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Model JFA, Rocha DS, Fagundes ADC, Vinagre AS. Physiological and pharmacological actions of glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in domestic animals. Vet Anim Sci 2022; 16:100245. [PMID: 35372707 PMCID: PMC8966211 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2022.100245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
GLP-1 improves peripheral glucose uptake in healthy dogs and cats. GLP-1 analogues administration in diabetic cats reduces exogenous insulin requirement. Dogs cardiomyocytes apoptosis is reduced by GLP-1-derived molecules action.
Analogues of glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and other drugs that increase this peptide half-life are used worldwide in human medicine to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity. These molecules can increase insulin release and satiety, interesting effects that could also be useful in the treatment of domestic animals pathologies, however their use in veterinary medicine are still limited. Considering the increasing incidence of DM and obesity in cats and dogs, the aim of this review is to summarize the available information about the physiological and pharmacological actions of GLP-1 in domestic animals and discuss about its potential applications in veterinary medicine. In diabetic dogs, the use of drugs based on GLP-1 actions reduced blood glucose and increased glucose uptake, while in diabetic cats they reduced glycemic variability and exogenous insulin administration. Thus, available evidence indicates that GLP-1 based drugs could become alternatives to DM treatment in domestic animals. Nevertheless, current data do not provide enough elements to recommend these drugs widespread clinical use.
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Müller TD, Finan B, Bloom SR, D'Alessio D, Drucker DJ, Flatt PR, Fritsche A, Gribble F, Grill HJ, Habener JF, Holst JJ, Langhans W, Meier JJ, Nauck MA, Perez-Tilve D, Pocai A, Reimann F, Sandoval DA, Schwartz TW, Seeley RJ, Stemmer K, Tang-Christensen M, Woods SC, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Mol Metab 2019; 30:72-130. [PMID: 31767182 PMCID: PMC6812410 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 796] [Impact Index Per Article: 159.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a multifaceted hormone with broad pharmacological potential. Among the numerous metabolic effects of GLP-1 are the glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion, decrease of gastric emptying, inhibition of food intake, increase of natriuresis and diuresis, and modulation of rodent β-cell proliferation. GLP-1 also has cardio- and neuroprotective effects, decreases inflammation and apoptosis, and has implications for learning and memory, reward behavior, and palatability. Biochemically modified for enhanced potency and sustained action, GLP-1 receptor agonists are successfully in clinical use for the treatment of type-2 diabetes, and several GLP-1-based pharmacotherapies are in clinical evaluation for the treatment of obesity. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we provide a detailed overview on the multifaceted nature of GLP-1 and its pharmacology and discuss its therapeutic implications on various diseases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Since its discovery, GLP-1 has emerged as a pleiotropic hormone with a myriad of metabolic functions that go well beyond its classical identification as an incretin hormone. The numerous beneficial effects of GLP-1 render this hormone an interesting candidate for the development of pharmacotherapies to treat obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - B Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S R Bloom
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D D'Alessio
- Division of Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D J Drucker
- The Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X5, Canada
| | - P R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - A Fritsche
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - F Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - H J Grill
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J F Habener
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - W Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - J J Meier
- Diabetes Division, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - M A Nauck
- Diabetes Center Bochum-Hattingen, St Josef Hospital (Ruhr-Universität Bochum), Bochum, Germany
| | - D Perez-Tilve
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati-College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A Pocai
- Cardiovascular & ImmunoMetabolism, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - F Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - D A Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - T W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DL-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K Stemmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - M Tang-Christensen
- Obesity Research, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - S C Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R D DiMarchi
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - M H Tschöp
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
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Luño I, Palacio J, García-Belenguer S, Rosado B. Baseline and postprandial concentrations of cortisol and ghrelin in companion dogs with chronic stress-related behavioural problems: A preliminary study. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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de Godoy MRC. PANCOSMA COMPARATIVE GUT PHYSIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: ALL ABOUT APPETITE REGULATION: Effects of diet and gonadal steroids on appetite regulation and food intake of companion animals. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3526-3536. [PMID: 29982536 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prominent incidence of overweight and obese pet animals not only results in higher morbidity and mortality, but also poses a threat for the quality of life, longevity, and well-being of dogs and cats. To date, strategies to prevent BW gain or to induce weight loss have had modest success in the pet population. In part, due to the complexity and the multifactorial nature of this disease, which involves pet-human interaction, environmental and dietary factors, and an intertwined metabolic process that still is not fully understood. As such, research methods to investigate the role of physiological hormones and dietary management on mechanisms related to the control of feelings of satiety and hunger in pet animals is warranted. Increasing interest exists in exploring gut chemosensing mechanisms, the crosstalk between metabolic-active tissues, and the interface between the gut microbiota and the nervous system (gut-brain axis). The noninvasive nature of research conducted in companion animals focuses on systemic approaches to develop environmental, nutritional, or therapeutic interventions that can be translated from research settings to pet-owned households. Because the majority of the pet population is spayed or neutered, it is important to determine the effect that sex hormones might have on appetite regulation and fasting metabolic rate of these animals. In general, studies have revealed that gonadectomy may establish a new "set point" characterized by increased food intake and BW, accompanied by physiological and behavioral changes. Some studies have also shown associations between gonadectomy and alterations in appetite-related hormones (e.g., ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, glucagon-like peptide-1). Manipulation of macronutrients in diets of dogs and cats have also been investigated as a mean to improve satiety. Most of the research in this area has focused on high-protein diets, predominantly, for cats, and the use of dietary fiber sources of contrasting fermentability and viscosity profiles. Dietary fibers may affect the production of fermentative end products and gut microbiome, digestive and absorptive processes, appetite-related hormones, and promote "gut fill" and satiety. More recent studies have reported profound effects of dietary manipulation on the phylogeny and functional capacity of gut microbial communities of dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R C de Godoy
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
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Effects of prebiotic inulin-type fructans on blood metabolite and hormone concentrations and faecal microbiota and metabolites in overweight dogs. Br J Nutr 2018; 120:711-720. [PMID: 30064535 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518001952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Because obesity is associated with many co-morbidities, including diabetes mellitus, this study evaluated the second-meal effect of a commercial prebiotic, inulin-type fructans, and the effects of the prebiotic on faecal microbiota, metabolites and bile acids (BA). Nine overweight beagles were used in a replicated 3×3 Latin square design to test a non-prebiotic control (cellulose) against a low (equivalent to 0·5 % diet) and high dose (equivalent to 1·0 % diet) of prebiotic over 14-d treatments. All dogs were fed the same diet twice daily, with treatments provided orally via gelatin capsules before meals. On days 13 or 14 of each period, fresh faecal samples were collected, dogs were fed at 08.00 hours and then challenged with 1 g/kg body weight of maltodextrin in place of the 16.00 hours meal. Repeated blood samples were analysed for glucose and hormone concentrations to determine postprandial incremental AUC (IAUC) data. Baseline glucose, insulin and active glucagon-like peptide-1 levels were similar between all groups (P>0·10). Glucose and insulin IAUC after glucose challenge appeared lower following the high dose, but did not reach statistical relevance. Prebiotic intervention resulted in an increase in relative abundance of some Firmicutes and a decrease in the relative abundance of some Proteobacteria. Individual and total faecal SCFA were significantly increased (P<0·05) following prebiotic supplementation. Total concentration of excreted faecal BA tended to increase in dogs fed the prebiotic (P=0·06). Our results indicate that higher doses of inulin-type prebiotics may serve as modulators of gut microbiota, metabolites and BA pool in overweight dogs.
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Schauf S, Salas-Mani A, Torre C, Jimenez E, Latorre MA, Castrillo C. Effect of feeding a high-carbohydrate or a high-fat diet on subsequent food intake and blood concentration of satiety-related hormones in dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:e21-e29. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Schauf
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science; University of Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
| | - A. Salas-Mani
- Department of Research and Development; Affinity Petcare; Barcelona Spain
| | - C. Torre
- Department of Research and Development; Affinity Petcare; Barcelona Spain
| | - E. Jimenez
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Animal Nutrition; Estación Experimental del Zaidín; Granada Spain
| | - M. A. Latorre
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science; University of Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
| | - C. Castrillo
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science; University of Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
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Schauf S, Salas-Mani A, Torre C, Bosch G, Swarts H, Castrillo C. Effect of sterilization and of dietary fat and carbohydrate content on food intake, activity level, and blood satiety-related hormones in female dogs. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:4239-4250. [PMID: 27898845 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal sterilization is suggested to promote food overconsumption, although it is unknown whether this effect is mediated by variations in satiety-related hormones, which are released in response to food intake. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sterilization and of the main energy-delivery nutrients, fat and nonstructural carbohydrates, on food intake, blood concentration of satiety-related hormones, and activity level in dogs. In a 2-phase experiment (phase I [Ph.I], 74 d, and Ph.II, 84 d), 12 female Beagle dogs were assigned to a control group (intact in both phases) and a sterilization group (spayed 20 d before Ph.II). In each phase, dogs received a high-carbohydrate (HC) diet (313 and 105 g/kg DM starch and fat, respectively) and a high-fat (HF) diet (191 and 213 g/kg DM starch and fat, respectively), both high in total dietary fiber (>200 g/kg DM) and providing 27% ME as protein, in 2 consecutive periods following a crossover arrangement. During each period, dogs' voluntary DMI and activity level were recorded during 5 d. Then, energy allowance was restricted to 0.7 maintenance and the level of intake of a common challenge food offered 4 h after feeding the experimental diets (challenge food intake [ChFI]) was used as an index of the satiety state of dogs. Blood concentration of active ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), total peptide YY (PYY), and insulin were determined before and 15, 60, 120, 240, and 360 min after feeding. Voluntary DMI was greater ( < 0.05) in HF-fed dogs, but ChFI did not differ between diets ( > 0.10). Dogs fed the HF diet showed a lower increase of CCK at 120 ( < 0.01) and 240 min ( < 0.05), resulting in a lower ( < 0.001) total area under the curve from 0 to 240 min (tAUC). A lower PYY elevation ( < 0.05) was also found in HF-fed dogs at 120 min. Only active ghrelin concentration at 240 min and insulin tAUC correlated ( < 0.05) with ChFI (r = 0.357 and r = -0.364, respectively), suggesting a role of these hormones in appetite. Dog sterilization did not affect voluntary DMI, ChFI, or blood hormones ( > 0.10) but led to a reduced activity level compared with control dogs ( < 0.05). In summary, dog sterilization was not associated with an impaired appetite control. Feeding dogs the HF diet led to energy overconsumption and to a lower blood elevation of CCK and PYY but was not associated with a weaker satiating effect 4 h later compared with the HC diet.
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de Godoy MRC, Conway CE, Mcleod KR, Harmon DL. Influence of feeding a fish oil-containing diet to young, lean, adult dogs: effects on lipid metabolites, postprandial glycaemia and body weight. Arch Anim Nutr 2016; 69:499-514. [PMID: 26490201 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2015.1100866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of feeding a fish oil (FO)-containing diet on lipid and protein metabolism, postprandial glycaemia and body weight in young, lean, adult dogs. Eight female Beagles were randomly assigned to one of two isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets, Control or FO, in a crossover design. At the beginning of the experiment and at 30 and 60 d, a baseline blood sample was collected and the dogs then were fed their daily ration. Nitrogen balance began at 07:00 h on day 63 of each experimental period and ended at 07:00 h on day 69. On day 66 of each period, a single dose (7.5 mg/kg) of (15)N-glycine was administered orally to each dog via gelatin capsule. Postprandial glycaemia did not differ between treatments or among sampling days within treatment. Cholesterol concentration was increased (p<0.05) on the Control treatment throughout the experiment when compared to values of day 0. Dogs fed the FO treatment had higher plasma triglyceride and ghrelin concentrations than those fed the Control treatment. Body weight and food intake did not differ between dietary treatments. Faecal excretion was increased (p<0.05) in the FO treatment. Dry matter digestibility was decreased (p<0.05) and fat digestibility tended (p<0.10) to decrease in the FO treatment. Overall, feeding a FO-containing diet showed a protective effect against the rise of plasma cholesterol and it increased plasma ghrelin concentration. However, FO supplementation did not appear to affect protein metabolism or postprandial glycaemia in adult lean dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R C de Godoy
- a Department of Animal and Food Sciences , University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - Charlotte E Conway
- a Department of Animal and Food Sciences , University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - Kyle R Mcleod
- a Department of Animal and Food Sciences , University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - David L Harmon
- a Department of Animal and Food Sciences , University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
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Effects of dietary macronutrient composition and feeding frequency on fasting and postprandial hormone response in domestic cats. J Nutr Sci 2013; 2:e36. [PMID: 25191586 PMCID: PMC4153086 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2013.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effects of dietary macronutrients and feeding frequency
on blood glucose, insulin, total ghrelin and leptin. A total of twelve adult lean neutered
male cats were used in three tests, all cross-over studies composed of a 15 d adaptation
and blood sampling on day 16. In trial 1, differences between two- and four-meal feeding
were tested. On day 16, blood samples were collected every 2 h for 24 h. In trial 2,
macronutrient boluses were tested. Instead of the control diet, the morning meal on day 16
was replaced with an isoenergetic bolus of carbohydrate (maltodextrin), protein (chicken
meat), fat or water. Fasted and ten postprandial blood samples were collected. In trial 3,
diets high in fat (HF), protein (HP), carbohydrate (HC) or a control diet were tested. On
day 16, fasted and ten postprandial blood samples were collected. Data were analysed to
identify baseline and AUC changes. Cats fed four meals daily had greater
(P = 0·03) leptin incremental AUC0–24 h compared with cats fed
twice daily. The carbohydrate bolus increased glucose (P < 0·001)
and insulin (P < 0·001) incremental AUC0–6 h and tended
to increase (P = 0·09) leptin net AUC0–6 h. Cats fed the
control and HC diets had greater (P = 0·03) glucose incremental AUC
compared with the HF and HP conditions. Circulating hormone data were highly variable and
indicated changes due to dietary macronutrients and feeding frequency, but further study
is needed to identify impacts on appetite and contributing mechanisms.
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Dietary fibre fermentability but not viscosity elicited the ‘second-meal effect’ in healthy adult dogs. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:960-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of fibre fermentability and viscosity in a morning meal on glucose, insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) responses to a glucose challenge later in the day in six healthy female dogs. For this purpose, two Latin square design experiments were performed. In Expt 1, dogs were fed a low-fibre (LF; 1 % Solka-Floc (International Fiber Corporation) and 1 % soya hulls) diet, a low-fermentable fibre (LFF; 5 % Solka-Floc (International Fiber Corporation) and 3 % soya hulls) diet or a high-fermentable fibre (HFF; 5 % pectin and 3 % short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides) diet. In Expt 2, dogs were fed a low-viscosity fibre (5 % Solka-Floc (International Fiber Corporation) and 3 % soya hulls) diet, a moderate-viscosity fibre (MVF; 2 % Solka-Floc (International Fiber Corporation), 2 % soya hulls, 2 % psyllium and 2 % pectin) diet or a high-viscosity fibre (HVF; 4 % psyllium and 4 % pectin) diet. Dogs were fed at 08.00, 12.00 and 16.00 hours on days 1–6 of each period. On day 7, dogs were fed at 08.00 hours and then dosed with maltodextrin at 12.00 hours. Data were analysed to identify baseline and incremental AUC (IAUC) changes among the treatments. In Expt 1, glucose IAUC0–180min was lower (P< 0·05) in dogs fed the HFF v. LF and LFF diets. Insulin and GLP-1 IAUC0–180min were not affected. In Expt 2, baseline GLP-1 was greater (P< 0·005) and baseline insulin was lower (P< 0·05) in dogs fed the HVF v. MVF diet, but glucose, insulin and GLP-1 IAUC0–180min were not affected. In summary, HFF in a morning meal has the potential to decrease blood glucose response in a consequent meal.
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Ellis AC, Chandler-Laney P, Casazza K, Goree LL, McGwin G, Gower BA. Circulating ghrelin and GLP-1 are not affected by habitual diet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 176:1-5. [PMID: 22387702 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are gut hormones known to induce hunger and satiety, respectively. Current knowledge about the effects of different macronutrients on circulating ghrelin and GLP-1 comes mainly from acute test meals, whereas little is known about the effects of chronic dietary intake on gut hormone secretion. This study was designed to examine whether 8-week habituation to diets with different percentages of carbohydrate and fat would affect serum ghrelin, GLP-1, and subjective hunger in a postabsorptive state and in response to a standard liquid mixed meal. METHODS Sixty-one overweight men and women were provided all food for 8 weeks of either a higher-carbohydrate/lower-fat diet (High-CHO/Low-FAT; 55% CHO, 18% PRO, 27% FAT) or a lower-carbohydrate/higher-fat diet (Low-CHO/High-FAT; 43% CHO, 18% PRO, 39% FAT). After overnight fasts at baseline and week 8, participants consumed a standard liquid meal (7 kcals/kg, 58.6% CHO, 17.4% PRO, 24% FAT). Blood was sampled before the meal and at 15, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 min to determine total serum ghrelin and active GLP-1. Hunger was assessed by a visual analog scale. Mixed models were used to evaluate whether the temporal patterns of total serum ghrelin and active GLP-1 differed with diet. RESULTS Although both diet groups reported greater hunger after 8 weeks (p=0.03), circulating ghrelin and GLP-1 were not affected by acclimation to different macronutrients. CONCLUSION Habituation to different diets does not appear to influence fasting ghrelin, fasting GLP-1, or responses of these gut hormones to a standard meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Ellis
- Department of Nutrition Sciences at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-3360, USA.
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Abstract
Fish proteins have been reported to be more satiating than meat proteins. The objective was to determine the effect of different animal protein pre-meals on satiety. A total of ten intact female hounds were fed pork loin, beef loin, chicken breast, salmon fillet or pollock fillet. Each pre-meal was fed to contain 100 g protein. Blood was collected at 0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min postprandially and analysed for glucose, insulin, total ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and plasma amino acids (AA). Dogs were fed 2 × metabolisable energy, 3 h following the pre-meal, and intake was determined 30, 60, 180 and 1440 min after food presentation. Glucose decreased over time (P < 0·001), but was lowest (P = 0·01) when dogs consumed pollock or chicken. Insulin increased (P < 0·0001) over time, and was greater (P = 0·09) when dogs consumed salmon. GLP-1 increased (P < 0·001) over time, and was greatest (P = 0·04) when dogs consumed beef. Ghrelin decreased (P < 0·0001) over time for all pre-meals. The tryptophan:large neutral AA ratio tended to be greater (P = 0·08) when dogs consumed pork, salmon and pollock. Different protein sources may influence blood markers in dogs, but it does not appear that fish substrates have different satiating abilities than mammalian or avian sources.
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