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Poudel S, Fike JH, Wright L, Pent GJ. Non-Invasive Techniques Reveal Heifer Response to Fescue Endophyte Type in Grazing Studies. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2373. [PMID: 37508150 PMCID: PMC10376091 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle grazing tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceous) infected with wild-type endophytes (WE) leads to a syndrome commonly known as fescue toxicosis. Replacing WE tall fescue with a novel endophyte-infected (NE) tall fescue can mitigate this problem but adoption of this technology has been limited. This study measured and determined the physiological and behavioral responses of heifers that grazed either WE or NE tall fescue, utilizing relatively non-invasive techniques including hair cortisol, thermography (for extremity temperatures), small loggers for intravaginal temperature, and remote observation of in-field behavior. Heifers that grazed WE had greater (p < 0.0001) hair cortisol levels, lower extremity temperatures (p ≤ 0.0075), and 0.3-0.9 °C greater (p ≤ 0.02) intravaginal temperatures (particularly during the daytime) than heifers that grazed NE. From 1200 h-1700 h each day, heifers on WE pastures spent 1.5 more (p = 0.0003) hours standing up and 0.9 fewer (p = 0.0402) hours lying down than heifers on NE pastures. Differences (p = 0.0160) in ADG were small (0.1 kg d-1) and were only observed in the first year of these 8-week studies. However, even in the mild environment of the study site, grazing NE tall fescue provided clear welfare benefits as evidenced by heifer behavioral changes, temperature differentials, and hair cortisol levels. This study underscores the potential utility of non-invasive techniques, such as thermographic imaging and hair cortisol analysis, for evaluating animal responses to stress in extensive grazing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjok Poudel
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - John H Fike
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Lee Wright
- Southwest Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Glade Spring, VA 24340, USA
| | - Gabriel J Pent
- Shenandoah Valley Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Raphine, VA 24472, USA
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Henley PA, Meteer WT, Chapple WP, Redden ME, Shike DW. Effects of corn supplementation and age on performance and reproduction of beef females grazing lush spring pasture. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa046. [PMID: 32705043 PMCID: PMC7238437 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated how corn supplementation and age of female affected body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), artificial insemination (AI) pregnancy rate, and blood metabolites (nonesterified fatty acid [NEFA], β-hydroxybutyrate [BHBA], and blood urea nitrogen [BUN]) when grazing lush spring pasture. Angus and Angus × Simmental beef females (n = 361) were blocked by location, stratified by BW and BCS, and then were assigned to groups (n = 8 groups/treatment combination; 9–14 females/group). The study utilized a stratified, randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The four treatment combinations were: yearling heifers receiving no supplement (CON-H); yearling heifers receiving supplement of dry-rolled corn (SUPP-H; 1.81 kg as-fed/heifer/d) for 42 d; 2-yr-old lactating cow-calf pairs receiving no supplement (CON-C); and 2-yr-old lactating cow-calf pairs receiving supplement of dry-rolled corn (SUPP-C; 1.81 kg as-fed/cow/d) for 42 d. Supplementation began at AI (end of April) when cows began grazing tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea schreb)-red clover (Trifolium pratense) pastures. Pasture forage was collected weekly for analysis. Throughout the study, forage crude protein decreased (P < 0.01) over time, but acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber, dry matter, forage height, and forage mass all increased (P < 0.01) over time. Females receiving SUPP tended (P = 0.10) to have greater BW and greater BW change over the supplementation period. Supplementation × age effects for BCS were detected (P = 0.04); SUPP-H had greater BCS than all other treatment combinations at d 42. Cow BHBA was greater (P < 0.01) compared with heifers. Female NEFA increased (P < 0.01) from d 12 to 42. Control females had greater (P = 0.02) serum NEFA concentrations compared with SUPP females. Control females had greater (P = 0.03) BUN concentrations compared with SUPP females. Cow BUN was greater (P < 0.01) than heifer BUN. Supplementation effects were not detected (P ≥ 0.25) for AI or overall pregnancy rate. In conclusion, there were no supplementation × age interactions excluding d 42 BCS. Supplementation regardless of female age tended to improve d 42 BW and BW change. Cow BHBA and BUN was greater compared with the heifers, whereas the supplemented females had decreased NEFA and BUN. Cows tended to have greater AI pregnancy rates than heifers, but supplementation did not affect AI or overall pregnancy rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker A Henley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - William T Meteer
- Orr Research and Demonstration Center, University of Illinois Extension, Baylis, IL
| | - Wesley P Chapple
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Miles E Redden
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Daniel W Shike
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
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Diaz JM, Gadberry MS, Beck PA, Richeson JT, Hufstedler GD, Hubbell DS, Tucker JD, Hess T, Pohler KG. Performance-enhancing technologies for steers grazing tall fescue pastures with varying levels of toxicity1. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3712-3727. [PMID: 29917102 PMCID: PMC6127829 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate a combination of best management practices strategy for steer calves grazing tall fescue pastures with a range of toxicity. The experiment was conducted over 2 grazing seasons (fall 2015 for 91 d and spring 2016 for 84 d). Steers (n = 80 within season, body weight [BW] = 197.0 ± 15.43 kg [fall] and 116.9 ± 4.88 [spring]) were stocked at 2.45 and 4.1 calves/ha in fall and spring, respectively, to 16 pastures with varying levels of toxicity based on interim ergovaline (EV) concentration within season. Pastures were assigned to either mineral (MIN, n = 8) only management (MGMT) or a cumulative MGMT (CM, n = 8). The CM treatment included an implant containing 40-mg trenbolone acetate, 8-mg estradiol, and 29-mg tylosin tartrate (Component TE-G with Tylan, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN), 150 mg/calf daily monensin (Elanco Animal Health), and 1% BW of a 50:50 corn gluten feed:soybean hull supplement (as-is basis). Data were analyzed within season using pasture as the experimental unit. For fall and spring, the EV concentration was 1,476 ± 883.2 and 1,173 ± 620.6 ppb, respectively, and ranged from 90 to 2,180 ppb. During the fall, forage allowance did not differ (P = 0.76) between CM and MIN. In the spring, however, forage allowance only differed for the month of June (P ≤ 0.05, 2.55 vs. 3.22 ± 0.177 kg DM/kg BW, for MIN and CM, respectively). In the fall, average daily gain (ADG) responded to the simple effects of EV (P = 0.01) and MGMT (P < 0.001), and ADG for MIN steers was explained by ADG = 0.41 - 0.000064 × EV, whereas ADG for CM was explained by ADG = 1.05 - 0.000064 × EV. In the spring, there was an EV × MGMT interaction (P = 0.03) for ADG. For MIN, ADG = 0.80 - 0.000278 × EV, whereas for CM, ADG = 0.94 + 0.000001835 × EV. In spring, the ADG response to CM relative to MIN increased as EV increased. The CM strategy resulted in lower blood urea nitrogen than MIN in fall and spring (P < 0.01), but prolactin and serum Cu were not affected by MGMT in either season. In conclusion, performance was improved within the fescue belt by implementing feeding strategies using implants, ionophores, and supplementation, but a detailed economic analysis is warranted. Further research is needed to evaluate CM programs under varied stocking rates and in combination with dilution of endophyte-infected fescue pastures with nontoxic grasses or legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Diaz
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - M Shane Gadberry
- Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Cooperative Extension Service, Little Rock, AR
| | - Paul A Beck
- Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Southwest Research and Extension Center, Hope, AR
| | - John T Richeson
- Paul Engler College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX
| | | | - Don S Hubbell
- Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Livestock and Forestry Research Station, Batesville, AR
| | - John D Tucker
- Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Livestock and Forestry Research Station, Batesville, AR
| | - Tom Hess
- Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Livestock and Forestry Research Station, Batesville, AR
| | - Ky G Pohler
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
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Melchior EA, Myer PR. Fescue toxicosis and its influence on the rumen microbiome: mitigation of production losses through clover isoflavones. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2018.1496920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Melchior
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, USA
| | - Phillip R. Myer
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, USA
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Kallenbach RL. BILL E. KUNKLE INTERDISCIPLINARY BEEF SYMPOSIUM: Coping with tall fescue toxicosis: Solutions and realities. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:5487-95. [PMID: 26641158 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beef cattle consume more tall fescue [ (Schreb.) Darbysh.] than any other perennial cool-season grass in North America. Tall fescue forms a mutualistic relationship with the fungus (Morgan-Jones and W. Cams) C.W. Bacon & Schardl, comb. nov.; these plants are often referred to as endophyte-infected tall fescue. Agronomically, endophyte infection is good; endophyte-infected plants resist biotic and abiotic stresses better than do endophyte-free plants. However, tall fescue plants infected with a common toxic endophyte produce the ergot alkaloids that cause tall fescue toxicosis. Several agronomic practices can eliminate or reduce the effects of tall fescue toxicosis. Renovating tall fescue fields infected with a common toxic endophyte to new cultivars infected with a novel (or nontoxic) endophyte eliminates the problem for that field. Although the cost to renovate currently exceeds US$600/ha, most economic analyses show it to be a good long-term investment, especially on fields with high forage production potential. Less effective, but popular, methods of dealing with tall fescue toxicosis include adding clovers ( spp.) or other forage species to the pastures to dilute the effects of the toxins, avoiding the use of high rates of nitrogen fertilizers, feeding supplements, and rotating cattle to warm-season forages in summer. Also, the alkaloid concentration in forage can be reduced by making it (drying) into hay. Recent research shows that animal tolerance to tall fescue toxicosis is possible, although there is still much to learn about this topic. Tall fescue toxicosis is likely a reality in the beef industry for some time to come. We contend that renovation of the most productive fields to cultivars infected with a novel endophyte coupled with the prospect of using tolerant livestock in scenarios where renovation is not possible will give innovative producers a competitive edge.
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Riet-Correa F, Rivero R, Odriozola E, Adrien MDL, Medeiros RMT, Schild AL. Mycotoxicoses of ruminants and horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:692-708. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638713504572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, mycotoxicoses of ruminants and horses are reviewed, with an emphasis on the occurrence of these diseases in South America. The main mycotoxicoses observed in grazing cattle include intoxications by indole-diterpenoid mycotoxins ( Paspalum spp. contaminated by Claviceps paspali, Lolium perenne infected by Neotyphodium lolii, Cynodon dactylon infected by Claviceps cynodontis, and Poa huecu), gangrenous ergotism and dysthermic syndrome (hyperthermia) caused by Festuca arundinacea (syn. Festuca elatior) infected by Neotyphodium coenophialum (syn. Acremonium coenophialum), and photosensitization in pastures contaminated by toxigenic Pithomyces chartarum. Other mycotoxicoses in grazing cattle include slaframine toxicity in clover pastures infected by Rhizoctonia leguminicola and diplodiosis in cattle grazing in corn stubbles. The mycotoxicoses caused by contaminated concentrated food or byproducts in cattle include poisoning by toxins of Aspergillus clavatus, which contaminate barley or sugar beetroot by-products, gangrenous ergotism or dysthermic syndrome caused by wheat bran or wheat screenings contaminated with Claviceps purpurea, and acute respiratory distress caused by damaged sweet potatoes ( Ipomoea batatas). The main mycotoxicosis of horses is leukoencephalomalacia caused by the fumonisins B1 and B2 produced by Fusarium spp. Poisoning by C. purpurea and F. elatior infected by N. coenophialum has also been reported as a cause of agalactia and neonatal mortality in mares. Slaframine toxicosis caused by the ingestion of alfalfa hay contaminated by R. leguminicola has also been reported in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Riet-Correa
- Hospital Veterinário, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa, Medeiros)
- Dirección de Laboratorios Veterinarios “Miguel C. Rubino”, Laboratorio Regional Noroeste, Ministério de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Paysandú, Uruguay (Rivero)
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina (Odriozola)
- Facultad de Veterinária, Universidad de la República, Estación Mario Cassinoni, Paysandú, Uruguay (Adrien)
- Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFPel, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Schild)
| | - Rodolfo Rivero
- Hospital Veterinário, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa, Medeiros)
- Dirección de Laboratorios Veterinarios “Miguel C. Rubino”, Laboratorio Regional Noroeste, Ministério de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Paysandú, Uruguay (Rivero)
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina (Odriozola)
- Facultad de Veterinária, Universidad de la República, Estación Mario Cassinoni, Paysandú, Uruguay (Adrien)
- Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFPel, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Schild)
| | - Ernesto Odriozola
- Hospital Veterinário, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa, Medeiros)
- Dirección de Laboratorios Veterinarios “Miguel C. Rubino”, Laboratorio Regional Noroeste, Ministério de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Paysandú, Uruguay (Rivero)
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina (Odriozola)
- Facultad de Veterinária, Universidad de la República, Estación Mario Cassinoni, Paysandú, Uruguay (Adrien)
- Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFPel, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Schild)
| | - Maria de Lourdes Adrien
- Hospital Veterinário, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa, Medeiros)
- Dirección de Laboratorios Veterinarios “Miguel C. Rubino”, Laboratorio Regional Noroeste, Ministério de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Paysandú, Uruguay (Rivero)
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina (Odriozola)
- Facultad de Veterinária, Universidad de la República, Estación Mario Cassinoni, Paysandú, Uruguay (Adrien)
- Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFPel, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Schild)
| | - Rosane M. T. Medeiros
- Hospital Veterinário, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa, Medeiros)
- Dirección de Laboratorios Veterinarios “Miguel C. Rubino”, Laboratorio Regional Noroeste, Ministério de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Paysandú, Uruguay (Rivero)
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina (Odriozola)
- Facultad de Veterinária, Universidad de la República, Estación Mario Cassinoni, Paysandú, Uruguay (Adrien)
- Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFPel, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Schild)
| | - Ana Lucia Schild
- Hospital Veterinário, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa, Medeiros)
- Dirección de Laboratorios Veterinarios “Miguel C. Rubino”, Laboratorio Regional Noroeste, Ministério de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Paysandú, Uruguay (Rivero)
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina (Odriozola)
- Facultad de Veterinária, Universidad de la República, Estación Mario Cassinoni, Paysandú, Uruguay (Adrien)
- Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFPel, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Schild)
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Rankins DL, Prevatt JW. SOUTHERN SECTION INTERDISCIPLINARY BEEF CATTLE SYMPOSIUM: Forage and co-product systems for stockers in the South: Have fundamental shifts in markets changed the optimal system?1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:503-7. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. L. Rankins
- Department of Animal Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - J. W. Prevatt
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
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Beck PA, Anders M, Watkins B, Gunter SA, Hubbell D, Gadberry MS. 2011 and 2012 Early Careers Achievement Awards: improving the production, environmental, and economic efficiency of the stocker cattle industry in the southeastern United States. J Anim Sci 2012; 91:2456-66. [PMID: 23243161 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Grazing forages on small-grain fields can be a profitable "second crop" for grain producers and an opportunity for cow-calf producers to retain ownership of weaned calves. The increasing costs of conventional tillage and movement of soil nutrients into surface water creates a need for more sustainable production practices to be incorporated by producers into wheat pasture production systems. Research at the Livestock and Forestry Research Station near Batesville, AR, and the Southwest Research and Extension Center near Hope, AR, has been conducted over a 9-yr span to characterize the impacts of pasture systems on forage production, animal performance, soil quality, water runoff, and the economics associated with the stocker cattle enterprises. Gains of growing cattle grazing nontoxic endophyte-infected tall fescue and small-grain forages can be increased by 80 and 150%, respectively, compared with grazing Bermuda grass or toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue. Producers grazing spring-calving cowherds can use these improved forages to accelerate stocker performance when retaining calves in the fall and improve net returns by 99% with winter annual or nontoxic tall fescue production systems compared with Bermuda grass or toxic tall fescue. Rainfall simulation of small grain pastures indicates that runoff volume and nutrient load does not differ between conventionally tilled fields and no-till fields in the spring before tillage when soil surface cover is similar. In the fall after tillage, however, conventionally tilled fields had 4 times greater runoff; hence, there was 1.9 times greater N runoff and 3.2 times greater P runoff in conventionally tilled fields compared with no-till. Total natural rainfall runoff from conventionally tilled wheat fields were 2 times greater than from no-till fields with 25 mm rainfall events yet were 4 times greater with 62-mm rainfall events. Soil analysis shows that soil aggregate content was greater in no-till compared with conventional till, indicating greater soil porosity, improved water infiltration rate, and reduced erositivity of soil. Carbon concentration in no-till soils was 50% greater than conventional tillage after 9 yr. These experiments show that production systems can be designed that maintain livestock production, increase soil quality, reduce nutrient discharge, and promote improved economic returns.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Beck
- University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Southwest Research and Extension Center, Hope 71801, USA.
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McGranahan DA, Engle DM, Wilsey BJ, Fuhlendorf SD, Miller JR, Debinski DM. Grazing and an invasive grass confound spatial pattern of exotic and native grassland plant species richness. Basic Appl Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Impact of clover additions to toxic or nontoxic endophyte-infected tall fescue on animal performance and economics of stocker programs1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Economic implications of replacing synthetic nitrogen with clovers in a cool-season annual pasture production system 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Butler TJ, Stein JD, Interrante SM, Malinowski DP. Novel Approaches to Establishing Alfalfa-Tall Fescue Pastures in the Southern Great Plains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1094/fg-2011-0725-01-rs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Twain J. Butler
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation; 2510 Sam Noble Parkway Ardmore OK 73401
| | - Jimmy D. Stein
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation; 2510 Sam Noble Parkway Ardmore OK 73401
| | - Sindy M. Interrante
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation; 2510 Sam Noble Parkway Ardmore OK 73401
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Rudgers JA, Fischer S, Clay K. Managing plant symbiosis: fungal endophyte genotype alters plant community composition. J Appl Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01788.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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