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Hue-Beauvais C, Faulconnier Y, Charlier M, Leroux C. Nutritional Regulation of Mammary Gland Development and Milk Synthesis in Animal Models and Dairy Species. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040523. [PMID: 33916721 PMCID: PMC8067096 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, milk is essential for the growth, development, and health. Milk quantity and quality are dependent on mammary development, strongly influenced by nutrition. This review provides an overview of the data on nutritional regulations of mammary development and gene expression involved in milk component synthesis. Mammary development is described related to rodents, rabbits, and pigs, common models in mammary biology. Molecular mechanisms of the nutritional regulation of milk synthesis are reported in ruminants regarding the importance of ruminant milk in human health. The effects of dietary quantitative and qualitative alterations are described considering the dietary composition and in regard to the periods of nutritional susceptibly. During lactation, the effects of lipid supplementation and feed restriction or deprivation are discussed regarding gene expression involved in milk biosynthesis, in ruminants. Moreover, nutrigenomic studies underline the role of the mammary structure and the potential influence of microRNAs. Knowledge from three lactating and three dairy livestock species contribute to understanding the variety of phenotypes reported in this review and highlight (1) the importance of critical physiological stages, such as puberty gestation and early lactation and (2) the relative importance of the various nutrients besides the total energetic value and their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Hue-Beauvais
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, University of Paris-Saclay, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
- Correspondence:
| | - Yannick Faulconnier
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, University of Clermont Auvergne, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; (Y.F.); (C.L.)
| | - Madia Charlier
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, University of Paris-Saclay, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
| | - Christine Leroux
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, University of Clermont Auvergne, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; (Y.F.); (C.L.)
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Nozari Moshtaghin F, Moghadamnia AA, Kazemi S, Arbabzadegan N, Moudi E, Haghanifar S. Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of flaxseed on bone mineral density in Wistar rats using digital radiography. CASPIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2020; 11:92-99. [PMID: 32042392 PMCID: PMC6992728 DOI: 10.22088/cjim.11.1.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Given that the world's population is aging, the problems associated with osteoporosis and related fractures are increasing. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of flaxseed extract on bone mineral density (BMD) in Wistar rats using digital radiography. Methods: In this experimental study, 25 male and 25 female Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: 1. Control, 2. Calcium and vitamin D (Ca/VitD), 3. 100 mg/kg flaxseed, 4. 200 mg/kg flaxseed, and 5. 400 mg/kg flaxseed. Then, the animals were kept for thirty days. Maxillary and mandibular BMD as well as serum levels of calcium, vitamin D and phosphorus were measured at baseline and after 30 days of keeping the rats. Results: The results showed that serum levels of calcium and phosphorus were not significantly different in all five groups before and after 30 days. Serum levels of vitamin D were significantly higher in the group receiving Ca/vit D (with a mean of 61.6±15.8 in the male group and 85±12.9 in the female group) as compared with other groups (P<0.001). The highest level of change in maxillary and mandibular bone density was in 200 mg/kg flaxseed group with a mean difference of 24.5±6.1 and 26.5±3.1, respectively, which was significant in comparison with the control and Ca/vit D groups (p<0.001) . Conclusion: Flaxseed extract is more effective in increasing bone density than the group receiving Ca/vit D. The mandibular and maxillary BMD was higher in the group receiving 200 mg/kg flaxseed compared to the group receiving Ca/vit D (p<0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Akbar Moghadamnia
- Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sohrab Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Ehsan Moudi
- Oral Health Researche Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sina Haghanifar
- Oral Health Researche Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Farmer C. Nutritional impact on mammary development in pigs: a review. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3748-3756. [PMID: 29912353 PMCID: PMC6135228 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk yield is a crucial component of a sow operation because it is a limiting factor for piglet growth rate. Stimulating mammary development is one avenue that could be used to improve sow milk production. A number of studies have shown that nutrition of gilts or sows during the periods of rapid mammary accretion occurring during prepuberty, gestation, and lactation can affect mammary development. The present review provides an overview of all the information currently published on the subject. Various nutritional treatments can bring about increases in mammary tissue weight ranging from 27% to 52%. It was clearly established that feed restriction from 90 d of age (but not before 90 d) until puberty has detrimental effects on mammary development in pigs. Ad libitum feeding during that period increased mammary parenchymal weight by 36% to 52%. Body condition is also important because gilts that were obese (36-mm backfat) or too lean (12- to 15-mm backfat) in late gestation had less developed mammary tissue. Furthermore, overfeeding energy in late gestation seems to be detrimental. On the other hand, increasing energy and protein intakes of sows during lactation was beneficial for development of mammary tissue. Feeding certain plant extracts with estrogenic or hyperprolactinemic properties may also prove beneficial in stimulating mammary development at specific physiological periods. For example, feeding genistein to prepubertal gilts increased parenchymal DNA by 44%. Even though research was carried out on the nutritional control of mammogenesis in pigs, it is evident that much remains to be learned before the best nutritional strategy to enhance mammary development can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Farmer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke R & D Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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El-Sayed E, Ibrahim K. Effect of the types of dietary fats and non-dietary oils on bone metabolism. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:653-658. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.914889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Sacco SM, Chen J, Ganss B, Thompson LU, Ward WE. Flaxseed enhances the beneficial effect of low-dose estrogen therapy at reducing bone turnover and preserving bone microarchitecture in ovariectomized rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:801-10. [PMID: 24844286 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Our previous research showed greatest protection to vertebral bone mineral density and strength in ovariectomized (OVX) rats when lignan- and α-linolenic acid-rich flaxseed (FS) is combined with low-dose estrogen therapy (LD) compared with either treatment alone. This study determined the effects of combined FS+LD on serum and tissue markers of bone turnover and microarchitecture to explain our previous findings. Three-month-old OVX rats were randomized to negative control (NEG), FS, LD or FS+LD for 2 or 12 weeks, meaningful time points for determining effects on markers of bone metabolism and bone structure, respectively. Ground FS was added to the AIN-93M diet (100 g/kg diet) and LD (0.42 μg 17β-estradiol/(kg body weight·day)) was delivered by subcutaneous implant. Sham rats were included as positive control. Bone formation (e.g., osteocalcin), bone resorption (e.g., tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5β (TRAP-5β)), as well as osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand (RANKL) were analyzed from the 2-week study by commercial assays (serum) and (or) histology (vertebra). Vertebral bone microarchitecture was measured from the 12-week study using microcomputed tomography. In serum, FS+LD and LD induced lower TRAP-5β and osteocalcin, and higher OPG and OPG/RANKL ratio versus NEG and FS (p < 0.05). In vertebrae, FS+LD induced higher OPG and lower osteocalcin versus NEG (p < 0.01) and did not differ from LD and FS. FS+LD improved bone microarchitecture versus NEG, FS, and LD (p < 0.05). In conclusion, FS+LD protects bone tissue because of a reduction in bone turnover. However, elucidating the distinctive action of FS+LD on bone turnover compared with LD requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Sacco
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
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Farmer C. Review: Mammary development in swine: effects of hormonal status, nutrition and management. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2012-066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Farmer, C. 2013. Review: Mammary development in swine: effects of hormonal status, nutrition and management. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 1–7. There are three phases of rapid mammary accretion in swine, namely, from 90 d of age until puberty, during the last third of gestation and throughout lactation. Nutrition, endocrine status and management of gilts or sows during those periods can affect mammary development. More specifically, in growing gilts, feed restriction as of 90 d of age hinders mammary development and either supplying the phytoestrogen genistein or increasing circulating concentrations of prolactin stimulates mammogenesis. In late gestation, inhibition of relaxin or prolactin drastically diminishes mammary development and overly increasing dietary energy has a detrimental effect on mammogenesis. It also appears that feeding of the gestating sow can affect the mammary development of her offspring once it reaches puberty. Various management factors such as litter size, nursing intensity and use or non-use of a teat in the previous lactation will affect the amount of mammary tissue present at the end of lactation. Mammary development is followed by the essential process of involution whereby a rapid and drastic regression in parenchymal tissue takes place. It can occur either after weaning or in early lactation when teats are not being regularly suckled. Despite our current knowledge, much remains to be learned in order to develop the best management strategies for replacement gilts, and gestating and lactating sows that will maximize their milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Farmer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Dairy and Swine R & D Centre, 2000 College St., Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1M 0C8
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Growth and development of the mammary glands of livestock: A veritable barnyard of opportunities. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:557-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Quesnel H, Farmer C, Devillers N. Colostrum intake: Influence on piglet performance and factors of variation. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Implications of dietary α-linolenic acid in bone health. Nutrition 2011; 27:1101-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Fenart S, Ndong YPA, Duarte J, Rivière N, Wilmer J, van Wuytswinkel O, Lucau A, Cariou E, Neutelings G, Gutierrez L, Chabbert B, Guillot X, Tavernier R, Hawkins S, Thomasset B. Development and validation of a flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) gene expression oligo microarray. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:592. [PMID: 20964859 PMCID: PMC3091737 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) has been cultivated for around 9,000 years and is therefore one of the oldest cultivated species. Today, flax is still grown for its oil (oil-flax or linseed cultivars) and its cellulose-rich fibres (fibre-flax cultivars) used for high-value linen garments and composite materials. Despite the wide industrial use of flax-derived products, and our actual understanding of the regulation of both wood fibre production and oil biosynthesis more information must be acquired in both domains. Recent advances in genomics are now providing opportunities to improve our fundamental knowledge of these complex processes. In this paper we report the development and validation of a high-density oligo microarray platform dedicated to gene expression analyses in flax. RESULTS Nine different RNA samples obtained from flax inner- and outer-stems, seeds, leaves and roots were used to generate a collection of 1,066,481 ESTs by massive parallel pyrosequencing. Sequences were assembled into 59,626 unigenes and 48,021 sequences were selected for oligo design and high-density microarray (Nimblegen 385K) fabrication with eight, non-overlapping 25-mers oligos per unigene. 18 independent experiments were used to evaluate the hybridization quality, precision, specificity and accuracy and all results confirmed the high technical quality of our microarray platform. Cross-validation of microarray data was carried out using quantitative qRT-PCR. Nine target genes were selected on the basis of microarray results and reflected the whole range of fold change (both up-regulated and down-regulated genes in different samples). A statistically significant positive correlation was obtained comparing expression levels for each target gene across all biological replicates both in qRT-PCR and microarray results. Further experiments illustrated the capacity of our arrays to detect differential gene expression in a variety of flax tissues as well as between two contrasted flax varieties. CONCLUSION All results suggest that our high-density flax oligo-microarray platform can be used as a very sensitive tool for analyzing gene expression in a large variety of tissues as well as in different cultivars. Moreover, this highly reliable platform can also be used for the quantification of mRNA transcriptional profiling in different flax tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Fenart
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille 1 UMR INRA 1281, SADV, F- 59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France
| | | | - Jorge Duarte
- BIOGEMMA, Z.I. du Brezet, 8 rue des Frères Lumières, 63028 Clermont-Ferrand cedex 2, France
| | - Nathalie Rivière
- BIOGEMMA, Z.I. du Brezet, 8 rue des Frères Lumières, 63028 Clermont-Ferrand cedex 2, France
| | - Jeroen Wilmer
- BIOGEMMA, domaine de Sandreau, Chemin de Panedautes, 31700 Mondonville, France
| | | | - Anca Lucau
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille 1 UMR INRA 1281, SADV, F- 59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France
| | | | - Godfrey Neutelings
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille 1 UMR INRA 1281, SADV, F- 59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France
| | - Laurent Gutierrez
- CRRBM, UFR des Sciences, UPJV, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens cedex, France
| | - Brigitte Chabbert
- UMR- INRA, UMR614, URCA, FARE, 2 Esplanade R. Garros, CREA, BP 224, 51686 Reims, France
| | | | | | - Simon Hawkins
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille 1 UMR INRA 1281, SADV, F- 59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France
| | - Brigitte Thomasset
- UMR CNRS 6022, GEC, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, 60205 Compiègne cedex, France
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Farmer C, Petit HV. Effects of dietary supplementation with different forms of flax in late-gestation and lactation on fatty acid profiles in sows and their piglets1,2. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:2600-13. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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