW and the effect of NBW on the 1-week outcome were evaluated using ANOVA (p < 0.05). The ratio between NBW and MBW expressed as a percentage (N-MBW%), was assessed for each puppy. Through Receiver-Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, N-MBW% thresholds between puppies alive or dead at one week of age were calculated in each group. Results. The LS was different among groups, except for small vs. medium dogs. In small litters, N-MBW% was lower in medium-, large- and giant-sized dogs than in toy and small dogs. In medium and large litters, N-MBW% differed among the five groups. Male and female N-MBW% differed among the five groups. Only in large and giant sizes did LS affect N-MBW%, which was lower in a large LS. The N-MBW% was higher in healthy puppies than in those who died within one week. The ROC-derived N-MBW% thresholds were as follows: 4.5% in toy-, 3.2% in small-, 1.5% in medium-, 1.2% in large-, and 1% in giant dogs. Clinical significance. The ROC-derived N-MBW% thresholds can be used to cautiously identify puppies at increased risk for one-week mortality and may be helpful in clinical practice, representing a suitable parameter to give a prognosis on 1-week survival immediately at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Alonge
- Società Veterinaria Il Melograno srl, Via Cavour 48, 21018 Sesto Calende, VA, Italy;
- Post Graduate School of Medical Statistics & Biometry, University of Turin, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126 Torino, TO, Italy
| | - Michela Beccaglia
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Beccaglia, Via Alessandro Volta, 2, 20851 Lissone, MB, Italy; (M.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Chiara Trovò
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Beccaglia, Via Alessandro Volta, 2, 20851 Lissone, MB, Italy; (M.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Monica Melandri
- Società Veterinaria Il Melograno srl, Via Cavour 48, 21018 Sesto Calende, VA, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Migliaretti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, TO, Italy;
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Siena G, di Nardo F, Contiero B, Milani C. Clinical use of the canine foetal kidney formula in dogs of different maternal sizes during the last ten days before parturition. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1653-1663. [PMID: 37095415 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Data concerning the use of the canine foetal kidney length (L) formula in the prediction of parturition timing are still lacking. In our study, we aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the L formula in predicting the parturition date during the last 10 days of pregnancy. Twenty-five clinically healthy pregnant bitches, aged 2-9 years and weighing 3.5-52.2 kg, were ultrasonographically monitored from -11 to 0 days before parturition (dbp). Kidney L was measured for the three most caudal foetuses, and the parturition day was estimated using the kidney formula, whose accuracy was calculated as the percentage of cases estimated (ranges of ± 1 or ± 2 days) on the actual parturition date. A K-proportions test was performed to identify differences in the accuracy among maternal sizes and the sex ratio of pups, and a two-proportions z-test was performed to identify differences between litter size classes (≤ 7 vs. > 7 pups) and time ranges (-11/-5 and -4/0 dbp). An accuracy of 35% within ± 2 days was found in the range of -11/-5 dbp and an accuracy of 30% within ± 2 days was found in the range of -4/0 dbp. The accuracy differed between small (53% ±1 day and 60% ±2 days) and large (10% within ± 1 and ± 2 days) bitches (P = 0.019 within ± 1 day, and P = 0.007 within ± 2 days). For small litter sizes, the accuracy was 38% within ± 1 day and 44% within ± 2 days, and for large litter sizes, it was 14% within ± 1 and ± 2 days. A threshold value was found between litter size classes within ± 2 days. The use of the L formula during the last ten days of pregnancy did not seem to warrant good accuracy in the prediction of parturition date. Further studies on different maternal sizes should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Siena
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Via dell'Università, 16, Legnaro, PD, 35020, Italy.
| | - Francesca di Nardo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Via dell'Università, 16, Legnaro, PD, 35020, Italy
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Via dell'Università, 16, Legnaro, PD, 35020, Italy
| | - Chiara Milani
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Via dell'Università, 16, Legnaro, PD, 35020, Italy
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6
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Exploration of body weight in 115 000 young adult dogs of 72 breeds. Sci Rep 2023; 13:443. [PMID: 36624169 PMCID: PMC9829868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
High body weight (BW), due to large size or excess body fat, has been associated with developmental and metabolic alterations, and degenerative diseases in dogs. Study objectives were to determine mean BW in young adult dogs of different breeds, including changes over a 10-year period. Body weight data from the official Swedish hip dysplasia screening program were used, including data from dogs screened at 1-2.5 years of age, in breeds with ≥ 15 individual observations/year during 2007-2016. Mean BW per breed and sex was established from 114 568 dogs representing 72 breeds. Estimates of breed BW showed significant change in 33 (45%) breeds over the 10-year period. Body weight increased in five breeds (2-14% change) and decreased in 26 breeds (1-8% change). In two breeds, BW increased in male and decreased in female dogs. This observational study provides extensive breed BW data on young adult dogs. The change in breed BW, noted in almost half of the breeds, could be due to changes either in size or in body fat mass. In certain breeds, the change in BW over time might have an impact on overall health. Studies with simultaneous evaluation of BW and body condition over time are warranted.
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7
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Lezama-García K, Martínez-Burnes J, Pérez-Jiménez JC, Domínguez-Oliva A, Mora-Medina P, Olmos-Hernández A, Hernández-Ávalos I, Mota-Rojas D. Relation between the Dam's Weight on Superficial Temperature of Her Puppies at Different Stages of the Post-Partum. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9120673. [PMID: 36548834 PMCID: PMC9781765 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9120673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal stability of newborns is an essential parameter that can be recorded to evaluate neonatal care. Knowing the thermal windows to evaluate and maintain a constant temperature helps significantly reduce neonatal mortality. This study aimed to assess the superficial temperature alterations in the distinct thermal windows of puppies with mothers of diverse weights and their repercussions. We evaluated the superficial temperature using infrared thermography at eight thermal windows and seven different times: when wet due to the fetal fluid immediately after birth until 24 h of life in newborn puppies from bitches divided into four bodyweight groups. The results revealed a positive correlation between the dam's weight and the ability to achieve thermostability in the newborn puppies in all the evaluated thermal windows. The time effect showed the lowest temperatures when the puppies were still wet, a gradual increase, and the highest temperature at 24 h after birth. The thermal windows with the highest temperatures were abdominal, thoracic, nasal, and upper left palpebral, and those with the lowest were the thoracic limb brachial biceps, thoracic limb elbow, metacarpal, and femoral pelvic limb. A significant increase in the temperatures in the thermal windows of the abdominal, thoracic, and upper left palpebral immediately after ingesting colostrum was observed. The weight of the dams is an important factor that positively intervenes in the thermoregulatory capacity of the puppies, especially when newborns are dry and have been passed 24 h after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Lezama-García
- PhD Program in Biological and Health Sciences (Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Pérez-Jiménez
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Av. Rancho Polígono 2-A, Ciudad Industrial, Lerma, Campeche 24500, Mexico
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 54714, Mexico
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Tlalpan, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 54714, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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Alberghina D, Gioè M, Quartuccio M, Majolino G, Liotta L. Puppy growth rate during early periods of labrador retriever development: role of litter size and photoperiod of birth. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1863869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Alberghina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mauro Gioè
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Sistema Nervoso e del Comportamento, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Quartuccio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Majolino
- Centro Veterinario Riproduzione Piccoli Animali (CVRPA), Lainate, Italy
| | - Luigi Liotta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
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9
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Menchetti L, Padalino B, Brasileiro Fernandes F, Nanni Costa L. Comparison of nonlinear growth models and factors affecting body weight at different ages in Toy Poodles. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1799724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Menchetti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Barbara Padalino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Leonardo Nanni Costa
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Schrank M, Mollo A, Contiero B, Romagnoli S. Bodyweight at Birth and Growth Rate during the Neonatal Period in Three Canine Breeds. Animals (Basel) 2019; 10:ani10010008. [PMID: 31861520 PMCID: PMC7022297 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The 349 recognized canine breeds differ greatly in bodyweight and, therefore, in birthweight and neonatal growth. The weight and growth of puppies are easily measurable, and are possible early indicators of problems. Low birthweight has been linked to neonatal mortality based on results obtained by grouping breeds according to their adult bodyweight. Breed-specific ranges of birthweight and growth would allow for the identification of puppies at risk. Our aim was to evaluate the birthweight and early growth of healthy puppies of three breeds in a breed-specific manner. Birthweight, expressed as percentage of mothers’ bodyweight, showed that puppies of a large breed are born smaller than puppies of a small breed. Puppies of a large breed gain weight slower than puppies of a small breed. Sex has no impact on birthweight, whereas litter size influences birthweight and weight gain. Based on our procedure, we considered 29 of 213 puppies to be of a low birthweight, whereas 160 of 213 might have been considered of a low birthweight if using the classical criteria (based on breed groups). This shows the importance of breed-specific evaluations of birthweight. Further research is needed on the importance of breed-specific evaluations for early growth. Abstract Weight at birth (bBW) and early weight gain have been linked to the risk of neonatal mortality. Pups are described to be of low bBW if weighing less than one standard deviation (SD) below the mean. Most studies classified breeds according to their expected adult bodyweight. Our aim was to evaluate the breed specificity of these parameters. We assessed the bBW of 213 puppies of Bernese Mountain Dog (BMD), Tibetan Terrier (TT), and Lhasa Apso (LA) breeds, as well as the neonatal growth rate of 133 puppies of BMD and TT. BMD puppies were born relatively smaller than puppies of TT and LA (p ≤ 0.0001) and gained less weight than TT puppies during the first 14 days (p ≤ 0.05). Litter size had a significant impact on bBW and daily gain until the onset of the third week for BMD (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0005, respectively) and TT (p = 0.0003 and p = 0.0064, respectively). When using bBW means and SD specifically assessed according to breed, 29 out of the 213 neonates of our study were judged as being of low bBW, whereas, when using the classical criteria (based on breed groups), the number of low bBW pups was 160 of 213. These results suggest that evaluations of bBW and neonatal growth should be performed in a breed-specific manner.
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Mugnier A, Mila H, Guiraud F, Brévaux J, Lecarpentier M, Martinez C, Mariani C, Adib-Lesaux A, Chastant-Maillard S, Saegerman C, Grellet A. Birth weight as a risk factor for neonatal mortality: Breed-specific approach to identify at-risk puppies. Prev Vet Med 2019; 171:104746. [PMID: 31491708 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In numerous species, low birth weight is a risk factor for neonatal mortality. In the canine species, definition of a low birth weight is complex due to the huge interbreed variability in size. To identify puppies at higher risk of neonatal death, data from 6,694 puppies were analysed. The data were collected from 75 French breeding kennels, examining 27 breeds and totaling 1,202 litters of puppies. Generalised linear mixed models allowed to identify birth weight, birth weight heterogeneity within the litter, and size of the breeding kennel as significant risk factors for neonatal mortality. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) and classification and regression tree (CART) analyses were combined to define breed specific thresholds for birth weight allowing the identification of puppies at higher risk of neonatal mortality. Due to differences in birth weights between breeds, including when belonging to the same breed size, analyses were conducted at the breed level. First, ROC analysis thresholds were successfully established for 12 breeds (area under the ROC ≥ 0.70; sensitivity ≥ 75%; specificity: 45-68%) and they ranged from 162 g in the Maltese to 480 g in the Bernese Mountain dog. Secondly, CART analysis thresholds from 22 breeds ranged from 105 g in the Maltese and 436 g in the Boxer. Puppies were grouped into three categories according to birth weight: low, moderate and high risk of neonatal mortality (higher than the ROC threshold, between ROC and CART thresholds, and lower than the CART threshold respectively). In the current study, 44% of the puppies were classified as at moderate risk and 5.3% for a high risk of neonatal mortality. Thresholds defined by CART analysis (and not ROC analysis) were used to define low birth weight puppies and were sometimes quite different between breeds with similar birth weight distributions suggesting a variable relationship between birth weight reduction and neonatal death. These results allow the identification of puppies at an increased risk of neonatal death, thus requiring specific nursing to improve their chances of survival. With these high risk puppies identified, both animal welfare and kennel productivity is predicted to improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Mugnier
- NeoCare, UMR INRA/ENVT 1225 IHAP, Reproduction, Université de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
| | - Hanna Mila
- NeoCare, UMR INRA/ENVT 1225 IHAP, Reproduction, Université de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
| | - Florine Guiraud
- NeoCare, UMR INRA/ENVT 1225 IHAP, Reproduction, Université de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
| | - Julie Brévaux
- NeoCare, UMR INRA/ENVT 1225 IHAP, Reproduction, Université de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
| | - Manon Lecarpentier
- NeoCare, UMR INRA/ENVT 1225 IHAP, Reproduction, Université de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
| | - Clara Martinez
- NeoCare, UMR INRA/ENVT 1225 IHAP, Reproduction, Université de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
| | - Claire Mariani
- Royal Canin, 650 Avenue de la Petite Camargue, 30470, Aimargues, France
| | | | - Sylvie Chastant-Maillard
- NeoCare, UMR INRA/ENVT 1225 IHAP, Reproduction, Université de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, Cedex 03, France.
| | - Claude Saegerman
- UREAR-ULiège, FARAH, Université de Liège, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, B42, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Aurélien Grellet
- NeoCare, UMR INRA/ENVT 1225 IHAP, Reproduction, Université de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
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Kiefer-Hecker B, Bauer A, Dobenecker B. Effects of low phosphorus intake on serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase activity and parathyroid hormone in growing dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:1749-1758. [PMID: 30144171 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A sufficient and balanced supply of calcium and phosphorus is important mainly for the skeletal health of dogs, especially during growth. Numerous reports and research results are quoted, which focus mainly on the effects of both deficient or excessive calcium supplies. The important role that phosphorus plays in the disruption to skeletal development is also explored. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of a low phosphorus supply on selected serum parameters of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in both medium and large breed growing dogs, alongside the effects on the apparent digestibility and retention of these minerals as well as the musculoskeletal development, which were published before. Beagle and Foxhound-crossbred puppies (n = 53) between the age of 6 and 24 weeks were either fed a balanced (control) or a low phosphorus diet, the latter one providing about one-third of P amount fed to the control group. In regular intervals, blood samples were obtained to measure serum levels of phosphorus, calcium, alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Functional Additive Mixed Models were used to analyse these serum concentrations per group and per diet. In the puppies being fed the low phosphorus diet, a distinct decline of serum phosphate concentration was detected with a more pronounced and prolonged effect in the smaller Beagles. At the same time, serum calcium concentration altered in the opposite direction, implying that the product of calcium multiplied by phosphorus was regulated more closely than the calcium to phosphorus ratio. The PTH concentrations were reduced and ALP activity increased at certain time points during the low phosphorus feeding compared to the puppies being fed the control diet. In the latter group, an effect of time or maturation could be demonstrated in relation to the serum phosphate concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Kiefer-Hecker
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Bauer
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Britta Dobenecker
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Andreis ME, Polito U, Veronesi MC, Faustini M, Di Giancamillo M, Modina SC. Novel contributions in canine craniometry: Anatomic and radiographic measurements in newborn puppies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196959. [PMID: 29738556 PMCID: PMC5940217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The largest differences in intraspecific head shape among the Carnivora order are to be found in dogs. Based on their skull morphotypes, dog breeds are currently classified as dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic. Due to the fact that some breeds have not been yet defined, this classification is incomplete; moreover, multi-breed studies on the skull morphology of puppies have never been performed. The aim of this work was to verify (i) whether differences in the skull conformation of purebred puppies are already present within the first week of age; (ii) whether radiographic and anatomic measures could be considered interchangeable, and (iii) to possibly classify puppies from non-categorized breeds thanks to their radiographic cranial measurements using neural nets. One hundred and thirty-seven dead puppies aged 0–7 days were examined considering their anatomic and radiographic measures. All linear measures and anatomic indices significantly differed among brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic puppies. Radiographic indices, with the exception of CI, identified the three skull morphotypes (p<0.05, for all comparisons). Radiographic and anatomic measures proved to be non-interchangeable in newborn puppies. Finally, nineteen puppies belonging to 5 non-categorized breeds could be classified thanks to neural nets in the three skull morphotypes with different probability (P between 0,66 and 0,95).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Andreis
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Umberto Polito
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Faustini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Di Giancamillo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Silvia C. Modina
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Modina SC, Veronesi MC, Moioli M, Meloni T, Lodi G, Bronzo V, Di Giancamillo M. Small-sized newborn dogs skeletal development: radiologic, morphometric, and histological findings obtained from spontaneously dead animals. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:175. [PMID: 28615055 PMCID: PMC5471892 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very little is known about neonatal skeletal development in small-sized purebred dogs. In order to improve this knowledge, 27 spontaneously dead puppies belonging to small-sized breeds were enrolled in this study for radiologic, histological and morphometric investigations. RESULTS The appearance of the limb secondary ossification centers and the onset of their formation were clearly observed by x rays and confirmed by histological evidences. Radiographic and anatomic measurements of limb bones length and skull length and width were positively correlated with body weight and age of the subjects and the body weight was positively correlated with radius bone mineral density, as demonstrated by dual-energy x-rays absorptiometry. CONCLUSIONS These data provided original information on the growth of newborn small-sized breed dogs, and suggest that cadavers may be useful to study skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Modina
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10 - 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - M C Veronesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10 - 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - T Meloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10 - 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - G Lodi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10 - 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - V Bronzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10 - 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - M Di Giancamillo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10 - 20133, Milan, Italy
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Groppetti D, Pecile A, Palestrini C, Marelli SP, Boracchi P. A National Census of Birth Weight in Purebred Dogs in Italy. Animals (Basel) 2017; 7:ani7060043. [PMID: 28556821 PMCID: PMC5483606 DOI: 10.3390/ani7060043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Birth weight is a key factor for neonatal mortality and morbidity in most mammalian species. The great morphological variability in size, body weight and breed, as well as in skeletal and cranial conformation makes it challenging to define birth weight standards in dogs. A total of 3293 purebred pups were surveyed to study which maternal aspects can determine birth weight considering head and body shape, size, body weight and breed in bitches, as well as litter size and sex in pups. In our sample, multivariate analysis outcomes suggested that birth weight and litter size were directly proportional to maternal size. The maternal body shape influenced both birth weight and litter size, whereas the maternal head shape had impact only on birth weight. Sex differences in birth weight were found. Birth weight and litter size also varied among breeds. The results of the present study could have practical implications allowing one to identify pups in need of admission to intensive nursing care, as occurs in humans. A deeper knowledge of the factors that significantly influence birth weight could positively affect the canine breeding management helping to prevent and reduce neonatal mortality. Abstract Despite increasing professionalism in dog breeding, the physiological range of birth weight in this species remains unclear. Low birth weight can predispose to neonatal mortality and growth deficiencies in humans. To date, the influence of the morphotype on birth weight has never been studied in dogs. For this purpose, an Italian census of birth weight was collected from 3293 purebred pups based on maternal morphotype, size, body weight and breed, as well as on litter size and sex of pups. Multivariate analysis outcomes showed that birth weight (p < 0.001) and litter size (p < 0.05) increased with maternal size and body weight. Birth weight was also influenced by the maternal head and body shape, with brachycephalic and brachymorph dogs showing the heaviest and the lightest pups, respectively (p < 0.001). Birth weight decreased with litter size (p < 0.001), and male pups were heavier than females (p < 0.001). These results suggest that canine morphotype, not only maternal size and body weight, can affect birth weight and litter size with possible practical implications in neonatal assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Groppetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Pecile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Clara Palestrini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefano P Marelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Boracchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Vanzetti 5, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Mack JK, Kienzle E. [Inadequate nutrient supply in "BARF" feeding plans for a litter of Bernese Mountain Dog-puppies. A case report]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2016; 44:341-347. [PMID: 27598702 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-151091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Anamnesis: A litter of Bernese Mountain Dog-puppies (6 weeks of age) was meant to be fed a "BARF" (bones and raw food) diet. The breeder asked for advice regarding the nutritional adequacy of the feeding plans that she had compiled for the different growth stages. The anamnesis showed the puppies to be underweight for their age and expected adult body mass at the time of request for a ration check. The bitch had almost stopped lactating. Ration check: The review of the feeding plans for the different growth stages revealed a deficient energy supply for all stages and at times an inadequate protein supply. A highly inappropriate supply with calcium and phosphorus was found in almost all feeding plans. Sodium and potassium as well as the trace elements copper, zinc, manganese and iodine and several vitamins were deficient in some if not all of the feeding plans. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Inadequate supply with such nutrients during the growth phase can lead to severe developmental disorders, especially in large breed puppies. Therefore, a thorough review of self-made rations for puppies carried out by specialised veterinarians appears to be of utmost importance to avoid permanent damage during growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen Kienzle
- Prof. Dr. Ellen Kienzle, Lehrstuhl für Tierernährung und Diätetik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstraße 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, E-Mail:
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Mila H, Grellet A, Feugier A, Chastant-Maillard S. Differential impact of birth weight and early growth on neonatal mortality in puppies1,2. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:4436-42. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-8971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Anfinsen KP, Grotmol T, Bruland OS, Jonasdottir TJ. Primary bone cancer in Leonbergers may be associated with a higher bodyweight during adolescence. Prev Vet Med 2015; 119:48-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Energy intake, growth rate and body composition of young Labrador Retrievers and Miniature Schnauzers fed different dietary levels of vitamin A. Br J Nutr 2014; 111:2104-11. [PMID: 24666690 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514000543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Research in rodents has shown that dietary vitamin A reduces body fat by enhancing fat mobilisation and energy utilisation; however, their effects in growing dogs remain unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the development of body weight and body composition and compared observed energy intake with predicted energy intake in forty-nine puppies from two breeds (twenty-four Labrador Retriever (LAB) and twenty-five Miniature Schnauzer (MS)). A total of four different diets with increasing vitamin A content between 5·24 and 104·80 μmol retinol (5000-100 000 IU vitamin A)/4184 kJ (1000 kcal) metabolisable energy were fed from the age of 8 weeks up to 52 (MS) and 78 weeks (LAB). The daily energy intake was recorded throughout the experimental period. The body condition score was evaluated weekly using a seven-category system, and food allowances were adjusted to maintain optimal body condition. Body composition was assessed at the age of 26 and 52 weeks for both breeds and at the age of 78 weeks for the LAB breed only using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The growth curves of the dogs followed a breed-specific pattern. However, data on energy intake showed considerable variability between the two breeds as well as when compared with predicted energy intake. In conclusion, the data show that energy intakes of puppies particularly during early growth are highly variable; however, the growth pattern and body composition of the LAB and MS breeds are not affected by the intake of vitamin A at levels up to 104·80 μmol retinol (100 000 IU vitamin A)/4184 kJ (1000 kcal).
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20
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Cross-sectional area and mean echogenicity of shoulder and elbow tendons in adult German Shepherd dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2013; 26:366-71. [PMID: 23800825 DOI: 10.3415/vcot-12-11-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the cross-sectional area and mean echogenicity of the main tendons of the shoulder and elbow joints in adult German Shepherd dogs and to determine the effects of sex, weight, and age on these parameters. No previous publications in the veterinary literature have reported information regarding quantitative ultrasonographic tendon measurements in dogs. Thirty German Shepherd dogs were examined: 13 males and 17 females. The cross-sectional area was significantly higher in males than in females (p <0.05) for the distal tendon of the triceps brachii muscle and the tendons of the flexor carpi ulnaris and common digital extensor muscles. The influence of sex on mean echogenicity was not significant. According to age, mean echogenicity was higher in older dogs, while the cross-sectional areas were similar in the two groups. Cross-sectional area and mean echogenicity of the tendons showed a direct increase with an increase in body weight. The data gained from this study can help support the clinician to discriminate between normal and pathological conditions.
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Krontveit RI, Nødtvedt A, Sævik BK, Ropstad E, Trangerud C. Housing- and exercise-related risk factors associated with the development of hip dysplasia as determined by radiographic evaluation in a prospective cohort of Newfoundlands, Labrador Retrievers, Leonbergers, and Irish Wolfhounds in Norway. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:838-46. [PMID: 22620698 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.6.838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify housing- and exercise-related risk factors associated with the development of hip dysplasia (HD) as determined by radiographic evaluation in Newfoundlands, Labrador Retrievers, Leonbergers, and Irish Wolfhounds in Norway. ANIMALS 501 client-owned dogs from 103 litters. PROCEDURES Dogs were assessed from birth until official radiographic screening for HD at 12 (Labrador Retriever [n = 133] and Irish Wolfhound [63]) or 18 (Newfoundland [125] and Leonberger [180]) months of age. Information regarding housing and exercise conditions during the preweaning and postweaning periods was obtained with questionnaires. Multivariable random effects logistic regression models were used to identify housing- and exercise-related risk factors associated with the development of radiographically detectable HD. RESULTS Puppies walking on stairs from birth to 3 months of age had an increased risk of developing HD. Factors associated with a decreased risk of developing HD included off-leash exercise from birth to 3 months of age, birth during the spring and summer, and birth on a farm. Significant clustering of dogs with HD was detected within litters. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that puppies ≤ 3 months old should not be allowed access to stairs, but should be allowed outdoor exercise on soft ground in moderately rough terrain to decrease the risk for developing radiographically detectable HD. These findings could be used as practical recommendations for the prevention of HD in Newfoundlands, Labrador Retrievers, Leonbergers, and Irish Wolfhounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi I Krontveit
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Krontveit RI, Trangerud C, Nødtvedt A, Dohoo I, Moe L, Sævik BK. The effect of radiological hip dysplasia and breed on survival in a prospective cohort study of four large dog breeds followed over a 10year period. Vet J 2012; 193:206-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Sævik BK, Skancke EM, Trangerud C. A longitudinal study on diarrhoea and vomiting in young dogs of four large breeds. Acta Vet Scand 2012; 54:8. [PMID: 22300688 PMCID: PMC3293024 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prospective studies to document the occurrence of canine diarrhoea and vomiting are relatively scarce in dogs, and the majority of published studies are based on information from clinical records. This study investigates the incidence risk of diarrhoea and vomiting as well as potential risk factors. Methods A cohort study of 585 privately owned dogs of four breeds: Newfoundland, Labrador retriever, Leonberger, and Irish wolfhound. The owners maintained a continuous log regarding housing, exercise, nutrition, and health of their dogs. Episodes of diarrhoea and vomiting were recorded in a consecutive manner in a booklet. The owners completed the questionnaires and reported information at three, four, six, 12, 18, and 24/25 months of age, called observational ages. Associations with potential risk factors for diarrhoea and vomiting were investigated in separate generalized estimating equation analyses. Results The incidence of both diarrhoea and vomiting was influenced by breed. Both diarrhoea and vomiting were relatively common in young dogs, occurring most frequently during the first months of life. After three months of age, the odds of diarrhoea were significantly lower when compared to the observational period seven weeks to three months (OR ranging from 0.31 to 0.70 depending on the period). More males than females suffered from diarrhoea (OR = 1.42). The occurrence of diarrhoea was more common in dogs that also experienced episode(s) of vomiting during the study period (OR = 5.43) and vice versa (OR = 5.50). In the majority of dogs episodes of diarrhoea and vomiting did not occur at the same time. Dogs in urban areas had higher odds (OR = 1.88) of getting diarrhoea compared to dogs living in rural areas. The occurrence of both diarrhoea and vomiting demonstrated a seasonal variation with higher incidence during the summer months. Conclusion Both diarrhoea and vomiting occurred most frequently during the first months of life. The incidence of diarrhoea and vomiting was significantly different between breeds. Diarrhoea occurred more frequently in males and in dogs living in urban areas. Also, a positive association between the occurrence of diarrhoea and vomiting in the same dog was found.
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Krontveit RI, Trangerud C, Sævik BK, Skogmo HK, Nødtvedt A. Risk factors for hip-related clinical signs in a prospective cohort study of four large dog breeds in Norway. Prev Vet Med 2012; 103:219-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Benetos A, Kimura M, Labat C, Buchoff GM, Huber S, Labat L, Lu X, Aviv A. A model of canine leukocyte telomere dynamics. Aging Cell 2011; 10:991-5. [PMID: 21917112 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00744.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have found associations of leukocyte telomere length (TL) with diseases of aging and with longevity. However, it is unknown whether birth leukocyte TL or its age-dependent attrition--the two factors that determine leukocyte TL dynamics--explains these associations because acquiring this information entails monitoring individuals over their entire life course. We tested in dogs a model of leukocyte TL dynamics, based on the following premises: (i) TL is synchronized among somatic tissues; (ii) TL in skeletal muscle, which is largely postmitotic, is a measure of TL in early development; and (iii) the difference between TL in leukocytes and muscle (ΔLMTL) is the extent of leukocyte TL shortening since early development. Using this model, we observed in 83 dogs (ages, 4-42 months) no significant change with age in TLs of skeletal muscle and a shorter TL in leukocytes than in skeletal muscle (P<0.0001). Age explained 43% of the variation in ΔLMTL (P<0.00001), but only 6% of the variation in leukocyte TL (P=0.035) among dogs. Accordingly, muscle TL and ΔLMTL provide the two essential factors of leukocyte TL dynamics in the individual dog. When applied to humans, the partition of the contribution of leukocyte TL during early development vs. telomere shortening afterward might provide information about whether the individual's longevity is calibrated to either one or both factors that define leukocyte TL dynamics.
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Gaddour A, Najari S. Adjustment of the Kid's Growth Curve in Pure Goat Breeds and Crosses Under Southern Tunisian Conditions. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2008.9706954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Dantzer B, Swanson EM. Mediation of vertebrate life histories via insulin-like growth factor-1. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2011; 87:414-29. [PMID: 21981025 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Life-history traits describe parameters associated with growth, size, survival, and reproduction. Life-history variation is a hallmark of biological diversity, yet researchers commonly observe that one of the major axes of life-history variation after controlling for body size involves trade-offs among growth, reproduction, and longevity. This persistent pattern of covariation among these specific traits has engendered a search for shared mechanisms that could constrain or facilitate production of variation in life-history strategies. Endocrine traits are one candidate mechanism that may underlie the integration of life history and other phenotypic traits. However, the vast majority of this research has been on the effects of steroid hormones such as glucocorticoids and androgens on life-history trade-offs. Here we propose an expansion of the focus on glucocorticoids and gonadal hormones and review the potential role of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in shaping the adaptive integration of multiple life-history traits. IGF-1 is a polypeptide metabolic hormone largely produced by the liver. We summarize a vast array of research demonstrating that IGF-1 levels are susceptible to environmental variation and that IGF-1 can have potent stimulatory effects on somatic growth and reproduction but decrease lifespan. We review the few studies in natural populations that have measured plasma IGF-1 concentrations and its associations with life-history traits or other characteristics of the organism or its environment. We focus on two case studies that found support for the hypothesis that IGF-1 mediates adaptive divergence in suites of life-history traits in response to varying ecological conditions or artificial selection. We also examine what we view as potentially fruitful avenues of research on this topic, which until now has been rarely investigated by evolutionary ecologists. We discuss how IGF-1 may facilitate adaptive plasticity in life-history strategies in response to early environmental conditions and also how selection on loci controlling IGF-1 signaling may mediate population divergence and eventual speciation. After consideration of the interactions among androgens, glucocorticoids, and IGF-1 we suggest that IGF-1 be considered a suitable candidate mechanism for mediating life-history traits. Finally, we discuss what we can learn about IGF-1 from studies in free-ranging animals. The voluminous literature in laboratory and domesticated animals documenting relationships among IGF-1, growth, reproduction, and lifespan demonstrates the potential for a number of new research questions to be asked in free-ranging animals. Examining how IGF-1 mediates life-history traits in free-ranging animals could lead to great insight into the mechanisms that influence life-history variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Dantzer
- Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Krontveit RI, Nødtvedt A, Sævik BK, Ropstad E, Skogmo HK, Trangerud C. A prospective study on canine hip dysplasia and growth in a cohort of four large breeds in Norway (1998-2001). Prev Vet Med 2010; 97:252-63. [PMID: 20956024 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The study-objective was to measure the effect of weight and growth related parameters on the risk of development of Canine Hip Dysplasia (CHD). The hypothesis was that heavy and fast growing dogs of large sized breeds were at increased risk of development of CHD compared to lighter and slower growing dogs. A prospective cohort study was conducted among dogs of four large breeds: Newfoundland (NF), Leonberger (LEO), Labrador retriever (LR), and Irish wolfhound (IW). The dogs were privately owned with individualized nutrition and environment, and they were followed from birth and throughout the growth period until the official screening for CHD was performed. The study sample consisted of 501 dogs from 103 litters, with the breed distribution 125 NF, 180 LEO, 133 LR, and 63 IW. Because the dogs were clustered in litters a multivariable random effects logistic regression model was used to assess statistically significant growth-related risk factors for CHD. The estimated incidence risk of CHD was 36% in NF, 25% in LEO, 20% in LR, and 10% in IW. Based upon the final multilevel model it appears that the odds of CHD among both LR and IW (odds ratio (OR) 0.22) are about one-fifth of the odds for NF. The odds for LEO (OR 0.60) are not significantly different from NF. There appeared to be an inverse relationship between body weight at 3 months of age and odds of CHD, with an OR of 0.89 (P=0.044). The degree of clustering at the litter-level was high (22.6%) and highly significant (P<0.001). Findings failed to support the hypothesis that heavy and fast growing dogs from four large sized breeds were at increased risk for development of CHD. There might be other unmeasured environmental risk factors for CHD in this cohort of dogs, although the contribution of the genetic variance to the litter-level clustering also needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi I Krontveit
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Nielsen L, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Jensen AL, Kristensen AT. Breed-specific variation of hematologic and biochemical analytes in healthy adult Bernese Mountain dogs. Vet Clin Pathol 2010; 39:20-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2009.00186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Trangerud C, Grøndalen J, Ytrehus B. Bone dysplasia in the radial and ulnar metaphysis of a Newfoundland dog. Vet Pathol 2008; 45:197-200. [PMID: 18424833 DOI: 10.1354/vp.45-2-197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A recently described metaphyseal irregularity of the radius and ulna was diagnosed radiographically in a significant proportion of Newfoundland dogs during the course of a large study. This case report describes the pathological picture of a Newfoundland dog with these radiographic changes. The lesions in the distal radius and ulna were characterized by focal, longitudinal striations of sclerosis of the bone marrow cavity, surrounding thin trabeculae of primary spongiosa of the distal metaphysis. It is suggested that these lesions represent a sclerosing dysplasia not previously described in dogs, but with some similarities to the human disorder, osteopathia striata.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Trangerud
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
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Ange-van Heugten K, Verstegen M, Ferket PR, Stoskopf M, van Heugten E. Serum chemistry concentrations of captive woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha). Zoo Biol 2008; 27:188-99. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Hamnes IS, Gjerde BK, Robertson LJ. A longitudinal study on the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in dogs during their first year of life. Acta Vet Scand 2007; 49:22. [PMID: 17848186 PMCID: PMC2040143 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-49-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The primary aim of this study was to obtain more knowledge about the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in young dogs in Norway. The occurrence of these parasites was investigated in a longitudinal study by repeated faecal sampling of dogs between 1 and 12 months of age (litter samples and individual samples). The dogs were privately owned and from four large breeds. Individual faecal samples were collected from 290 dogs from 57 litters when the dogs were approximately 3, 4, 6, and 12 months old. In addition, pooled samples were collected from 43 of the litters, and from 42 of the mother bitches, when the puppies were approximately 1 and/or 2 months old. Methods The samples were purified by sucrose gradient flotation concentration and examined by immunofluorescent staining. Results 128 (44.1%) of the young dogs had one or more Cryptosporidium positive samples, whilst 60 (20.7%) dogs had one or more Giardia positive samples. The prevalence of the parasites varied with age. For Cryptosporidium, the individual prevalence was between 5.1% and 22.5%, with the highest level in dogs < 6 months old, and declining with age. For Giardia, the individual prevalence was between 6.0% and 11.4%, with the highest level in dogs > 6 months old, but the differences between age groups were not statistically significant. Significant differences in prevalences were found in relation to geographic location of the dogs. Both parasites occurred at low prevalences in Northern Norway. Conclusion Both Cryptosporidium and Giardia are common in Norwegian dogs, with Cryptosporidium more prevalent than Giardia. Prevalences of the parasites were found to be influenced by age, geographical location, and infection status before weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger S Hamnes
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Section of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway
- National Veterinary Institute, Section for Parasitology, P.O. Box 8156 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn K Gjerde
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Section of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Section of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway
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Trangerud C, Meuwissen T, Ropstad E, Indrebø A, Grøndalen J, Moe L. Risk factors affecting metaphyseal irregularities in the radius and ulna of growing Newfoundland dogs. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:2437-44. [PMID: 17565053 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to study risk factors affecting metaphyseal irregularities (MI) in the distal radius and ulna of growing Newfoundland dogs. Risk factors studied included the genetic effects, effects of litters, BW, circumferences of the distal radius and ulna (CDRU), and total serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentrations. The study included 118 Newfoundland dogs (60 females, 58 males), derived from 32 litters. Body weight, separated on sex and MI, was fitted to the Gompertz function. Occurrence of MI differed significantly between sexes, with 55% of males and 35% of females affected (P = 0.03). Growth curves for the 2 groups of dogs, with and without MI, diverged after 60 to 70 d, and dogs with irregularities were heavier at maturity than dogs of the same sex without irregularities. In univariate analysis, the litter effect was a significant predictor of MI, explaining 32% of total variability of the MI incidence, but the genetic effects were not significant. However, the latter were significant in bivariate analysis of MI and BW. In the bivariate analysis, the effects of litter on MI and BW were significantly correlated at all observational points except at birth, 180 d, and 536 d. Total ALP concentrations decreased with increasing age, and differences between groups diminished with increasing age, indicating a negative effect of total ALP on MI. Correlation between MI and total ALP concentrations of litters was estimated in a bivariate analysis. This correlation was significant and ranged between -0.34 and -0.62. Similarly, the genetic relationship between total ALP and MI from 120 d of age onward varied between -0.31 to -0.60. However, correlations were only significant at 356 d of age (genetic correlation = 0.60; P = 0.01). The mean CDRU increased from 90 d of age toward a peak at 180 d. Thereafter, CDRU declined and stabilized at about 1 yr of age. The mean CDRU between the groups of dogs with and without MI diverged most at 90 d of age, then was nearly stable until 180 d and gradually declined until 356 d, when the CDRU began to equalize. Metaphyseal irregularities and CDRU levels of litter were significantly correlated. Litter effect was a significant predictor of MI. The effects of litters and the genetic effects on BW and MI were correlated at most phases of the growth of the dog. Similar, but lower, correlations were found for CDRU and MI, and total ALP and MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Trangerud
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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