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Khouri RM, Wagner DC, Walter WD. Efficacy of secondary electric fences at preventing direct contact among white‐tailed deer. WILDLIFE SOC B 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renée M. Khouri
- Schreyer Honors College The Pennsylvania State University, 10 Schreyer Honors College, University Park, PA 16802, University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Donald C. Wagner
- Deer Research Center The Pennsylvania State University, 335 Agricultural Science and Industries Building, University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - W. David Walter
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit The Pennsylvania State University, 403 Forest Resources Building, University Park PA 16802 USA
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Park HB, Woo D, Choi TY, Hong S. Assessment of the Behavioural Response of Korean Water Deer ( Hydropotes inermis argyropus) to Different Fence Heights. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11040938. [PMID: 33810250 PMCID: PMC8067234 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The present study aimed to investigate the success rate of fences and classify the behavioural responses of Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) to different fence heights. The dominant behaviours before the deer crossed the fences by performing vertical and running jumps were recession and rest when the fence heights were lower or higher than 1.2 m, respectively. The general threshold (fence height) for discriminating success or failure was 0.9 m; however, we recommend a fence height of 1.5 m, considering the cost and roadkill risk. Placing exit pathways for deer and eliminating possible resting areas outside fences are essential for reducing the number of successful jump attempts. Abstract Fences have been widely implemented to reduce the risk of wildlife–vehicle collisions, wildlife disease spread, and crop damage. To manufacture fences, it is imperative to assess the behavioural responses of the target species. Here, we investigated the success rate of fences and classified eight behavioural responses of Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) to different fence heights. We explored the association of 801 behavioural responses and defined a threshold based on 40 events by applying non-metric multidimensional scaling and a binary logistic generalised linear mixed model. With fences lower and higher than 1.2 m, recession and rest were the dominant behaviours, respectively, before the deer crossed the fences by performing vertical and running jumps. Considering all independent events, 0.9 m was the marginal threshold, with highly variable outliers over this value. Placing exit pathways for deer and eliminating possible resting areas outside fences are essential for reducing the number of successful jump attempts. The optimal fence height could differ based on conditional factors; however, we recommend a height of 1.5 m considering the cost and roadkill risk. In conclusion, exploring and classifying the behavioural responses of the target species may be critical for establishing appropriate fence protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Bok Park
- Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang-gun 36531, Korea;
| | - Donggul Woo
- Division of Ecological Conservation, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon-gun 33657, Korea;
| | - Tae Young Choi
- Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang-gun 36531, Korea;
- Correspondence: (T.Y.C.); (S.H.); Tel.: +82-54-680-7210 (T.Y.C.); +82-10-3159-0428 (S.H.); Fax: +82-54-530-1959 (S.H.)
| | - Sungwon Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
- Department of Horse, Companion, and Wild Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
- Correspondence: (T.Y.C.); (S.H.); Tel.: +82-54-680-7210 (T.Y.C.); +82-10-3159-0428 (S.H.); Fax: +82-54-530-1959 (S.H.)
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Smith D, King R, Allen BL. Impacts of exclusion fencing on target and non-target fauna: a global review. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1590-1606. [PMID: 32725786 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exclusion fencing is a common tool used to mitigate a variety of unwanted economic losses caused by problematic wildlife. While the potential for agricultural, ecological and economic benefits of pest animal exclusion are often apparent, what is less clear are the costs and benefits to sympatric non-target wildlife. This review examines the use of exclusion fencing in a variety of situations around the world to elucidate the potential outcomes of such fencing for wildlife and apply this knowledge to the recent uptake of exclusion fencing on livestock properties in the Australian rangelands. In Australia, exclusion fences are used to eliminate dingo (Canis familiaris dingo) predation on livestock, prevent crop-raiding by emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae), and enable greater control over total grazing pressure through the reduction of macropods (Macropodidae) and feral goats (Capra hircus). A total of 208 journal articles were examined for location, a broad grouping of fence type, and the reported effects the fence was having on the study species. We found 51% of the literature solely discusses intended fencing effects, 42% discusses unintended effects, and only 7% considers both. Africa has the highest proportion of unintended effects literature (52.0%) and Australia has the largest proportion of literature on intended effects (34.2%). We highlight the potential for exclusion fencing to have positive effects on some species and negative effects on others (such as predator exclusion fencing posing a barrier to migration of other species), which remain largely unaddressed in current exclusion fencing systems. From this review we were able to identify where and how mitigation strategies have been successfully used in the past. Harnessing the potential benefits of exclusion fencing while avoiding the otherwise likely costs to both target and non-target species will require more careful consideration than this issue has previously been afforded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deane Smith
- University of Southern Queensland, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
| | - Rachel King
- University of Southern Queensland, School of Sciences, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Allen
- University of Southern Queensland, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia.,Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, 6034, South Africa
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Abstract
Deaths which occur in association with agricultural electric fences are very rare. In fact, electric fences have undoubtedly saved numerous human and animal lives by safely and reliably keeping livestock confined to their fields and enclosures and thus preventing motor vehicle incidents when livestock get onto roads and highways. Accidental and intentional human contact with electric fences occurs regularly and causes little more than transient discomfort, however, on exceptional occasions, contact with electric fences appears to be directly related to the death of the individual. The precise pathophysiological cause of these deaths is unclear. We present two cases of deaths associated with electric fences, discuss the possible pathophysiological mechanisms in these cases, and suggest a universal approach to the medico-legal investigation and documentation of these deaths.
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Ramsey DSL, O'Brien DJ, Smith RW, Cosgrove MK, Schmitt SM, Rudolph BA. Management of on-farm risk to livestock from bovine tuberculosis in Michigan, USA, white-tailed deer: Predictions from a spatially-explicit stochastic model. Prev Vet Med 2016; 134:26-38. [PMID: 27836043 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The eradication of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, from cattle in many locations worldwide is complicated by endemic foci of the disease in free-ranging wildlife. Recent simulation modeling of the bTB outbreak in white-tailed deer (WTD) in Michigan, USA, suggests current management is unlikely to eradicate bTB from the core outbreak area (DMU 452) within the next three decades. However, some level of control short of eradication might sufficiently reduce transmission from deer to cattle to a point at which the negative effects of bTB on the cattle industry could be reduced or eliminated, while minimizing the negative consequences of reducing deer numbers. We extended our existing spatially-explicit, individual-based stochastic simulation model of bTB transmission in WTD to incorporate transmission to cattle, to characterize the effects of vaccination and increased harvest of WTD on cattle herd breakdown rates, to examine the effects of localized culling or vaccination of WTD in the vicinity of cattle farms, to assess the effects of concurrent deer baiting, and to determine the effect of progressive restriction of deer/cattle contact on herd breakdowns. A spatially-explicit "cattle layer" was constructed describing the spatial locations, farm size and cattle density of all farms within and directly adjacent to DMU452. Increased hunter harvest or vaccination of deer, or a combination, would likely decrease the number of cattle herd breakdowns to <1 per year in less than 15 years. Concurrent deer baiting variably increased the time necessary to achieve zero breakdowns. The prevalence of bTB in deer needed to fall below ∼0.5% before ≤1 herd breakdown per year could be expected, and below 0.1% before zero breakdowns were likely. Locally applied post-harvest deer culling or vaccination also rapidly reduced herd breakdowns. On farm biosecurity measures needed to reduce deer to cattle contact by >95% in order to reliably reduce herd breakdowns, and did not achieve zero breakdowns in the absence of other deer controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S L Ramsey
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment and Primary Industries, 123 Brown Street, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Daniel J O'Brien
- Wildlife Disease Laboratory, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 4125 Beaumont Road, Room 250, Lansing, MI 48910-8106, USA.
| | - Rick W Smith
- Animal Industry Division, Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Constitution Hall, 525 W. Allegan Street, Lansing, MI 48909, USA
| | - Melinda K Cosgrove
- Wildlife Disease Laboratory, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 4125 Beaumont Road, Room 250, Lansing, MI 48910-8106, USA
| | - Stephen M Schmitt
- Wildlife Disease Laboratory, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 4125 Beaumont Road, Room 250, Lansing, MI 48910-8106, USA
| | - Brent A Rudolph
- Rose Lake Wildlife Research Center, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 8562 E. Stoll Road, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
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Ribeiro-Lima J, Carstensen M, Cornicelli L, Forester JD, Wells SJ. Patterns of Cattle Farm Visitation by White-Tailed Deer in Relation to Risk of Disease Transmission in a Previously Infected Area with Bovine Tuberculosis in Minnesota, USA. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1519-1529. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Ribeiro-Lima
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN USA
| | - M. Carstensen
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN USA
- Minnesota Department of Natural Resources; St. Paul MN USA
| | - L. Cornicelli
- Minnesota Department of Natural Resources; St. Paul MN USA
- Department of Fisheries; Wildlife; and Conservation Biology; University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN USA
| | - J. D. Forester
- Department of Fisheries; Wildlife; and Conservation Biology; University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN USA
| | - S. J. Wells
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN USA
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Abstract
Devil facial tumor disease (DFTD) is an emergent transmissible cancer exclusive to Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) and threatening the species with extinction in the wild. Research on DFTD began 10 years ago, when nothing was known about the tumor and little about the devils. The depth of knowledge gained since then is impressive, with research having addressed significant aspects of the disease and the devils' responses to it. These include the cause and pathogenesis of DFTD, the immune response of the devils and the immune evasion mechanisms of the tumor, the transmission patterns of DFTD, and the impacts of DFTD on the ecosystem. This review aims to collate this information and put it into the context of conservation strategies designed to mitigate the impacts of DFTD on the devil and the Tasmanian ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Pye
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - G M Woods
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - A Kreiss
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Kitts-Morgan SE, Carleton RE, Barrow SL, Hilburn KA, Kyle AK. Wildlife Visitation on a Multi-Unit Educational Livestock Facility in Northwestern Georgia. SOUTHEAST NAT 2015. [DOI: 10.1656/058.014.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Barasona J, VerCauteren K, Saklou N, Gortazar C, Vicente J. Effectiveness of cattle operated bump gates and exclusion fences in preventing ungulate multi-host sanitary interaction. Prev Vet Med 2013; 111:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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