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Bruun TS, Madsen AH, Handberg ER, Dall J, Jensen SK, Østrup E, Strathe AV. The effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on fetal growth, piglet birth weight and plasma fatty acid concentrations, using docosahexaenoic acid in early gestation in sows. Anim Reprod Sci 2023; 259:107380. [PMID: 38006638 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2023.107380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to test the effect of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on fetal and placental development as well as the birth weight of piglets. A total of 238 multiparous sows were allocated to either a control diet group or a DHA diet group with an omega-6 to omega-3 ratio of 9.8 and 2.4, respectively, from mating to day 43 of gestation. A blood sample was collected and back fat thickness was measured prior to mating, on days 14, 42 and 112 of gestation. On day 43 of gestation, 14 sows were slaughtered and measurements of fetuses and placentas were taken. Piglets in some litters were weighed individually at farrowing. Dietary treatment did not affect fetal characteristics and back fat thickness (P > 0.05). Dietary treatment increased the plasma concentrations of total omega-3 fatty acids in sows (P < 0.05). Sows fed the DHA diet had a shorter gestation length compared to the control sows (P < 0.05), but the number of born piglets was not affected (P > 0.05). The average piglet birth weight and the within-litter variation in birthweight were unaffected by dietary DHA (P > 0.05), however, sows fed DHA diet had fewer piglets under 800 g at birth compared to control sows (P < 0.05). In conclusion, addition of DHA decreased the dietary ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids, increased plasma n-3 fatty acid concentrations in sows and decreased the number of piglets weighing under 800 g at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Bruun
- SEGES Innovation, Agro Food Park 15, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Anja H Madsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Emilie R Handberg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jacob Dall
- Vilofoss, Ballesvej 2, 7000 Fredericia, Denmark
| | - Søren K Jensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Esben Østrup
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anja V Strathe
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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SINGH AK, SINGH U, SHARMA A, KAUR P, SINGH P. Effect of flaxseed supplementation on metabolic profile and reproductive performance of prepubertal gilts. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v91i4.114333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted on Large White Yorkshire prepubertal gilts (n=36) to evaluate the effect of flaxseed supplementation on feed intake, bodyweight, metabolic profile and reproductive parameters. The gilts were randomly allocated to three treatments, viz. group 1 (n=12; control), group 2 (n=12) and group 3 (n=12). All gilts received grower-finisher rations, twice daily from 120 days of age until 240 days of age. Additionally, in group 2 and group 3, flaxseed was mixed at a rate of 0.5% and 1.0% of dry matter, respectively. Average daily feed intake did not differ between three groups. Bodyweight and daily bodyweight gain were more in gilts of group 3 than in group 2 and group 1 toward the end of feeding period. The gilts of group 3 had an improved feed conversion ratio compared to their contemporary mates throughout the study period. Over the period of time, a significant reduction in cholesterol levels and linear increase in IGF-1 levels was noticed in gilts of group 3 as compared to their counterparts. Gilts of group 3 reached puberty and expressed estrus at breeding significantly earlier than in their contemporary mates. The number of total piglets born and born alive was maximum in group 3 followed by group 2 and group 1. Piglet birth weight and still birth percentage were similar in all groups. In conclusion, supplementing flaxseed (1.0%) in diet improved body composition variables, age at onset of puberty and reproductive performance of prepubertal gilts.
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Reis LG, Silva TH, Ravagnani GM, Martinez CHG, Salles MSV, Andrade AFC, Cônsolo NRB, Martins SMMK, de Oliveira Bussiman F, Oliveira MXS, Lanna DPD, Saran Netto A. Maternal Supplementation with Cow's Milk Naturally Enriched with PUFA Alters the Metabolism of Sows and the Fatty Acid Profile of the Offspring. Nutrients 2021; 13:1942. [PMID: 34198804 PMCID: PMC8228345 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the supplementation of gilts with cow's milk naturally enriched with n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on reproductive outcomes, and the serum biochemical and FA profile of swine females and their offspring. During 316 days, 30 gilts were distributed into three groups: (1) Control, fed a basal diet + milk from cows without oil; (2) n-3, fed a basal diet + milk from cows fed a diet enriched with linseed oil; (3) n-6, fed a basal diet + milk from cows fed a diet enriched with soybean oil. The gilts receiving the diets containing PUFA had higher serum urea and very-low-density lipoprotein levels and lower serum total protein and low-density lipoprotein levels compared to the Control group. Females supplemented with n-3 presented higher serum palmitic acid and γ-linolenic acid levels than those fed n-6. Piglets from the Control group were heavier at birth than those from females supplemented with enriched milk. The piglets from females receiving enriched milk had 140 g higher body weight from 1 to 21 days old compared to the Control group, and greater average daily weight gain from 7 to 14 days old. The serum eicosapentaenoic acid level of piglets fed n-3 was 69% higher than those fed n-6, which reduced the AA/EPA ratio. Gilts supplemented with PUFA-enriched cow's milk showed changes in their serum palmitic and γ-linolenic acid levels, in addition to improved performance, EPA concentration and consequently reduced AA/EPA ratio in their piglets, demonstrating beneficial results for their progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leriana Garcia Reis
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (L.G.R.); (T.H.S.); (N.R.B.C.); (S.M.M.K.M.)
| | - Thiago Henrique Silva
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (L.G.R.); (T.H.S.); (N.R.B.C.); (S.M.M.K.M.)
| | - Gisele Mouro Ravagnani
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (G.M.R.); (A.F.C.A.)
| | - Cristian Hernando Garcia Martinez
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (C.H.G.M.); (F.d.O.B.)
| | | | - André Furugen Cesar Andrade
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (G.M.R.); (A.F.C.A.)
| | - Nara Regina Brandão Cônsolo
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (L.G.R.); (T.H.S.); (N.R.B.C.); (S.M.M.K.M.)
| | - Simone Maria Massami Kitamura Martins
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (L.G.R.); (T.H.S.); (N.R.B.C.); (S.M.M.K.M.)
| | - Fernando de Oliveira Bussiman
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (C.H.G.M.); (F.d.O.B.)
| | - Mauricio Xavier Silva Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
| | - Dante Pazzanese Duarte Lanna
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil;
| | - Arlindo Saran Netto
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (L.G.R.); (T.H.S.); (N.R.B.C.); (S.M.M.K.M.)
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Eicosapentaenoic acid supplemented to in vitro maturation medium results in lesser lipid content and intracellular reactive oxygen species in blastocysts of cattle. Anim Reprod Sci 2021; 229:106765. [PMID: 33989912 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sub-optimal cattle embryo development to the blastocyst stage still is a problem when conducting in vitro production (IVP) procedures. Supplementation of in vitro maturation (IVM) medium with omega 3-polyunsaturated eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an approach that might have positive effects on lipid metabolism of cattle oocytes, potentially improving subsequent embryo development. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of EPA addition to serum-free IVM medium on pronuclear formation after in vitro fertilization, cleavage, and blastocyst rates. Effects of EPA on lipid accumulation and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation with IVP of cattle embryos was also investigated. In all experiments, cumulus-oocyte complexes were matured in IVM medium supplemented with 0 nM, 1 nM, or 1 μM EPA for 24 h. Pronuclear formation, cleavage, and blastocyst rates were similar for embryos when there was supplementation of EPA at all concentrations to those of the control group (P > 0.05). The inclusion of 1 nM EPA in medium resulted in a greater lipid content and less intracellular ROS in day 8-embryos compared with those of the Control group (P < 0.05). There were no differences, however, when there was inclusion of 1 μM EPA compared to embryos of the Control group at the day 8 developmental stage (P > 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation with IVM medium with the 1 nM EPA concentration resulted in a lesser blastocyst lipid and intracellular ROS concentration, without modifying embryo development, therefore, EPA could be a desirable supplement to improve embryo quality in cattle.
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Best KP, Gomersall J, Makrides M. Prenatal Nutritional Strategies to Reduce the Risk of Preterm Birth. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2021; 76 Suppl 3:31-39. [PMID: 33465767 DOI: 10.1159/000509901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, around 15 million preterm babies are born annually, and despite intensive research, the specific mechanisms triggering preterm birth (PTB) remain unclear. Cost-effective primary prevention strategies to reduce PTB are required, and nutritional interventions offer a promising alternative. Nutrients contribute to a variety of mechanisms that are potentially important to preterm delivery, such as infection, inflammation, oxidative stress, and muscle contractility. Several observational studies have explored the association between dietary nutrients and/or dietary patterns and PTB, often with contrasting results. Randomized trial evidence on the effects of supplementation with zinc, multiple micronutrients (iron and folic acid), and vitamin D is promising; however, results are inconsistent, and many studies are not adequately powered for outcomes of PTB. Large-scale clinical trials with PTB as the primary outcome are needed before any firm conclusions can be drawn for these nutrients. The strongest evidence to date for a nutritional solution exists for omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), key nutrients in fish. In 2018, a Cochrane Review (including 70 studies) showed that prenatal supplementation with omega-3 LCPUFAs reduced the risk of PTB and early PTB (EPTB) compared with no omega-3 supplementation. However, the largest trial of omega-3 supplementation in pregnancy, the Omega-3 to Reduce the Incidence of Prematurity (ORIP) trial (n = 5,544), showed no reduction in EPTB and a reduction in PTB only in a prespecified analysis of singleton pregnancies. Exploratory analyses from the ORIP trial found that women with low baseline total omega-3 status were at higher risk of EPTB, and that this risk was substantially reduced with omega-3 supplementation. In contrast, women with replete or high baseline total omega-3 status were already at low risk of EPTB and additional omega-3 supplementation increased the risk of EPTB compared to control. These findings suggest that determining an individual woman's PUFA status may be the most precise way to inform recommendations to reduce her risk of PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Patricia Best
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, .,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,
| | - Judith Gomersall
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Maria Makrides
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Dietary Supplementation of Inorganic, Organic, and Fatty Acids in Pig: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101740. [PMID: 32992813 PMCID: PMC7600838 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The role of acids in pig feed strategies has changed from feed acidifier and preservative to growth promoter and antibiotics substitute. Since the 2006 European banning of growth promoters in the livestock sector, several feed additives have been tested with the goal of identifying molecules with the greatest beneficial antimicrobial, growth-enhancing, or disease-preventing abilities. These properties have been identified among various acids, ranging from inexpensive inorganic acids to organic and fatty acids, and these have been widely used in pig production. Acids are mainly used during the weaning period, which is considered one of the most critical phases in pig farming, as well as during gestation, lactation, and fattening. Such supplementation generally yields improved growth performance and increased feed efficiency; these effects are the consequences of different modes of action acting on the microbiome composition, gut mucosa morphology, enzyme activity, and animal energy metabolism. Abstract Reduction of antibiotic use has been a hot topic of research over the past decades. The European ban on growth-promoter use has increased the use of feed additivities that can enhance animal growth performance and health status, particularly during critical and stressful phases of life. Pig farming is characterized by several stressful periods, such as the weaning phase, and studies have suggested that the proper use of feed additives during stress could prevent disease and enhance performance through modulation of the gastrointestinal tract mucosa and microbiome. The types of feed additive include acids, minerals, prebiotics, probiotics, yeast, nucleotides, and phytoproducts. This review focuses on commonly used acids, classified as inorganic, organic, and fatty acids, and their beneficial and potential effects, which are widely reported in the bibliography. Acids have long been used as feed acidifiers and preservatives, and were more recently introduced into feed formulated for young pigs with the goal of stabilizing the stomach pH to offset their reduced digestive capacity. In addition, some organic acids represent intermediary products of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), and thus could be considered an energy source. Moreover, antimicrobial properties have been exploited to modulate microbiota populations and reduce pathogenic bacteria. Given these potential benefits, organic acids are no longer seen as simple acidifiers, but rather as growth promoters and potential antibiotic substitutes owing to their beneficial action on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).
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Triggs T, Kumar S, Mitchell M. Experimental drugs for the inhibition of preterm labor. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:507-523. [PMID: 32290715 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1752661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preterm birth is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality globally and poses a substantial economic burden. Consequently, there is a need for the identification of therapeutic targets and novel experimental drugs for the inhibition of preterm labor to improve neonatal outcomes. AREAS COVERED The authors review the pathophysiology of labor and the inflammatory pathways underpinning it. The interruption of these pathways forms the basis of therapeutic targets to inhibit preterm labor. Current drugs available for the treatment of preterm labor are reviewed, followed by experimental drugs including toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) antagonists, cytokine suppressive anti-inflammatory drugs (CSAIDs), N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), Sulfasalazine (SSZ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) antagonists, interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1) inhibitors, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid metabolites, and the polyphenols. EXPERT OPINION A number of new therapeutic strategies for the prevention of preterm labor are being investigated. These have the potential to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes and survival in babies born preterm, reducing the economic and healthcare costs of caring for the complex needs of these children in the immediate and long term. It is likely that over the next decade there will be a new treatment option that targets the pathological inflammatory processes involved in preterm labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegan Triggs
- Women's & Newborn Services, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital , Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sailesh Kumar
- Women's & Newborn Services, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital , Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Murray Mitchell
- Women's & Newborn Services, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital , Herston, Queensland, Australia
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Pennington PM, Splan RK, Jacobs RD, Chen Y, Singh RP, Li Y, Gucek M, Wagner AL, Freeman EW, Pukazhenthi BS. Influence of Metabolic Status and Diet on Early Pregnant Equine Histotroph Proteome: Preliminary Findings. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 88:102938. [PMID: 32303306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is characterized by an increase in biomarkers of systemic inflammation and susceptibility to laminitis in horses. Impacts on reproduction include a lengthened interovulatory period in horses. Dietary omega-3 (docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) promotes anti-inflammatory processes, has been implicated in health benefits, and can reduce cytokine secretion. This preliminary study investigated the impact of IR as well as the influence of dietary supplementation (DHA) on the uterine fluid proteome in early pregnant horses. Mares were artificially inseminated; uterine fluid and embryos were collected on d 12.5 after ovulation. Uterine fluid was pooled for metabolic and diet categories (n = 8; n = 2 per metabolic and dietary status) and concentrated, and the proteome was analyzed using tandem mass spectrometry (iTRAQ). Five proteins met differential abundance criteria (±1.5-fold change, P < .05) in all comparisons (Control C, IS vs. C, IR; C, IS vs. DHA, IS; C, IR vs. DHA, IR). Serum amyloid A, afamin, and serotransferrin were upregulated in C, IR mares but downregulated in DHA, IR mares when compared to C, IS and C, IR, respectively. Quantitative PCR supported mass spectrometry results. The presence of serum amyloid A and serotransferrin in histotroph of IR mares potentially indicates an inflammatory response not seen in IS counterparts. These preliminary findings provide novel evidence on the potential impact of insulin resistance and DHA supplementation on the secreted equine uterine proteome during early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker M Pennington
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, Front Royal, VA; George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
| | - Rebecca K Splan
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Robert D Jacobs
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Yong Chen
- Proteomics Core Facility, Division of Intramural Research, NHLBI, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ram P Singh
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, Front Royal, VA; Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yue Li
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Marjan Gucek
- Proteomics Core Facility, Division of Intramural Research, NHLBI, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - Budhan S Pukazhenthi
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, Front Royal, VA; University of Maryland, College Park, MD.
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Milojevic V, Sinz S, Kreuzer M, Chiumia D, Marquardt S, Giller K. Partitioning of fatty acids into tissues and fluids from reproductive organs of ewes as affected by dietary phenolic extracts. Theriogenology 2020; 144:174-184. [PMID: 31972461 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of dietary interventions with regard to fertility problems often observed in ruminant livestock is of global interest. Though the effects of polyphenol supplementation in ruminants on digestion and food quality are well described, the impact on reproductive tissues and fluids remains scarcely investigated. These compounds protect dietary unsaturated fatty acids (FA) from oxidation and biohydrogenation and thus saturation. In addition, modification of the expression of genes associated with FA metabolism may occur. Therefore, we characterized for the first time the FA profiles of reproductive tissues and fluids and investigated their potential modification by dietary polyphenols in 22 cyclic ewes. The animals were randomly divided into four groups and fed a basal diet of meadow hay and one of four concentrate types either non-supplemented (control) or supplemented with grape seed extract, Acacia mearnsii bark extract (13 g/kg dry matter (DM) each) or a combination of both (26 g/kg DM). After 10 weeks of feeding, the animals were slaughtered. Samples of reproductive (oviduct, uterus) and metabolically differently active tissues (liver, muscle, adipose) as well as of plasma and fluids from oviduct and uterus were analysed for their FA composition. In addition, the expression of lipid metabolic and antioxidant genes was analysed in all tissues except the adipose tissue. Fatty acid profiles in tissues and fluids as well as gene expression in tissues significantly differed between the different fluids and tissues. In contrast, only a few diet and matrix (fluid or tissue) × diet interactions were observed. Still, the FA profile of the uterus was the only one not at all affected by the diet. The mRNA expression was not affected by the diet for most of the genes investigated, which might in part be explained by the similar plasma polyphenol concentrations found at slaughter. Overall, our findings contribute to an improved understanding of the characteristic FA composition of reproductive tissues and fluids in sheep. In addition, the effect of polyphenols on different tissues, fluids and tissue gene expression has been confirmed as described in other animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Milojevic
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Sinz
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Chiumia
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Svenja Marquardt
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland; International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Mazingira Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Katrin Giller
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Hoyos-Marulanda V, Alves BS, Rosa PRA, Vieira AD, Gasperin BG, Mondadori RG, Lucia T. Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the development of pig oocytes in vitro following parthenogenetic activation and on the lipid content of oocytes and embryos. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 205:150-155. [PMID: 31076217 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As oocytes and embryos of pigs have greater lipid content in the cytoplasm than those of other species, supplementation of the medium for in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may help to improve embryo development. This study was conducted to evaluate effects of the inclusion of the docosaexaenoic (DHA) and of the eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA) in the IVM medium on the development of pig oocytes and on the lipid content of oocytes and embryos. In all experiments, control media consisted of porcine follicular fluid and oocytes were activated through parthenogenesis. In Experiment 1, there were four treatments for each PUFA: one control; and three treatments including EPA or DHA in the IVM medium at 12.5 μM, 25.0 μM and 50.0 μM). In Experiment 2, inclusion of 50 μM DHA was compared against the control. Cleavage rates in the IVM medium including 12.5 μM EPA and blastocyst development rates in media at any EPA concentration were less than for the control in Experiment 1 (P < 0.05). Compared to the control, inclusion of 50 μM DHA in the IVM medium was related to greater cleavage rates and greater number of embryo cells, in Experiment 1, and lesser lipid content in oocytes after 22 and 44 h and in embryos after 7 days, in Experiment 2 (both P < 0.05). Addition of DHA in the IVM medium may benefit the development of pig oocytes, but EPA appears to be cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Hoyos-Marulanda
- ReproPel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - B S Alves
- ReproPel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - P R A Rosa
- ReproPel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - A D Vieira
- ReproPel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - B G Gasperin
- ReproPel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - R G Mondadori
- ReproPel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - T Lucia
- ReproPel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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11
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Quinlivan J. Reducing early preterm birth for 25 cents a day. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2019; 59:15-17. [PMID: 30784052 DOI: 10.1111/ajo.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Quinlivan
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Effects of dietary menhaden oil on growth and reproduction in gilts farrowed by sows that consumed diets containing menhaden oil during gestation and lactation. Animal 2019; 13:1944-1951. [PMID: 30777581 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In sows, n-3 fatty acids increase litter sizes, however, effects on gilt reproductive development have not been adequately studied. Moreover, not determined are effects of feeding n-3 fatty acids to sows on reproduction in offspring. The objective here was to determine effects of 4% dietary menhaden oil on growth and puberty in gilts farrowed by sows fed menhaden oil. Sows (n = 44) were assigned to: (1) control gestation and lactation diets, or (2) diets including menhaden oil. For primiparous sows only, total litter size and born alive were greater (P < 0.05) in females fed menhaden oil. Conversely, pigs from primiparous controls were heavier (P < 0.05) than pigs from primiparous sows fed menhaden oil (parity by diet interactions, P < 0.01). Diet did not affect (P > 0.20) other sow and litter characteristics. At weaning, 84 gilts from control- or menhaden oil sows were placed three gilts per pen and provided control diets or diets containing menhaden oil. Nursery and grow-finish feed intake and feed efficiency were similar (P > 0.21) for gilts from the different sows and weight gain was similar (P > 0.24) for gilts fed control or menhaden diets. Gilts fed menhaden oil tended to eat less in the nursery (1.18±0.08 kg v. 0.98±0.08 kg; P = 0.09) and overall (1.83±0.04 kg v. 1.72±0.04 kg; P = 0.06). Thus, overall feed to gain was greater (2.52±0.03 v. 2.33±0.03; P < 0.01) and nursery (2.12±0.04 v. 1.80±0.04; P = 0.10) and grow-finish (3.07±0.19 v. 2.58±0.19; P = 0.08) feed to gain tended to be greater, for control gilts. Age at puberty was greater (P = 0.02) for gilts from menhaden oil-fed sows (205.1±3.2 days) compared to gilts from controls (193.9±3.2 days) and tended to be greater (P = 0.09), for controls (203.5±3.2 days) compared to gilts fed menhaden oil (195.5±3.2 days). A tendency existed (P = 0.09) for greater follicular fluid in gilts fed menhaden oil, however, ovulation rate and ovarian, luteal and uterine weights were not affected by sow diet, gilt diet or the interaction (P > 0.23). Feeding gilts menhaden oil enhanced feed efficiency and hastened puberty onset. Gilts from sows consuming menhaden oil exhibited delayed puberty and retaining females from sows fed this feedstuff may be ill advised.
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13
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Otte MV, Moreira F, Bianchi I, Oliveira J, Mendes RE, Haas CS, Anciuti AN, Rovani MT, Gasperin BG, Lucia T. Effects of supplying omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to gilts after weaning on metabolism and ovarian gene expression. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:374-384. [PMID: 30371788 PMCID: PMC6313109 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 PUFA may benefit sow reproductive performance, but effects on weaned gilts are unknown. This study evaluated the effects of supplementing omega-3 PUFA to gilts after weaning on growth, metabolic markers, and gene expression of steroidogenic enzymes and hormone receptors. For 52 d, gilts in the control group were fed 100 g/d of regular diets, whereas gilts in the omega-3 group were fed 75 g/d of such diets plus 25 g/d of the microalgae Schizochytium sp. (3.5 g/d of omega-3 PUFA; n = 8 gilts/group). Blood samples were collected at day 0, day 21, and day 52. Total serum cholesterol levels were lower for the omega-3 group than for the control group (P < 0.05), but high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were reduced at day 52 for both groups (P < 0.05). Gilts in the omega-3 group presented lower feed intake, better feed conversion, and less-intense immunolabeling for leptin and its receptor in the cytoplasm of oocytes included in primordial/primary follicles than gilts in the control group (P < 0.05). The expression of genes coding for cholesterol side-chain cleavage and aromatase enzymes and the LH receptor in follicular cells was lower for supplemented gilts (P < 0.05). Compared with controls, supplemented gilts presented decreased serum cholesterol levels and better feed conversion, but leptin presence and gene expression for steroidogenic enzymes and for the LH receptor were lower at ovarian level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Otte
- ReproPel, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Ivan Bianchi
- Instituto Federal Catarinense, Araquari, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cristina S Haas
- ReproPel, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | - Andreia N Anciuti
- ReproPel, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Bernardo G Gasperin
- ReproPel, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | - Thomaz Lucia
- ReproPel, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
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14
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Fattahi A, Darabi M, Farzadi L, Salmassi A, Latifi Z, Mehdizadeh A, Shaaker M, Ghasemnejad T, Roshangar L, Nouri M. Effects of dietary omega-3 and -6 supplementations on phospholipid fatty acid composition in mice uterus during window of pre-implantation. Theriogenology 2018; 108:97-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Supplementation of diets with omega-3 fatty acids from microalgae: Effects on sow reproductive performance and metabolic parameters. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Zhou SJ, Best K, Gibson R, McPhee A, Yelland L, Quinlivan J, Makrides M. Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial evaluating the effect of prenatal omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation to reduce the incidence of preterm birth: the ORIP trial. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e018360. [PMID: 28947468 PMCID: PMC5623491 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preterm birth accounts for more than 85% of all perinatal complications and deaths. Seventy-five per cent of early preterm births (EPTBs) occur spontaneously and without identifiable risk factors. The need for a broadly applicable, effective strategy for primary prevention is paramount. Secondary outcomes from the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to Optimise Mother Infant Outcome trial showed that maternal supplementation until delivery with omega-3 (ω-3) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA), predominantly as DHA, resulted in a 50% reduction in the incidence of EPTB and an increase in the incidence of post-term induction or post-term prelabour caesarean section due to extended gestation. We aim to determine the effectiveness of supplementing the maternal diet with ω-3 LCPUFA until 34 weeks' gestation on the incidence of EPTB. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a multicentre, parallel group, randomised, blinded and controlled trial. Women less than 20 weeks' gestation with a singleton or multiple pregnancy and able to give informed consent are eligible to participate. Women will be randomised to receive high DHA fish oil capsules or control capsules without DHA. Capsules will be taken from enrolment until 34 weeks' gestation. The primary outcome is the incidence of EPTB, defined as delivery before 34 completed weeks' gestation. Key secondary outcomes include length of gestation, incidence of post-term induction or prelabour caesarean section and spontaneous EPTB. The target sample size is 5540 women (2770 per group), which will provide 85% power to detect an absolute reduction in the incidence of preterm birth of 1.16% (from 2.45% to 1.29%) between the DHA and control group (two sided α=0.05). The primary analysis will be based on the intention-to-treat principle. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry Number: 2613001142729; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao J Zhou
- Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Karen Best
- Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robert Gibson
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- FOOD plus Research Centre, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew McPhee
- Department of Neonatal Services, Women’s and Children’s Health Network, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lisa Yelland
- Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Julie Quinlivan
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Maria Makrides
- Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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17
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Mahla AS, Chaudhari RK, Verma AK, Singh AK, Singh SK, Singh G, Sarkar M, Dutta N, Kumar H, Krishnaswamy N. Effect of dietary supplementation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) rich fish oil on reproductive performance of the goat ( Capra hircus ). Theriogenology 2017; 99:79-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Metabolic and reproductive parameters in prepubertal gilts after omega-3 supplementation in the diet. Anim Reprod Sci 2016; 170:178-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Effects of dietary enrichment with a marine oil-based n-3 LCPUFA supplement in sows with predicted birth weight phenotypes on birth litter quality and growth performance to weaning. Animal 2014; 9:471-80. [PMID: 25263665 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114002390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of a marine oil-based n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (mLCPUFA) supplement fed to the sow from weaning, through the rebreeding period, during gestation and until end of lactation on litter characteristics from birth until weaning were studied in sows with known litter birth weight phenotypes. It was hypothesized that low birth weight (LBW) litters would benefit more from mLCPUFA supplementation than high birth weight litters. A total of 163 sows (mean parity=4.9 ± 0.9) were rebred after weaning. Sows were pair-matched by parity and litter average birth weight of the previous three litters. Within pairs, sows were allocated to be fed either standard corn/soyabean meal-based gestation and lactation diets (CON), or the same diets enriched with 0.5% of the mLCPUFA supplement at the expense of corn. Each litter between 9 and 16 total pigs born was classified as LBW or medium/high average birth weight (MHBW) litter and there was a significant correlation (P<0.001) between litter average birth weight of the current and previous litters within sows (r=0.49). Sow serum was harvested at day 113 of gestation for determination of immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations. The number of pigs born total and alive were lower (P=0.01) in mLCPUFA than CON sows, whereas the number of stillborn and mummified pigs were similar between treatments. Number of stillborns (trend) and mummies (P<0.01) were higher in LBW than MHBW litters. Tissue weights and brain : tissue weight ratios were similar between treatments, but LBW litters had decreased tissue weights and increased brain : tissue weight ratios compared with MHBW litters. Placental weight was lower (P=0.01) in LBW than MHBW litters, but was not different between treatments. Average and total litter weight at day 1 was similar between treatments. mLCPUFA increased weaning weight (P=0.08) and average daily gain (P<0.05) in MHBW litters, but not in LBW litters. Pre-weaning mortality was similar between treatments, but was higher (P<0.01) in LBW than MHBW litters. IgG concentration in sow serum was similar between treatments and litter birth weight categories. In conclusion, litter birth weight phenotype was repeatable within sows and LBW litters showed the benchmarks of intra-uterine growth retardation (lower placental weight and brain sparing effects). As maternal mLCPUFA supplementation decreased litter size overall, only improved litter growth rate until weaning in MHBW litters, and did not affect pre-weaning mortality, maternal mLCPUFA supplementation was not an effective strategy in our study for mitigating negative effects of a LBW litter phenotype.
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20
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Reproductive long-term effects, endocrine response and fatty acid profile of rabbit does fed diets supplemented with n-3 fatty acids. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 146:202-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Does sow reproduction and piglet performance benefit from the addition of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to the maternal diet? Vet J 2013; 197:560-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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22
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Hadaš Z, Čechová M, Nevrkla P. Effect of feeding sows on rations enriched with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and the growth capacity and survival of their piglets. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2013. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260060081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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23
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Effect of different contents of extruded linseed in the sow diet on piglet fatty acid composition and hepatic desaturase expression during the post-natal period. Animal 2013; 7:1671-80. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731113001067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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24
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Responses to n-3 fatty acid (LCPUFA) supplementation of gestating gilts, and lactating and weaned sows. Animal 2012; 7:784-92. [PMID: 23211420 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731112002236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) to gilts or sows has shown different responses to litter growth, pre-weaning mortality and subsequent reproductive performance of the sow. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) that feeding a marine oil-based supplement rich in protected n-3 LCPUFAs to gilts in established gestation would improve the growth performance of their litters; and (2) that continued feeding of the supplement during lactation and after weaning would offset the negative effects of lactational catabolism induced, using an established experimental model involving feed restriction of lactating primiparous sows. A total of 117 primiparous sows were pair-matched at day 60 of gestation by weight, and when possible, litter of origin, and were allocated to be either control sows (CON) fed standard gestation and lactation diets, or treated sows (LCPUFA) fed the standard diets supplemented with 84 g/day of a n-3 LCPUFA rich supplement, from day 60 of first gestation, through a 21-day lactation, and until euthanasia at day 30 of their second gestation. All sows were feed restricted during the last 7 days of lactation to induce catabolism, providing a background challenge against which to determine beneficial effects of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation on subsequent reproduction. In the absence of an effect on litter size or birth weight, n-3 LCPUFA tended to improve piglet BW gain from birth until 34 days after weaning (P = 0.06), while increasing pre-weaning mortality (P = 0.05). It did not affect energy utilization by the sow during lactation, thus not improving the catabolic state of the sows. Supplementation from weaning until day 30 of second gestation did not have an effect on embryonic weight, ovulation rate or early embryonic survival, but did increase corpora lutea (CL) weight (P = 0.001). Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels were increased in sow serum and CL (P < 0.001), whereas only DHA levels increased in embryos (P < 0.01). In conclusion, feeding n-3 LCPUFA to gilts tended to improve litter growth, but did not have an effect on overall subsequent reproductive performance.
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25
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Smits RJ, Luxford BG, Mitchell M, Nottle MB. Sow litter size is increased in the subsequent parity when lactating sows are fed diets containing n-3 fatty acids from fish oil. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:2731-8. [PMID: 21610255 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementing diets with n-3 fatty acids from fish oil has been shown to improve reproductive performance in dairy cattle and sheep, but there is little published literature on its effects in sows. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of sows fed fish oil as a source of n-3 PUFA prefarrowing and during lactation. From d 107.7 ± 0.1 of pregnancy, 328 sows ranging in parity from 0 to 7 (parity 1.95 ± 0.09, mean ± SE) were fed either a diet containing tallow (control) or an isocaloric diet containing 3 g of fish oil/kg of diet (n-3). Diets were formulated to contain the same amount of DE (13.9 MJ/kg), crude fat (54 g/kg), and CP (174 g/kg). Sows were fed their treatment diet at 3 kg daily for 8 d before farrowing and continued on treatment diets ad libitum until weaning at 18.7 ± 0.1 d of lactation. After weaning, all sows were fed a gestation diet without fish oil until their subsequent farrowing. There was no effect (P > 0.310) of feeding n-3 diets prefarrowing on piglet birth weight, preweaning growth rate, piglet weaning weight, or sow feed intake. However, n-3 sows had a larger subsequent litter size (10.7 ± 0.3 vs. 9.7 ± 0.3 total born; 10.2 ± 0.3 vs. 9.3 ± 0.3 born live; P < 0.05). In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate that feeding sows a diet containing n-3 PUFA from fish oil fed before farrowing and during lactation increased litter size in the subsequent parity independent of energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Smits
- Rivalea Australia Pty Ltd., Corowa, New South Wales, 2646 Australia.
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26
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He ML, Chung YH, McAllister TA, Beauchemin KA, Mir PS, Aalhus JL, Dugan MER. Inclusion of flaxseed in hay- and barley silage diets increases alpha-linolenic acid in cow plasma independent of forage type. Lipids 2011; 46:577-85. [PMID: 21336984 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Feeding flaxseed to cattle may be a means of increasing omega-3 fatty acid levels in ruminant products, but possible interactions with conserved forages have not been investigated. Twelve Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin Square experiment. Cows were fed one of four 50:50 forage:concentrate diets (DM basis): hay (hay control, HC), hay plus 15% ground flaxseed (hay-flaxseed, HF), barley silage (silage control, SC), and barley silage plus 15% ground flaxseed (silage-flaxseed, SF). Plasma concentrations of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) did not differ between SC and HC diets. Flaxseed increased ALA (P < 0.05), but levels were not influenced by forage type. Flaxseed slightly increased 18:2n-6 (P < 0.05) and some n-6 and n-3 elongation and desaturation products, particularly arachidonic acid (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Flaxseed also increased C18:0 (P < 0.05) with this increase being greater (P < 0.01) for cows fed SF than HF. Feeding flaxseed also increased plasma C18:1-trans isomers (P < 0.01), predominantly vaccenic acid (VAA, 18:1-t11), with this increase being greater (P < 0.05) in cows fed HF than SF. Although conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was increased (P < 0.001) with flaxseed it was not influenced by forage type (P = 0.06). Overall, feeding flaxseed increased plasma ALA, EPA, ARA and CLA independently of forage type. Feeding flaxseed with silage, however, resulted in more 18:0, while feeding flaxseed with hay resulted in greater accumulations of plasma 18:1-trans isomers mainly in the form of VAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L He
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Linseed oil in the maternal diet increases long chain-PUFA status of the foetus and the newborn during the suckling period in pigs. Br J Nutr 2010; 104:533-43. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510000772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Linseed oil, being rich in 18 : 3n-3, represents an alternative source of n-3 PUFA in the maternal diet. However, little is known about the effect of this oil on the long chain n-3 PUFA composition of offspring, which are required for normal growth and maturation of numerous organs. The main objective of the experiment was therefore to investigate fatty acid composition of tissues from sows at the end of gestation and from piglets during the first week of postnatal life in response to maternal dietary linseed oil intake. Sows received either a lard (LAR)-based diet or a linseed oil (LSO)-based diet during gestation and lactation. Fatty acid composition was evaluated in sow plasma, placenta and milk, and in different tissues of piglets on days 0, 3, 7, 21 and 32. The LSO diet increased the proportions of n-3 PUFA and especially 22 : 6n-3 in the placenta. The carcass of LSO piglets at birth contained greater proportions of 20 : 5n-3, 22 : 5n-3 and 22 : 6n-3. The LSO sow milk exhibited greater proportions of 18 : 3n-3 compared with the LAR sow milk. The piglets suckling LSO sows had greater proportions of 18 : 3n-3, 20 : 5n-3 and 22 : 5n-3 in plasma and carcass. The proportions of 22 : 5n-3 and 22 : 6n-3 were greater in the brain of LSO piglets than in that of LAR piglets during the suckling period. In conclusion, LSO in the maternal diet during gestation and lactation increases 22 : 6n-3 concentrations in the placenta and in the foetus carcass, and it maintains 22 : 6n-3 concentrations in the brain during the first week of postnatal life.
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Boudry G, Douard V, Mourot J, Lallès JP, Le Huërou-Luron I. Linseed oil in the maternal diet during gestation and lactation modifies fatty acid composition, mucosal architecture, and mast cell regulation of the ileal barrier in piglets. J Nutr 2009; 139:1110-7. [PMID: 19403717 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.102640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of supplementation of the maternal diet with linseed oil [rich in 18:3(n-3)] on fatty acid composition, mucosal architecture, and mast cell regulation of barrier function in piglet ileum. Sixteen sows were fed a lard (LAR)- or a linseed oil (LSO)-based diet during gestation and lactation. Fatty acid composition of maternal RBC at parturition and of milk at d 14 of lactation were determined. Fatty acid composition, villous-crypt structure, and permeability to horseradish peroxidase in Ussing chambers after mast cell degranulation were determined in the ileum of piglets at d 0, 7, and 28. At d 0, 18:3(n-3) and 20:5(n-3) levels were higher, but 22:6(n-3) and 20:4(n-6) levels were lower in both maternal RBC and piglet ileum of the LSO group. Levels of 18:3(n-3) were also higher in the milk of LSO sows. Levels of 18:3(n-3) were higher in LSO piglet ileum at d 7 and 28. Moreover, at d 28, 20:4(n-6) ileal levels tended (P = 0.09) to be lower in LSO than in LAR piglets, in parallel with a lower mRNA expression of Delta5 desaturase. LSO piglets had shorter villi at d 0 and shorter crypts at d 7 compared with LAR piglets. The effect of mast cell degranulation on ileal permeability decreased with age in both groups but reached a minimum sooner in the LSO group (d 7) than in the LAR group (d 28). In conclusion, linseed oil supplementation of the maternal diet profoundly modifies the fatty acid composition, structure, and physiology of the offspring ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Boudry
- INRA, UMR1079, Systèmes d'Elevage, Nutrition Animale et Humaine, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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