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Laporta J, Khatib H, Zachut M. Review: Phenotypic and molecular evidence of inter- and trans-generational effects of heat stress in livestock mammals and humans. Animal 2024:101121. [PMID: 38531705 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Internal and external factors can change an individual's phenotype. A significant external threat to humans and livestock is environmental heat load, a combination of high ambient temperatures and humidity. A heat stress response occurs when an endothermal animal is exposed to a heat load that challenges its' thermoregulation capacity. With the ongoing climate change trends, the incidence of chronically elevated temperatures causing heat stress is expected to rise, posing an even greater risk to the health and survival of all species. Heat stress is generally related to adverse effects on food intake, health, and performance in mammal livestock species and humans. Evidence from epidemiological and experimental studies of humans and livestock demonstrated that exposing pregnant females to heat stress affects the phenotype of the newborn in various ways. For instance, in utero heat stress is related to lower BW at birth and changes in metabolic and immune functions in the newborn. In cows, the effects of heat stress on the performance of the offspring last for three or four generations, suggesting intergenerational effects. The molecular mechanism orchestrating these effects of heat stress may be epigenetic regulation, as various epigenetic mechanisms control genome reprogramming. Epigenetic modifications are attached to DNA and histone proteins and can influence how specific genes are expressed, resulting in phenotypic changes. Epigenetic modifications can be triggered in response to environmental heat stress without altering the DNA sequence. Heat stress insults during critical periods of organ development (i.e., fetal exposure) can trigger epigenetic modifications that impact health and productivity across generations. Thus, epigenetic changes caused by extreme temperatures can be passed down to the offspring if the mother is exposed to the insult during pregnancy. Understanding the phenotypic and molecular consequences of maternal heat stress, including the carry-over lingering effects on the resulting progeny, is necessary to develop effective mitigation strategies and gain translational knowledge about the fundamental processes leading to intergenerational and transgenerational inheritance. This review examines the phenotypic and molecular evidence of how maternal exposure to extreme heat can affect future generations in several species, including humans, swine, sheep, goats, and cattle. The current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in intergenerational and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance will also be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Laporta
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - H Khatib
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - M Zachut
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Science, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
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Kim M, Roura E, Choi Y, Kim J. Transcriptomic Analysis of the Porcine Gut in Response to Heat Stress and Dietary Soluble Fiber from Beet Pulp. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1456. [PMID: 36011367 PMCID: PMC9408315 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the impact of heat stress (HS) and the effects of dietary soluble fiber from beet pulp (BP) on gene expression (differentially expressed genes, DEGs) of the porcine jejunum. Out of the 82 DEGs, 47 genes were up-regulated, and 35 genes were downregulated between treatments. The gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were related mainly to the actin cytoskeleton organization and muscle structure development in biological processes, cytoplasm, stress fibers, Z disc, cytoskeleton, and the extracellular regions in cellular composition, and actin binding, calcium ion binding, actin filament binding, and pyridoxal phosphate binding in the molecular function. The KEGG pathway analysis showed that the DEGs were involved in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, vascular smooth muscle contraction, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis, and African trypanosomiasis. Several of the genes (HSPB6, HSP70, TPM1, TAGLN, CCL4) in the HS group were involved in cellular oxidative stress, immune responses, and cellular differentiation. In contrast, the DEGs in the dietary BP group were related to intestinal epithelium integrity and immune response to pathogens, including S100A2, GCNT3, LYZ, SCGB1A1, SAA3, and ST3GAL1. These findings might help understand the HS response and the effect of dietary fiber (DF) regarding HS and be a valuable reference for future studies.
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Xue S, Park JY, Tuell JR, Maskal JM, Johnson JS, Dinh T, Kim YHB. In Utero Heat Stress Has Minimal Impacts on Processed Pork Products: A Comparative Study. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091222. [PMID: 35563945 PMCID: PMC9104471 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine what effects in utero heat stress (IUHS) in pigs may have on quality of processed pork products. In two experiments, patties and emulsion sausages were prepared from lean and fat from pigs subjected to IUHS or in utero thermoneutral (IUTN) conditions. Patties formulated to contain 25% added fat had altered textural properties compared to those without additional fat, as shown by lower hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, and chewiness values (p < 0.05), which was not affected by IUHS treatment. Neither fat content nor IUHS treatment affected fluid losses of patties (p > 0.05). In general, 25% added fat patties had greater L*, a*, b*, hue angle, and chroma values than lean patties (p < 0.05). However, 25% added fat patties from the IUHS treatment maintained superior color stability during aerobic display, despite lean patties from this treatment exhibiting increased lipid oxidation (p < 0.05). For emulsion sausages, minimal differences in quality attributes and oxidative stability were found between treatment groups. Subcutaneous fat from IUHS pigs had greater C20:1 and C20:2 than IUTN (p < 0.05), although the magnitude of these differences was slight. Overall, the findings of this study suggest IUHS would have minimal impacts on the functional properties of raw pork, resulting in similar final quality of processed products to IUTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Xue
- Meat Science and Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.X.); (J.-y.P.); (J.R.T.); (J.M.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Meat Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jun-young Park
- Meat Science and Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.X.); (J.-y.P.); (J.R.T.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Jacob R. Tuell
- Meat Science and Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.X.); (J.-y.P.); (J.R.T.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Jacob M. Maskal
- Meat Science and Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.X.); (J.-y.P.); (J.R.T.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Jay S. Johnson
- USDA-ARS Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Thu Dinh
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA;
| | - Yuan H. Brad Kim
- Meat Science and Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.X.); (J.-y.P.); (J.R.T.); (J.M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-765-496-1631
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Papatsiros VG, Katsogiannou EG, Papakonstantinou GI, Michel A, Petrotos K, Athanasiou LV. Effects of Phenolic Phytogenic Feed Additives on Certain Oxidative Damage Biomarkers and the Performance of Primiparous Sows Exposed to Heat Stress under Field Conditions. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030593. [PMID: 35326243 PMCID: PMC8945155 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two commercial phenolic phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) on sows under heat stress conditions of high summer temperatures for seven days before and seven days after the farrowing. The PFA-1 product was a mixture based on the plants Emblica officinalis, Foeniculum vulgare, Citrus sinensis and nut fiber, while the PFA-2 product was a mixture based on plants Andrographis paniculata, Glycyrrhizia glabra, Tinospora cordifolia and nut fiber. A total of 48 primiparous sows were divided into three groups: T1-control group: regular gestation (GF) and lactation feed (LF); T2 group: regular GF and LF supplemented with PFA-1; T3 group: regular GF and LF supplemented with PFA-2. Each sow in the T2 and T3 groups received 5 g daily of the PFA-1 and PFA-2 product, respectively, for seven days before and seven days after the farrowing. Blood samples were collected from all groups 24 h after farrowing. Thiobarbituric acid-–reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyl (CARB) concentrations were determined in the sow plasma. The body condition scoring (BCS) and the backfat of sows on the farrowing and weaning days along with reproductive parameters and litter characteristics were recorded. The highest number of stillborn piglets and the largest interval from weaning to estrus were observed in the T1 group. The lowest number of alive 24 h after birth and weaning piglets and the lowest BCS and backfat at weaning were also recorded in the T1 group. TBARS and CARB concentrations were significant higher in the T1 group compared to all other groups. In conclusion, the use of phenolic PFAs seems to reduce oxidative damage caused by heat stress and ameliorate performance in primiparous sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios G. Papatsiros
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Trikalon 224, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (E.G.K.); (G.I.P.)
- Correspondence: (V.G.P.); (L.V.A.); Tel.: +30-2441-066012- (V.G.P.); +30-244-106-6009 (L.V.A.); Fax: +30-2441-066053 (V.G.P. & L.V.A.)
| | - Eleni G. Katsogiannou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Trikalon 224, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (E.G.K.); (G.I.P.)
| | - Georgios I. Papakonstantinou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Trikalon 224, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (E.G.K.); (G.I.P.)
| | - Alfred Michel
- Life Circle Nutrition AG, Hämmerli 2d, 8855 Wangen, Switzerland;
| | - Konstantinos Petrotos
- Department of Agrotechnology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Geopolis Campus, University of Thessaly, Periferiaki Odos Larisas Trikalon, 41500 Larisa, Greece;
| | - Labrini V. Athanasiou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Trikalon 224, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (E.G.K.); (G.I.P.)
- Correspondence: (V.G.P.); (L.V.A.); Tel.: +30-2441-066012- (V.G.P.); +30-244-106-6009 (L.V.A.); Fax: +30-2441-066053 (V.G.P. & L.V.A.)
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Liu F, Zhao W, Le HH, Cottrell JJ, Green MP, Leury BJ, Dunshea FR, Bell AW. Review: What have we learned about the effects of heat stress on the pig industry? Animal 2021; 16 Suppl 2:100349. [PMID: 34801425 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pig production faces seasonal fluctuations. The low farrowing rate of sows mated in summer, increased carcass fatness of progeny born to the sows mated in summer, and slower growth rate of finisher pigs in summer are three economically important impacts identified in the pig industry. The purpose of this review is to examine advances over the past decade in understanding the mechanisms underlying the three impacts associated with summer conditions, particularly heat stress (HS), and to provide possible amelioration strategies. For impact 1, summer mating results in low farrowing rates mainly caused by the high frequency of early pregnancy disruptions. The contributions of semen DNA damage, poor oocyte quality, local progesterone concentrations, and suboptimal embryonic oestrogen secretion are discussed, as these all may contribute to HS-mediated effects around conception. Despite this, it is still unclear what the underlying mechanisms might be and thus, there is currently a lack of commercially viable solutions. For impact 2, there have been recent advances in the understanding of gestational HS on both the sow and foetus, with gestational HS implicated in decreased foetal muscle fibre number, a greater proportion of lighter piglets, and increased carcass fatness at slaughter. So far, no effective strategies have been developed to mitigate the impacts associated with gestational HS on foetuses. For impact 3, the slowed growth rate of pigs during summer is one reason for the reduced carcass weights in summer. Studies have shown that the reduction in growth rates may be due to more than reductions in feed intake alone, and the impaired intestinal barrier function and inflammatory response may also play a role. In addition, it is consistently reported that HS attenuates fat mobilisation which can potentially exacerbate carcass fatness when carcass weight is increased. Novel feed additives have exhibited the potential to reduce the impacts of HS on intestinal barrier function in grower pigs. Collectively, based on these three impacts, the economic loss associated with HS can be estimated. A review of these impacts is warranted to better align the future research directions with the needs of the pig industry. Ultimately, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and continuous investments in developing commercially viable strategies to combat HS will benefit the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Liu
- Research and Innovation Unit, Rivalea Australia Pty Ltd, Corowa, NSW 2646, Australia.
| | - W Zhao
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - H H Le
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - J J Cottrell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - M P Green
- Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - B J Leury
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - F R Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - A W Bell
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853-4801, USA
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Mayorga EJ, Horst EA, Goetz BM, Rodríguez-Jiménez S, Abeyta MA, Al-Qaisi M, Lei S, Rhoads RP, Selsby JT, Baumgard LH. Rapamycin administration during an acute heat stress challenge in growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6265784. [PMID: 33950189 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Study objectives were to determine the effects of rapamycin (Rapa) on biomarkers of metabolism and inflammation during acute heat stress (HS) in growing pigs. Crossbred barrows (n = 32; 63.5 ± 7.2 kg body weight [BW]) were blocked by initial BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 environmental-therapeutic treatments: 1) thermoneutral (TN) control (n = 8; TNCon), 2) TN and Rapa (n = 8; TNRapa), 3) HS control (n = 8; HSCon), or 4) HS and Rapa (n = 8; HSRapa). Following 6 d of acclimation to individual pens, pigs were enrolled in two experimental periods (P). During P1 (10 d), pigs were fed ad libitum and housed in TN conditions (21.3 ± 0.2°C). During P2 (24 h), HSCon and HSRapa pigs were exposed to constant HS (35.5 ± 0.4°C), while TNCon and TNRapa pigs remained in TN conditions. Rapamycin (0.15 mg/kg BW) was orally administered twice daily (0700 and 1800 hours) during both P1 and P2. HS increased rectal temperature and respiration rate compared to TN treatments (1.3°C and 87 breaths/min, respectively; P < 0.01). Feed intake (FI) markedly decreased in HS relative to TN treatments (64%; P < 0.01). Additionally, pigs exposed to HS lost BW (4 kg; P < 0.01), while TN pigs gained BW (0.7 kg; P < 0.01). Despite marked changes in phenotypic parameters caused by HS, circulating glucose and blood urea nitrogen did not differ among treatments (P > 0.10). However, the insulin:FI increased in HS relative to TN treatments (P = 0.04). Plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) increased in HS relative to TN treatments; although this difference was driven by increased NEFA in HSCon compared to TN and HSRapa pigs (P < 0.01). Overall, circulating white blood cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes decreased in HS compared to TN pigs (19%, 23%, and 33%, respectively; P ≤ 0.05). However, circulating neutrophils were similar across treatments (P > 0.31). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was increased in HS relative to TN pigs (P = 0.02); however, a tendency for reduced NLR was observed in HSRapa compared to HSCon pigs (21%; P = 0.06). Plasma C-reactive protein tended to differ across treatments (P = 0.06) and was increased in HSRapa relative to HSCon pigs (46%; P = 0.03). Circulating haptoglobin was similar between groups. In summary, pigs exposed to HS had altered phenotypic, metabolic, and leukocyte responses; however, Rapa administration had limited impact on outcomes measured herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Erin A Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Brady M Goetz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | | | - Megan A Abeyta
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Mohmmad Al-Qaisi
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Samantha Lei
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
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Mayorga EJ, Kvidera SK, Horst EA, Al-Qaisi M, McCarthy CS, Abeyta MA, Lei S, Elsasser TH, Kahl S, Kiros TG, Baumgard LH. Effects of dietary live yeast supplementation on growth performance and biomarkers of metabolism and inflammation in heat-stressed and nutrient-restricted pigs. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab072. [PMID: 34189415 PMCID: PMC8223600 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Study objectives were to determine the effects of dietary live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CNCM I-4407; ActisafHR+; 0.25g/kg of feed; Phileo by Lesaffre, Milwaukee, WI) on growth performance and biomarkers of metabolism and inflammation in heat-stressed and nutrient-restricted pigs. Crossbred barrows (n = 96; 79 ± 1 kg body weight [BW]) were blocked by initial BW and randomly assigned to one of six dietary-environmental treatments: 1) thermoneutral (TN) and fed ad libitum the control diet (TNCon), 2) TN and fed ad libitum a yeast containing diet (TNYeast), 3) TN and pair-fed (PF) the control diet (PFCon), 4) TN and PF the yeast containing diet (PFYeast), 5) heat stress (HS) and fed ad libitum the control diet (HSCon), or 6) HS and fed ad libitum the yeast diet (HSYeast). Following 5 d of acclimation to individual pens, pigs were enrolled in two experimental periods (P). During P1 (7 d), pigs were housed in TN conditions (20 °C) and fed their respective dietary treatments ad libitum. During P2 (28 d), HSCon and HSYeast pigs were fed ad libitum and exposed to progressive cyclical HS (28–33 °C) while TN and PF pigs remained in TN conditions and were fed ad libitum or PF to their HSCon and HSYeast counterparts. Pigs exposed to HS had an overall increase in rectal temperature, skin temperature, and respiration rate compared to TN pigs (0.3 °C, 5.5 °C, and 23 breaths per minute, respectively; P < 0.01). During P2, average daily feed intake (ADFI) decreased in HS compared to TN pigs (30%; P < 0.01). Average daily gain and final BW decreased in HS relative to TN pigs (P < 0.01); however, no differences in feed efficiency (G:F) were observed between HS and TN treatments (P > 0.16). A tendency for decreased ADFI and increased G:F was observed in TNYeast relative to TNCon pigs (P < 0.10). Circulating insulin was similar between HS and TN pigs (P > 0.42). Triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels decreased in HS compared to TN treatments (~19% and 20%, respectively; P < 0.05). Plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) did not differ across treatments (P > 0.57) but tended to decrease in HSYeast relative to HSCon pigs (P = 0.09). In summary, dietary live yeast did not affect body temperature indices or growth performance and had minimal effects on biomarkers of metabolism; however, it tended to improve G:F under TN conditions and tended to reduce the proinflammatory mediator TNF-α during HS. Further research on the potential role of dietary live yeast in pigs during HS or nutrient restriction scenarios is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Sara K Kvidera
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Erin A Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Mohmmad Al-Qaisi
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Carrie S McCarthy
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Megan A Abeyta
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Samantha Lei
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Theodore H Elsasser
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Stanislaw Kahl
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | | | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Tuell JR, Nondorf MJ, Maskal JM, Johnson JS, Kim YHB. Impacts of in Utero Heat Stress on Carcass and Meat Quality Traits of Market Weight Gilts. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:717. [PMID: 33800814 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study evaluated the effects of exposure of the porcine fetus to in utero heat stress (IUHS) during the first half of gestation on carcass and meat quality attributes when market weight was reached. Pigs exposed to IUHS had lower head and heart weights at slaughter compared to the thermoneutral group. Most measures of carcass quality were not impacted by the treatments, but lower loin muscle area was observed for IUHS carcasses. Additionally, the loins from the heat stressed pigs were found to be tougher, regardless of the duration of aging. Accordingly, minimizing heat stress experienced by gestating pigs would be considered an important factor in improving both yield and quality of pork production systems. Abstract This study evaluated the impacts of in utero heat stress (IUHS) on the carcass and meat quality traits of offspring when market weight was reached. Twenty-four F1 Landrace × Large White gilts were blocked by body weight and allocated among thermoneutral (IUTN) or IUHS treatments from d 6 to d 59 of gestation. The offspring were raised under identical thermoneutral conditions, and gilts (n = 10/treatment) at market weight (117.3 ± 1.7 kg) were harvested. At 24 h postmortem, the loins (M. longissimus lumborum) were obtained, and sections were allocated among 1 d and 7 d aging treatments at 2 °C. Carcasses from IUHS pigs had lower head and heart weights (p < 0.05), as well as decreased loin muscle area (p < 0.05) compared to IUTN pigs. Loins from the IUHS group had a higher shear force value than the IUTN group (p < 0.05). Treatments had no other impacts on carcass and meat quality traits (p > 0.05), and Western blots suggested increased toughness of IUHS loins would not be attributed to proteolysis. These results suggest minimizing IUHS during the first half of gestation may be beneficial in improving pork yield and quality, though in general the effects of IUHS would be minimal.
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Zhao W, Liu F, Bell AW, Le HH, Cottrell JJ, Leury BJ, Green MP, Dunshea FR. Controlled elevated temperatures during early-mid gestation cause placental insufficiency and implications for fetal growth in pregnant pigs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20677. [PMID: 33244103 PMCID: PMC7691357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77647-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that pig offspring born from pregnant pigs exposed to elevated ambient temperatures during gestation have altered phenotypes, possibly due to placental insufficiency and impaired fetal growth. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify the effect of maternal heat exposure during early-mid gestation, when pig placentae grow heavily, on placental and fetal development. Fifteen pregnant pigs were allocated to thermoneutral (TN; 20 °C; n = 7) or cyclic elevated temperature conditions (ET; 28 to 33 °C; n = 8) from d40 to d60 of gestation. Following euthanasia of the pigs on d60, placental and fetal morphometry and biochemistry were measured. Compared to TN fetuses, ET fetuses had increased (P = 0.041) placental weights and a lower (P = 0.013) placental efficiency (fetal/placental weight), although fetal weights were not significantly different. Fetuses from ET pigs had reduced (P = 0.032) M. longissimus fibre number density and a thicker (P = 0.017) placental epithelial layer compared to their TN counterparts. Elevated temperatures decreased (P = 0.026) placental mRNA expression of a glucose transporter (GLUT-3) and increased (P = 0.037) placental IGF-2 mRNA expression. In conclusion, controlled elevated temperatures between d40 to d60 of gestation reduced pig placental efficiency, resulting in compensatory growth of the placentae to maintain fetal development. Placental insufficiency during early-mid gestation may have implications for fetal development, possibly causing a long-term phenotypic change of the progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicheng Zhao
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Fan Liu
- Rivalea Australia Pty Ltd, Corowa, 2646, Australia
| | - Alan W Bell
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853-4801, USA
| | - Hieu H Le
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Jeremy J Cottrell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Brian J Leury
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Mark P Green
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Frank R Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia. .,Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
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10
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Serviento AM, Lebret B, Renaudeau D. Chronic prenatal heat stress alters growth, carcass composition, and physiological response of growing pigs subjected to postnatal heat stress. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5838137. [PMID: 32415838 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Postnatal heat stress (HS) effects on pig physiology and performance are widely studied but prenatal HS studies, albeit increasing, are still limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chronic prenatal HS effects in growing pigs raised in postnatal thermoneutral (TN) or in HS environment. For prenatal environment (PE), mixed-parity pregnant sows were exposed to either TN (PTN; cyclic 18 to 24 °C; n = 12) or HS (PHS; cyclic 28 to 34 °C; n = 12) conditions from day 9 to 109 of gestation. Two female offspring per sow were selected at 10 wk of age and allotted to one of two postnatal growing environments (GE): GTN (cyclic 18 to 24 °C; n = 24) and GHS (cyclic 28 to 34 °C; n = 24). From 75 to 140 d of age, GTN pigs remained in GTN conditions, while GHS pigs were in GTN conditions from 75 to 81 d of age and in GHS conditions from 82 to 140 d of age. Regardless of PE, postnatal HS increased rectal and skin temperatures (+0.30 and +1.61 °C on average, respectively; P < 0.01) and decreased ADFI (-332 g/d; P < 0.01), resulting in lower ADG and final BW (-127 g/d and -7.9 kg, respectively; P < 0.01). The GHS pigs exhibited thicker backfat (P < 0.01), lower carcass loin percentage (P < 0.01), increased plasma creatinine levels (P < 0.01), and decreased plasma glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, T3, and T4 levels (P < 0.05). Prenatal HS increased feed intake in an age-dependent manner (+10 g·kg BW-0.60·d-1 for PHS pigs in the last 2 wk of the trial; P = 0.02) but did not influence BW gain (P > 0.10). Prenatal HS decreased the plasma levels of superoxide dismutase on day 3 of GHS (trend at P = 0.08) and of T4 on day 49 (P < 0.01) but did not affect T3 on day 3 nor 49 (P > 0.10). Prenatal HS increased rectal and skin temperatures and decreased temperature gradient between rectal and skin temperatures in GTN pigs (+0.10, +0.33 and -0.22 °C, respectively; P < 0.05) but not in GHS pigs (P > 0.10). There were also PE × GE interactions found with lower BW (P = 0.06) and higher backfat (P < 0.01) and perirenal adiposity (P < 0.05) for GHS-PHS pigs than the other groups. Overall, increased body temperature and altered thyroid functions and physiological stress responses suggest decreased heat tolerance and dissipation ability of pigs submitted to a whole-gestation chronic prenatal HS. Postnatal HS decreased growth performance, increased carcass adiposity, and affected metabolic traits and thyroid functions especially in pigs previously submitted to prenatal HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aira Maye Serviento
- INRAE, Agrocampus Ouest, PEGASE, Saint-Gilles, France.,Lallemand SAS, 19 rue des Briquetiers, Blagnac, France
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11
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Zhang S, Johnson JS, Trottier NL. Effect of dietary near ideal amino acid profile on heat production of lactating sows exposed to thermal neutral and heat stress conditions. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:75. [PMID: 32670571 PMCID: PMC7346526 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00483-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced protein diet manifested potential to mitigate heat production based on the concept of ideal amino acid profile. The hypothesis of this study was that lactating sows fed a low crude protein (LCP) diet with supplemental amino acid produce less heat compared to those fed a high crude protein (HCP) diet under both thermal neutral (TN) and heat stress (HS) conditions. METHODS Thirty-two lactating sows were allotted to HCP (193 g CP/kg) and LCP (140 g CP/kg) diets under thermal neutral (TN, 21 ± 1.5 °C) or cycling heat stress (HS, 32 ± 1.5 °C daytime and 24 ± 1.5 °C nighttime) conditions. Diets contained 0.90% SID lysine and 10.8 MJ/kg net energy. Positive pressure indirect calorimeters were used to measure gas exchange in individual sows with litters, and individual piglets on days 4, 8, 14 and 18. Sow and litter weights were recorded on days 1, 10 and 21. RESULTS Sow total heat production (THP) was calculated by subtracting litter THP from sow + litter THP based on BW0.75. Sow BW and body protein (BP) loss was greater for LCP diet compared to HCP diet in peak lactation (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) and throughout the entire lactation period (P < 0.05 and P = 0.056, respectively) under HS conditions. Heat-stressed sows fed HCP diet had higher (P < 0.05) rectal temperature at 13:00 (P < 0.05) and 19:00 (P < 0.01), and higher respiration rate at 07:00 (P < 0.05), 13:00 (P < 0.05) and 19:00 (P < 0.05) compared to TN sows fed HCP diet. In sows fed LCP diet, those under HS tended to have higher (P = 0.098) rectal temperature at 13:00 and had higher (P < 0.05) respiration rate at 07:00, 13:00 and 19:00 compared to TN sows. The relationship between daily THP and days in lactation of sows fed LCP diet was quadratic (P < 0.05), with an ascending trend until day 14 and a descending trend from days 14 to 18. Sows fed LCP diet had lower daily THP at day 18 (P < 0.001) compared to those fed the HCP diet under HS conditions. CONCLUSION Reduction in THP in sows fed LCP diet was largely associated with THP on day 18 of lactation under HS conditions. Feeding LCP diets alleviated the increased body temperature in sows under HS conditions throughout lactation, which was accompanied by a reduction in respiration rate. Total heat production is associated with days in lactation, in particular under HS conditions with THP appearing to peak between days 14 and 18.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824 USA
| | - J. S. Johnson
- USDA-ARS Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, 47907 USA
| | - N. L. Trottier
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824 USA
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12
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Mayorga EJ, Ross JW, Keating AF, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH. Biology of heat stress; the nexus between intestinal hyperpermeability and swine reproduction. Theriogenology 2020; 154:73-83. [PMID: 32531658 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Unfavorable weather conditions are one of the largest constraints to maximizing farm animal productivity. Heat stress (HS), in particular, compromises almost every metric of profitability and this is especially apparent in the grow-finish and reproductive aspects of the swine industry. Suboptimal production during HS was traditionally thought to result from hypophagia. However, independent of inadequate nutrient consumption, HS affects a plethora of endocrine, physiological, metabolic, circulatory, and immunological variables. Whether these changes are homeorhetic strategies to survive the heat load or are pathological remains unclear, nor is it understood if they temporally occur by coincidence or if they are chronologically causal. However, mounting evidence suggest that the origin of the aforementioned changes lie at the gastrointestinal tract. Heat stress compromises intestinal barrier integrity, and increased appearance of luminal contents in circulation causes local and systemic inflammatory responses. The resulting immune activation is seemingly the epicenter to many, if not most of the negative consequences HS has on reproduction, growth, and lactation. Interestingly, thermoregulatory and production responses to HS are only marginally related. In other words, increased body temperature indices poorly predict decreases in productivity. Further, HS induced malnutrition is also a surprisingly inaccurate predictor of productivity. Thus, selecting animals with a "heat tolerant" phenotype based solely or separately on thermoregulatory capacity or production may not ultimately increase resilience. Describing the physiology and mechanisms that underpin how HS jeopardizes animal performance is critical for developing approaches to ameliorate current production issues and requisite for generating future strategies (genetic, managerial, nutritional, and pharmaceutical) aimed at optimizing animal well-being, and improving the sustainable production of high-quality protein for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - J W Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - A F Keating
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - R P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - L H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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13
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Johnson JS, Stewart KR, Safranski TJ, Ross JW, Baumgard LH. In utero heat stress alters postnatal phenotypes in swine. Theriogenology 2020; 154:110-9. [PMID: 32540511 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prenatal environment influences offspring health and development, and this is readily apparent when considering the well-described effects of maternal nutrition and stress on the postnatal metabolism, neural function, and stress response of progeny. Moreover, in laboratory species, sheep, and humans, the effects of in utero heat stress on offspring development have been described in detail for >50 years. Despite our extensive knowledge of the postnatal phenotypes elicited by in utero stressors, the carryover effects of in utero heat stress in pigs have only recently begun to be elucidated. The effects of climate change on increasing global temperatures, combined with greater metabolic heat production in modern swine, has increased heat stress susceptibility in pigs. Greater heat stress susceptibility can negatively affect swine welfare and performance and may impact future generations of pigs through in utero heat stress. Pigs exposed to in utero heat stress develop a variety of postnatal phenotypes that prevent profitable production, and compromise health, and welfare in commercial production systems. Specifically, in utero heat stress alters the postnatal stress response, core body temperature, response to an immune challenge, and is teratogenic. In addition, in utero heat stress changes postnatal body composition through reduced lean and increased adipose tissue accretion rates, respectively. Furthermore, in utero heat stress reduces piglet birth weight, body weight gain, and reproductive efficiency. Although the economic impact of in utero heat stress in pigs has yet to be determined, it likely rivals the postnatal consequences of heat stress and is a threat to the global sustainability of swine production.
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14
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Dado-Senn B, Vega Acosta L, Torres Rivera M, Field SL, Marrero MG, Davidson BD, Tao S, Fabris TF, Ortiz-Colón G, Dahl GE, Laporta J. Pre- and postnatal heat stress abatement affects dairy calf thermoregulation and performance. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4822-4837. [PMID: 32113780 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal heat stress during late gestation exerts long-term effects on growth and productivity of the dairy calf. Further, direct exposure to heat stress during the preweaning period impairs calf thermoregulation and performance. We examined the effects of heat stress abatement during the prenatal period, postnatal period, or both on calf performance. We hypothesized that calves exposed to pre- and postnatal heat stress abatement would perform most optimally in terms of thermoregulation, growth, and health responses when compared with calves that are heat-stressed at any time in the pre- or postnatal periods. Holstein calves born to heat-stressed (HT) or cooled (CL) dams during late gestation (44 ± 5 d; prenatal HT or CL) were exposed to heat stress or cooling postnatally for 56 d (postnatal HT or CL), resulting in 4 treatments: HT-HT, HT-CL, CL-HT, and CL-CL; n = 12/treatment. Calves were administered 4 L of pooled colostrum and after 2 d of age allotted 10 L/d milk replacer and up to 3 kg/d concentrate in automatic feeder group pens (n = 6/pen). Postnatal cooling was achieved by 2 fans (average wind speed 2 m/s). Thermoregulatory responses (respiration rate and heart rate; rectal, body, and skin temperature), feed intake, growth parameters including average daily gain and medication events were recorded, and blood samples were collected weekly. Thermoregulatory responses were lower in postnatal CL calves compared with postnatal HT. In the afternoon, HT-HT calves had the highest respiration rate and rectal temperature, HT-CL calves had the lowest respiration rate, and CL-HT calves had the lowest heart rate compared with the other treatment groups. Prenatal CL calves weighed more at birth and weaning with a tendency for greater average daily gain compared with prenatal HT calves, whereas postnatal CL calves had increased milk replacer and concentrate intake and a tendency for reduced fever, infection, and total medication events relative to postnatal HT. Prenatal HT calves were esophageal tube fed more often than prenatal CL. Blood hematocrit and 24-h serum IgG concentration were greater in prenatal CL calves relative to prenatal HT. Prenatal heat stress abatement improves weight gain, hematocrit, and immunoglobulin transfer, whereas postnatal heat stress abatement modulates thermoregulatory responses, feed intake, and calf health. This study is the first to characterize the combined effects of pre- and postnatal heat stress or active cooling on the dairy calf.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dado-Senn
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - L Vega Acosta
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, Puerto Rico 00682
| | - M Torres Rivera
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, Puerto Rico 00682
| | - S L Field
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - M G Marrero
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - B D Davidson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - S Tao
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - T F Fabris
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - G Ortiz-Colón
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, Puerto Rico 00682
| | - G E Dahl
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - J Laporta
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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15
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Angove JL, Forder REA. The avian maternal environment: exploring the physiological mechanisms driving progeny performance. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1729675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Angove
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | - R. E. A. Forder
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
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16
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Mayorga EJ, Kvidera SK, Seibert JT, Horst EA, Abuajamieh M, Al-Qaisi M, Lei S, Ross JW, Johnson CD, Kremer B, Ochoa L, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH. Effects of dietary chromium propionate on growth performance, metabolism, and immune biomarkers in heat-stressed finishing pigs1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:1185-1197. [PMID: 30590717 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Study objectives were to determine the effects of chromium (Cr) propionate (Cr propionate 0.04%; 0.5 g/kg of feed to deliver 200 parts per billion Cr/d; KemTRACE Cr, Kemin Industries, Inc., Des Moines, IA) on growth performance, metabolism, and health biomarkers in heat-stressed and nutrient-restricted pigs. Crossbred barrows (n = 96; 105 ± 1 kg BW) were enlisted in an experiment conducted in two replicates, blocked by initial BW, and randomly assigned to one of six dietary-environmental treatments: (i) thermoneutral (TN) and fed ad libitum a control diet (TNCtl), (ii) TN and fed ad libitum a Cr supplemented diet (TNCr), (iii) TN and pair-fed a control diet (PFCtl), (iv) TN and pair-fed a Cr supplemented diet (PFCr), (v) heat stress (HS) and ad libitum fed a control diet (HSCtl), or (vi) HS and ad libitum fed a Cr supplemented diet (HSCr). The study consisted of three experimental periods (P). During P0 (5 d), all pigs were housed in TN conditions (21.3 ± 0.1 °C, 56.8 ± 0.3% relative humidity [RH]) and fed the control diet ad libitum. During P1 (5 d), pigs were fed their respective dietary treatments ad libitum and kept in TN conditions. During P2 (35 d), HSCtl and HSCr-treated pigs were fed ad libitum and exposed to progressive cyclical HS conditions (27 to 31 °C, 50 ± 0.3% RH), while TNCtl, TNCr, PFCtl, and PFCr pigs remained in TN conditions and were fed ad libitum or pair-fed to their respective HSCtl and HSCr counterparts to eliminate the confounding effects of dissimilar feed intake. Overall, HS pigs had increased (P < 0.01) rectal temperature, skin temperature, and respiration rate (0.3 °C, 3.8 °C, and 32 breaths per minute, respectively) relative to TN pigs. Overall, HS decreased ADFI and ADG (20 and 21%, respectively; P < 0.01) compared with TN controls. Final BW tended to be increased in HSCr (2.7 kg, P = 0.06) compared with HSCtl pigs. Similarly, ADG tended to be increased during P2 in HSCr relative to HSCtl-treatment (0.77 vs. 0.72 kg/d; P = 0.10). There were no effects of Cr on most production parameters, but ADFI tended to be increased in Cr relative to Ctl-fed pigs (3.19 vs. 3.09 kg/d; P = 0.08). No effects of Cr supplementation were detected on circulating glucose, insulin, NEFA, cholesterol, triglycerides, or lipopolysaccharide binding protein. However, blood neutrophils were increased in HSCr (37%; P < 0.01) relative to HSCtl pigs. In summary, these results suggest Cr supplementation may benefit growth performance during HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Sara K Kvidera
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Jacob T Seibert
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Erin A Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | | | - Samantha Lei
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Jason W Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Iowa Pork Industry Center, Ames, IA
| | - Colin D Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Iowa Pork Industry Center, Ames, IA
| | | | | | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
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17
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Johnson JS, Baumgard LH. PHYSIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: Postnatal consequences of in utero heat stress in pigs. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:962-971. [PMID: 30534960 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal heat stress negatively impacts pig productivity and well-being as animals attempt to manage the resultant strain response. This is especially true when postnatal heat stress is combined with production stressors (e.g., mixing, weaning, transport, handling, and isolation) that have the potential to increase disease occurrence, morbidity and mortality. While pigs can utilize adaptive physiological mechanisms to compensate, these are often unfavorable to efficient livestock production. Specifically, postnatal heat stress decreases weight gain, reduces growth and production efficiency, alters carcass composition, and increases morbidity and mortality. Consequently, decreased animal performance constrains profitability and affects economic sustainability. In addition to the negative effects of postnatal heat stress, prenatal heat stress has long-term consequences that may compromise future piglet well-being and performance. Pigs gestated under heat stress conditions have an increased postnatal stress response and an increase in maintenance energy requirements. Furthermore, prenatal heat stress decreases swine birth weight, and increases teratogenicity, core body temperature set-point, and alters postnatal body composition (more adipose tissue and less skeletal muscle). Taken together, the effects of heat stress during pre- and postnatal pig development negatively influences productivity and well-being, a scenario that threatens the sustainability of global swine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Johnson
- USDA-ARS Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN
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18
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da Fonseca de Oliveira AC, Vanelli K, Sotomaior CS, Weber SH, Costa LB. Impacts on performance of growing-finishing pigs under heat stress conditions: a meta-analysis. Vet Res Commun 2018; 43:37-43. [PMID: 30569275 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-018-9741-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
High ambient temperatures are a challenge for animal production around the world, and they are one of the major reasons for economic and productive losses in pig production. Under stress conditions, the energy contribution to productive functions is reduced, generating health imbalances, decreased productivity rates and changes in animal behavior. Despite the numerous articles published on this subject, the variability of results on performance parameters is high. For this reason, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the actual impact of high ambient temperature (HAT) (29 °C to 35 °C) on growing-finishing pig performance, compared with animals kept in a thermoneutral environment (TNT) (18 °C to 25 °C), based on meta-analysis. Data on average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (FI) and feed gain ratio (F:G) were extracted from 22 (n = 22) papers published in scientific journals. The values were analyzed using an expansion of the t-test, considering the random effect of each study. Results showed that HAT reduced the values of ADG (654.38 vs 595.81 g/d) and FI (2.141 vs 1.875 g/d) when compared with the thermoneutral group. There was no statistical difference between the F:G values for both groups. In conclusion, high ambient temperatures negatively influence performance parameters of growing-finishing pigs when compared with those in thermoneutral conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karoline Vanelli
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Cristina Santos Sotomaior
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Saulo Henrique Weber
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Leandro Batista Costa
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
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19
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Qu H, Ajuwon KM. Metabolomics of heat stress response in pig adipose tissue reveals alteration of phospholipid and fatty acid composition during heat stress. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3184-3195. [PMID: 29961875 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the effect of heat stress (HS) on adipose tissue metabolome, a combination of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics profiling approaches was applied to characterize changes of metabolite classes in adipocytes differentiated in culture (in vitro) and mesenteric adipose tissue of pigs exposed to HS (in vivo). Effect of HS on the composition of individual fatty acids in cultured adipocytes, mesenteric adipose tissue, and serum of animals was also investigated using gas chromatography analysis. In vitro, preadipocytes were differentiated either under control (37 °C) or HS (41.5 °C) temperature for 9 d. For the animal experiment, pigs were kept either in control (Con) environment (20 °C) with ad libitum feed intake, HS (35 °C) temperature with ad libitum feed intake (HS), or at 20 °C with pair feeding to the HS pigs. In cultured cells, HS increased triglyceride and decreased monoacylglycerol (P < 0.05) species accumulation compared with control. Phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine were increased by HS, whereas phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol were decreased relative to control (P < 0.05). Heat-stressed adipocytes in culture also had higher concentrations of saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.05) relative to control. Pathways of proline and biotin metabolism were elevated (P < 0.05) by HS in adipocytes. The metabolomics signatures in adipocytes cultured under HS indicates that pathways centered around diacylglycerol metabolism are impacted by HS. In adipose tissue from animals in the HS treatment, there was increased (P < 0.05) abundance of 4,8 dimethylnonanoyl carnitine (P < 0.05). Heat-stressed animals also had higher (P < 005) serum linoleic, total polyunsaturated fatty acids, and decreased total SFA than PF (P < 0.05). These results indicate that HS elevates lipogenic pathways while suppressing fatty acid oxidation and demonstrate the usefulness of metabolomics analysis as a tool for determining the impact of HS in pig tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Qu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Kolapo M Ajuwon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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20
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Qu H, Ajuwon KM. Adipose tissue-specific responses reveal an important role of lipogenesis during heat stress adaptation in pigs. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:975-989. [PMID: 29617865 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated ambient temperature causes heat stress in pigs, resulting in reduced animal performance. To better understand tissue responses to heat stress in pigs, we conducted a study in which pigs were subjected to four treatments: acute (24 h) heat stress (AHS) at 35 °C ± 1 ambient temperature, chronic (7 d) heat stress at 35 °C ± 1 (HS) or normal ambient temperature (20 °C± 1) for 7 d with ad-libitum feeding (Con) or with pair-feeding to the feed intake (FI) of the HS pigs (PF). Heat stress decreased FI by approximately 36% and 64% in HS and AHS treatments respectively, compared with Con (P < 0.01). Concentration of free fatty acids (FFA) was elevated in AHS compared to HS (P = 0.031). Serum insulin concentration was lower in PF than Con (P = 0.045). Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration was elevated in HS compared with Con and PF (P = 0.008), but lower (P < 0.021) in AHS compared to HS. In the subcutaneous adipose tissue, the mRNA and protein abundance of PCK1 were higher (P < 0.05) in the HS treatment than Con and PF, and also higher (P < 0.05) in HS than AHS. However, there was no difference in GK mRNA between Con, PF, and HS, although its expression was lower (P = 0.003) in AHS vs. HS. Protein abundance of the ER stress marker, CCAT/enhancer-binding homologous protein (CHOP), was higher in PF than Con (P < 0.05), and higher (P = 0.033) in HS than AHS in subcutaneous fat. In mesenteric fat, PCK1 mRNA was higher (P < 0.001) in the HS than Con and PF treatments. Additionally, expression of PCK1 was lower (P = 0.039) in AHS vs. HS. Expression of PCK1 was downregulated (P < 0.05) in the liver of PF pigs compared to other treatments, but most other genes measured were not affected by treatment in the liver and muscle tissues. These results confirm that heat stress induces a robust adipose tissue response in favor of increased lipid storage. This indicates that adipose tissue might play an important role in heat stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K M Ajuwon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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Ross JW, Hale BJ, Seibert JT, Romoser MR, Adur MK, Keating AF, Baumgard LH. Physiological mechanisms through which heat stress compromises reproduction in pigs. Mol Reprod Dev 2018; 84:934-945. [PMID: 28667793 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal variations in environmental temperatures impose added stress on domestic species bred for economically important production traits. These heat-mediated stressors vary on a seasonal, daily, or spatial scale, and negatively impact behavior and reduce feed intake and growth rate, which inevitably lead to reduced herd productivity. The seasonal infertility observed in domestic swine is primarily characterized by depressed reproductive performance, which manifests as delayed puberty onset, reduced farrowing rates, and extended weaning-to-estrus intervals. Understanding the effects of heat stress at the organismal, cellular, and molecular level is a prerequisite to identifying mitigation strategies that should reduce the economic burden of compromised reproduction. In this review, we discuss the effect of heat stress on an animal's ability to maintain homeostasis in multiple systems via several hypothalamic-pituitary-end organ axes. Additionally, we discuss our understanding of epigenetic programming and how hyperthermia experienced in utero influences industry-relevant postnatal phenotypes. Further, we highlight the recent recognized mechanisms by which distant tissues and organs may molecularly communicate via extracellular vesicles, a potentially novel mechanism contributing to the heat-stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Benjamin J Hale
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Jacob T Seibert
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | | | - Malavika K Adur
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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22
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Ganesan S, Brownstein AJ, Pearce SC, Hudson MB, Gabler NK, Baumgard LH, Rhoads RP, Selsby JT. Prolonged environment-induced hyperthermia alters autophagy in oxidative skeletal muscle in Sus scrofa. J Therm Biol 2018; 74:160-169. [PMID: 29801622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged heat stress represents a continuing threat to human health and agricultural production. Despite the broad, negative impact of prolonged hyperthermia little is known about underlying pathological mechanisms leading to negative health outcomes, which has limited the development of etiological interventions and left clinicians and producers with only cooling and rehydration strategies. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the extent to which prolonged environment-induced hyperthermia altered autophagy in oxidative skeletal muscle in a large animal model, serving the dual purpose of accurately modeling human physiology as well as agricultural production. We hypothesized that prolonged hyperthermia would induce autophagy in skeletal muscle, independent of the accompanying caloric restriction. To test this hypothesis pigs were treated as follows: thermoneutral (20 °C), heat stress (35 °C), or were held under thermoneutral conditions but pair-fed to the heat stress group for seven days. Upon euthanasia the red portion of the semitendinosus was collected. We found that prolonged hyperthermic exposure increased oxidative stress without a corresponding change in antioxidant enzyme activities. Hyperthermia prevented initiation of autophagy despite increased markers of nucleation, elongation and autophagosome formation. However, p62 relative protein abundance, which is inversely correlated with autophagic degradation, was strongly increased suggesting suppressed degradation of autophagosomes. Markers of mitophagy and mitochondrial abundance were largely similar between groups. These data indicate that faulty autophagy plays a key role in hyperthermic muscle dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi Ganesan
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | - Sarah C Pearce
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Matthew B Hudson
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Nicolas K Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Gabler NK, Koltes D, Schaumberger S, Murugesan GR, Reisinger N. Diurnal heat stress reduces pig intestinal integrity and increases endotoxin translocation. Transl Anim Sci 2018; 2:1-10. [PMID: 32704684 PMCID: PMC7200918 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txx003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress negatively affects performance and intestinal integrity of pigs. The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of diurnal heat stress (dHS) on nursery-grower pig performance, intestinal integrity, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocation. Forty-eight nursery-grower gilts, individually penned, were randomly assigned to two treatments. Twenty-four pigs were then exposed to dHS for 3 d, 6 h at 38°C and 18 h at 32°C, at 40-60% humidity. The remaining pigs were maintained under thermal neutral (TN) conditions. Changes in pig rectal temperatures (Tr), respiration rates (RR), performance, and blood parameters were evaluated. Additionally, ex vivo ileum integrity was assessed with the Ussing chamber by measuring transepithelial resistance (TER), and 4 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran (FD4) and FITC-LPS mucosal to serosal flux. As expected, dHS increased pig Tr and RR (P < 0.05) and reduced pig performance (P < 0.05) on the 3-d period. Compared with TN, ileum TER (P = 0.04), FITC-LPS (P < 0.001), and FD4 (P = 0.011) permeability were significantly increased due to dHS. Compared with TN pigs, dHS increased serum endotoxin by 150% (P = 0.031). Altogether, 3-d dHS significantly reduced pig performance and intestinal integrity and increased blood endotoxin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dawn Koltes
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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24
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Ganesan S, Summers CM, Pearce SC, Gabler NK, Valentine RJ, Baumgard LH, Rhoads RP, Selsby JT. Short-term heat stress causes altered intracellular signaling in oxidative skeletal muscle. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:2438-2451. [PMID: 28727070 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) causes morbidities and mortalities, in part by inducing organ-specific injury and dysfunction. Further, HS markedly reduces farm animal productivity, and this is especially true for lean tissue accretion. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the extent to which short-term HS caused muscle dysfunction in skeletal muscle. We have previously found increased free radical injury in skeletal muscle following 24 h of HS. Thus, we hypothesized that HS would lead to apoptosis, autophagy, and decreased mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle. To test this hypothesis, crossbred gilts were divided into 3 groups ( = 8/group): thermal neutral (TN: 21°C), HS (37°C), and pair-fed thermal neutral (PFTN: feed intake matched with heat-stressed animals). Following 12 h of treatment, animals were euthanized and red (STR) and white (STW) portions of the semitendinosus were recovered. Heat stress did not alter intracellular signaling in STW. In STR, the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde protein and concentration were increased in HS ( = 0.007) compared to TN and PFTN, which was matched by an inadequate antioxidant response, including an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) I ( = 0.03) and II relative protein abundance ( = 0.008) and total SOD activity ( = 0.02) but a reduction ( = 0.006) in catalase activity in HS compared to TN. Further, B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein ( = 0.02) and apoptotic protease activating factor 1 ( = 0.01) proteins were increased by HS compared to TN and PFTN. However, caspase 3 activity was similar between groups, indicating a lack of apoptotic execution. Despite increased initiation, autophagy appeared to be inhibited by HS as the microtubule-associated protein A/B light chain 3 II/I ratio and mitofusin-2 proteins were decreased ( < 0.03) and sequestosome 1(p62) protein abundance was increased ( = 0.001) in HS compared to TN and PFTN. Markers of mitochondrial content cytochrome c, cytochrome c oxidase IV, voltage-dependent anion channel, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and prohibitins 1 were increased ( < 0.05) in HS compared to TN, whereas mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy markers were similar between groups. These data demonstrate that HS caused aberrant intracellular signaling, which may contribute to HS-mediated muscle dysfunction.
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25
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Johnson JS. Heat stress: impact on livestock well-being and productivity and mitigation strategies to alleviate the negative effects. Anim Prod Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an17725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) is a multi-factorial problem that negatively affects livestock health and productivity and is closely linked with animal welfare. While HS may not be harmful when animals are able to adapt, the physiological changes that occur to ensure survival may impede the efficient conversion of feed energy into animal products. This adaptive response can be variable and is often based on previous HS exposure, genetics, species and production stage. When the heat load becomes too great for adaptive responses to compensate, the subsequent strain response causes reduced productivity and well-being and, in severe cases, mortality. The effects of HS on livestock productivity are well documented and range from decreased feed intake and body weight gain, to reduced reproductive efficiency and altered carcass composition and meat quality. In addition, researchers are beginning to elucidate the effects of prenatal HS on postnatal livestock performance and welfare. As knowledge of the negative impacts of HS on livestock performance and welfare increases, so will the development of effective mitigation strategies to support maintenance of productivity during times of high thermal heat loads and preserve appropriate animal welfare standards.
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26
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Cesconeto RJ, Joost S, McManus CM, Paiva SR, Cobuci JA, Braccini J. Landscape genomic approach to detect selection signatures in locally adapted Brazilian swine genetic groups. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:9544-9556. [PMID: 29187988 PMCID: PMC5696410 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Samples of 191 animals from 18 different Brazilian locally adapted swine genetic groups were genotyped using Illumina Porcine SNP60 BeadChip in order to identify selection signatures related to the monthly variation of Brazilian environmental variables. Using BayeScan software, 71 SNP markers were identified as FST outliers and 60 genotypes (58 markers) were found by Samβada software in 371 logistic models correlated with 112 environmental variables. Five markers were identified in both methods, with a Kappa value of 0.073 (95% CI: 0.011-0.134). The frequency of these markers indicated a clear north-south country division that reflects Brazilian environmental differences in temperature, solar radiation, and precipitation. Global spatial territory correlation for environmental variables corroborates this finding (average Moran's I = 0.89, range from 0.55 to 0.97). The distribution of alleles over the territory was not strongly correlated with the breed/genetic groups. These results are congruent with previous mtDNA studies and should be used to direct germplasm collection for the National gene bank.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stéphane Joost
- Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG)School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC)Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Jaime Araujo Cobuci
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Jose Braccini
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
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27
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Chapel NM, Byrd CJ, Lugar DW, Morello GM, Baumgard LH, Ross JW, Safranski TJ, Lucy MC, Johnson JS. Determining the effects of early gestation in utero heat stress on postnatal fasting heat production and circulating biomarkers associated with metabolism in growing pigs1,2. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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28
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Lucy MC, Safranski TJ. Heat stress in pregnant sows: Thermal responses and subsequent performance of sows and their offspring. Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 84:946-956. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Lucy
- Division of Animal SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouri
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29
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Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH, El-Kadi SW, Zhao LD. PHYSIOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: Roles for insulin-supported skeletal muscle growth. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:1791-802. [PMID: 27285676 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Basic principles governing skeletal muscle growth and development, from a cellular point of view, have been realized for several decades. Skeletal muscle is marked by the capacity for rapid hypertrophy and increases in protein content. Ultimately, skeletal muscle growth is controlled by 2 basic means: 1) myonuclear accumulation stemming from satellite cell (myoblast) proliferation and 2) the balance of protein synthesis and degradation. Each process underlies the rapid changes in lean tissue accretion evident during fetal and neonatal growth and is particularly sensitive to nutritional manipulation. Although multiple signals converge to alter skeletal muscle mass, postprandial changes in the anabolic hormone insulin link feed intake with enhanced rates of protein synthesis in the neonate. Indeed, a consequence of insulin-deficient states such as malnutrition is reduced myoblast activity and a net loss of body protein. A well-characterized mechanism mediating the anabolic effect of insulin involves the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Activation of mTOR leads to translation initiation control via the phosphorylation of downstream targets. Modulation of this pathway by insulin, as well as by other hormones and nutrients, accounts for enhanced protein synthesis leading to efficient lean tissue accretion and rapid skeletal muscle gain in the growing animal. Dysfunctional insulin activity during fetal and neonatal stages likely alters growth through cellular and protein synthetic capacities.
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30
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Odle J, Jacobi SK, Boyd RD, Bauman DE, Anthony RV, Bazer FW, Lock AL, Serazin AC. The Potential Impact of Animal Science Research on Global Maternal and Child Nutrition and Health: A Landscape Review. Adv Nutr 2017; 8:362-381. [PMID: 28298279 PMCID: PMC5347102 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.013896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High among the challenges facing mankind as the world population rapidly expands toward 9 billion people by 2050 is the technological development and implementation of sustainable agriculture and food systems to supply abundant and wholesome nutrition. In many low-income societies, women and children are the most vulnerable to food insecurity, and it is unequivocal that quality nutrition during the first 1000 d of life postconception can be transformative in establishing a robust, lifelong developmental trajectory. With the desire to catalyze disruptive advancements in global maternal and child health, this landscape review was commissioned by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to examine the nutritional and managerial practices used within the food-animal agricultural system that may have relevance to the challenges faced by global human health. The landscape was categorized into a framework spanning 1) preconception, 2) gestation and pregnancy, 3) lactation and suckling, and 4) postweaning and toddler phases. Twelve key findings are outlined, wherein research within the discipline of animal sciences stands to inform the global health community and in some cases identifies gaps in knowledge in which further research is merited. Notable among the findings were 1) the quantitative importance of essential fatty acid and amino acid nutrition in reproductive health, 2) the suggested application of the ideal protein concept for improving the amino acid nutrition of mothers and children, 3) the prospect of using dietary phytase to improve the bioavailability of trace minerals in plant and vegetable-based diets, and 4) nutritional interventions to mitigate environmental enteropathy. The desired outcome of this review was to identify potential interventions that may be worthy of consideration. Better appreciation of the close linkage between human health, medicine, and agriculture will identify opportunities that will enable faster and more efficient innovations in global maternal and child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Odle
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC;
| | - Sheila K Jacobi
- Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH
| | - R Dean Boyd
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Department of Science Integration, The Hanor Company, Spring Green, WI
| | - Dale E Bauman
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Russell V Anthony
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Adam L Lock
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; and
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31
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Pearce SC, Sanz Fernandez MV, Torrison J, Wilson ME, Baumgard LH, Gabler NK. Dietary organic zinc attenuates heat stress-induced changes in pig intestinal integrity and metabolism. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:4702-13. [PMID: 26523563 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary zinc (inorganic and organic or zinc AA complex forms) is essential for normal intestinal barrier function and regeneration of intestinal epithelium. Given that heat stress (HS) exposure can negatively affect intestinal integrity and caloric intake, possible nutritional mitigation strategies are needed to improve health, performance, and well-being. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate 2 dietary zinc sources and reduced caloric intake on intestinal integrity in growing pigs subjected to 12 h of HS. A total of 36 pigs were fed 1 of 2 diets: 1) a control diet (CON; 120 mg/kg of zinc from zinc sulfate) or 2) 60 mg/kg from zinc sulfate and 60 mg/kg from zinc AA complex (ZnAA). After 17 d, the CON pigs were then exposed to thermal neutral (TN) conditions with ad libitum intake (TN-CON), HS (37°C) with ad libitum intake (HS-CON), or pair-fed to HS intake under TN conditions (PFTN); the ZnAA pigs were exposed to only HS (HS-ZnAA). All pigs were sacrificed after 12 h of environmental exposure, and blood and tissue bioenergetics stress markers and ex vivo ileum and colon integrity were assessed. Compared with TN-CON, HS significantly ( < 0.05) increased rectal temperatures and respiration rates. Ileum villus and crypt morphology was reduced by both pair-feeding and HS. Both PFTN and HS-CON pigs also had reduced ileum integrity (dextran flux and transepithelial resistance) compared with the TN-CON pigs. However, ZnAA tended to mitigate the HS-induced changes in ileum integrity. Ileum mucin 2 protein abundance was increased due to HS and pair-feeding. Colonic integrity did not differ due to HS or PFTN treatments. Compared with the HS-CON, HS-ZnAA pigs tended to have reduced blood endotoxin concentrations. In conclusion, HS and reduced feed intake compromised intestinal integrity in pigs, and zinc AA complex source mitigates some of these negative effects.
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Johnson JS, Sanz Fernandez MV, Seibert JT, Ross JW, Lucy MC, Safranski TJ, Elsasser TH, Kahl S, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH. In utero heat stress increases postnatal core body temperature in pigs. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:4312-22. [PMID: 26440331 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In utero heat stress (IUHS) negatively impacts postnatal development, but how it alters future body temperature parameters and energetic metabolism is not well understood. Future body temperature indices and bioenergetic markers were characterized in pigs from differing in utero thermal environments during postnatal thermoneutral (TN) and cyclical heat stress (HS) exposure. First-parity pregnant gilts ( = 13) were exposed to 1 of 4 ambient temperature (T) treatments (HS [cyclic 28°C to 34°C] or TN [cyclic 18°C to 22°C]) applied for the entire gestation (HSHS, TNTN), HS for the first half of gestation (HSTN), or HS for the second half of gestation (TNHS). Twenty-four offspring (23.1 ± 1.2 kg BW; = 6 HSHS, = 6 TNTN, = 6 HSTN, = 6 TNHS) were housed in TN (21.7°C ± 0.7°C) conditions and then exposed to 2 separate but similar HS periods (HS1 = 6 d; HS2 = 6 d; cycling 28°C to 36°C). Core body temperature (T) was assessed every 15 min with implanted temperature recorders. Regardless of in utero treatment, T increased during both HS periods ( = 0.01; 0.58°C). During TN, HS1, and HS2, all IUHS pigs combined had increased T ( = 0.01; 0.36°C, 0.20°C, and 0.16°C, respectively) compared to TNTN controls. Although unaffected by in utero environment, the total plasma thyroxine to triiodothyronine ratio was reduced ( = 0.01) during HS1 and HS2 (39% and 29%, respectively) compared with TN. In summary, pigs from IUHS maintained an increased T compared with TNTN controls regardless of external T, and this thermal differential may have practical implications to developmental biology and animal bioenergetics.
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33
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Yazdi MH, Mirzaei-Alamouti HR, Amanlou H, Mahjoubi E, Nabipour A, Aghaziarati N, Baumgard LH. Effects of heat stress on metabolism, digestibility, and rumen epithelial characteristics in growing Holstein calves. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:77-89. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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34
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Pearce SC, Lonergan SM, Huff-Lonergan E, Baumgard LH, Gabler NK. Acute Heat Stress and Reduced Nutrient Intake Alter Intestinal Proteomic Profile and Gene Expression in Pigs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143099. [PMID: 26575181 PMCID: PMC4648527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress and reduced feed intake negatively affect intestinal integrity and barrier function. Our objective was to compare ileum protein profiles of pigs subjected to 12 hours of HS, thermal neutral ad libitum feed intake, or pair-fed to heat stress feed intake under thermal neutral conditions (pair-fed thermal neutral). 2D-Differential In Gel Electrophoresis and gene expression were performed. Relative abundance of 281 and 138 spots differed due to heat stress, compared to thermal neutral and pair-fed thermal neutral pigs, respectively. However, only 20 proteins were different due to feed intake (thermal neutral versus pair-fed thermal neutral). Heat stress increased mRNA expression of heat shock proteins and protein abundance of heat shock proteins 27, 70, 90-α and β were also increased. Heat stress reduced ileum abundance of several metabolic enzymes, many of which are involved in the glycolytic or TCA pathways, indicating a change in metabolic priorities. Stress response enzymes peroxiredoxin-1 and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A were decreased in pair-fed thermal neutral and thermal neutral pigs compared to heat stress. Heat stress increased mRNA abundance markers of ileum hypoxia. Altogether, these data show that heat stress directly alters intestinal protein and mRNA profiles largely independent of reduced feed intake. These changes may be related to the reduced intestinal integrity associated with heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Pearce
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Lonergan
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | - Lance H. Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Nicholas K. Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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35
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Ross JW, Hale BJ, Gabler NK, Rhoads RP, Keating AF, Baumgard LH. Physiological consequences of heat stress in pigs. Anim Prod Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an15267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress negatively influences the global pork industry and undermines genetic, nutritional, management and pharmaceutical advances in management, feed and reproductive efficiency. Specifically, heat stress-induced economic losses result from poor sow performance, reduced and inconsistent growth, decreased carcass quality, mortality, morbidity, and processing issues caused by less rigid adipose tissue (also known as flimsy fat). When environmental conditions exceed the pig’s thermal neutral zone, nutrients are diverted from product synthesis (meat, fetus, milk) to body temperature maintenance thereby compromising efficiency. Unfortunately, genetic selection for both increased litter size and leaner phenotypes decreases pigs’ tolerance to heat, as enhanced fetal development and protein accretion results in increased basal heat production. Additionally, research has demonstrated that in utero heat stress negatively and permanently alters post-natal body temperature and body composition and both variables represent an underappreciated consequence of heat stress. Advances in management (i.e. cooling systems) have partially alleviated the negative impacts of heat stress, but productivity continues to decline during the warm summer months. The detrimental effects of heat stress on animal welfare and production will likely become more of an issue in regions most affected by continued predictions for climate change, with some models forecasting extreme summer conditions in key animal-producing areas of the globe. Therefore, heat stress is likely one of the primary factors limiting profitable animal protein production and will certainly continue to compromise food security (especially in emerging countries) and regionalise pork production in developed countries. Thus, there is an urgent need to have a better understanding of how heat stress reduces animal productivity. Defining the biology of how heat stress jeopardises animal performance is critical in developing approaches (genetic, managerial, nutritional and pharmaceutical) to ameliorate current production issues and improve animal wellbeing and performance.
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Abstract
Heat stress is a physiological condition when animals can no longer regulate their internal euthermic temperature. When livestock such as pigs are subjected to this environmental stress, it can be detrimental to performance, health and well-being, and if severe enough even death. Growing pigs are particularly susceptible to heat stress and one of the major organs first affected by heat stress is the gastrointestinal tract. As a result, reductions in appetite, intestinal function and integrity and increased risk of endotoxemia can modify post-absorptive metabolism and tissue accretion. These changes in intestinal integrity may be a result of altered expression of tight junction proteins, increased circulating endotoxin concentrations and markers of cellular stress (heat shock and hypoxia response), which is evident as early on as 2 h after heat-stress onset. Due to restricted blood flow, the ileum is more severely affected compared with the colon. Interestingly, many of the negative effects of heat stress on intestinal integrity appear to be similar to those observed with pigs reared under reduced nutrient and caloric intakes. Altogether, these depress pig performance and health, and extend days to market. Despite this impact on the gastrointestinal tract, under heat-stress conditions, intestinal glucose transport pathways are upregulated. This review discussed how heat stress (directly and indirectly via reduced feed intake) affects intestinal integrity and how heat stress contributes to decreased growth performance in growing pigs.
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