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Alam AMMN, Lee EY, Hossain MJ, Samad A, Kim SH, Hwang YH, Joo ST. Meat quality and safety issues during high temperatures and cutting-edge technologies to mitigate the scenario. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 66:645-662. [PMID: 39165738 PMCID: PMC11331369 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2024.e46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Climate change, driven by the natural process of global warming, is a worldwide issue of significant concern because of its adverse effects on livestock output. The increasing trend of environmental temperature surging has drastically affected meat production and meat product quality, hence result in economic losses for the worldwide livestock business. Due to the increasing greenhouse gas emissions, the situation would get prolonged, and heat exposure-related stress is expected to worsen. Heat exposure causes metabolic and physiological disruptions in livestock. Ruminants and monogastric animals are very sensitive to heat stress due to their rate of metabolism, development, and higher production levels. Before slaughter, intense hot weather triggers muscle glycogen breakdown, producing pale, mushy, and exudative meat with less water-holding capacity. Animals exposed to prolonged high temperatures experience a decrease in their muscle glycogen reserves, producing dry, dark, and complex meat with elevated final pH and increased water-holding capacity. Furthermore, heat stress also causes oxidative stresses, especially secondary metabolites from lipid oxidation, severely affects the functionality of proteins, oxidation of proteins, decreasing shelf life, and food safety by promoting exfoliation and bacterial growth. Addressing the heat-related issues to retain the sustainability of the meat sector is an essential task that deserves an inclusive and comprehensive approach. Considering the intensity of the heat stress effects, this review has been designed primarily to examine the consequences of hot environment temperatures and related stresses on the quality and safety of meat and secondarily focus on cutting edge technology to reduce or alleviate the situational impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- AMM Nurul Alam
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21
Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
| | - Eun-Yeong Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21
Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
| | - Md Jakir Hossain
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21
Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
| | - Abdul Samad
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21
Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
| | - So-Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21
Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
| | - Young-Hwa Hwang
- Institute of Agriculture & Life
Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
| | - Seon-Tea Joo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21
Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
- Institute of Agriculture & Life
Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
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Wang X, Wang Y, Mao Y, Hu A, Xu T, Yang Y, Wang F, Zhou G, Guo X, Cao H, Yang F. The beneficial effects of traditional Chinese medicine on antioxidative status and inflammatory cytokines expression in the liver of piglets. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:937745. [PMID: 36213414 PMCID: PMC9539681 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.937745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation seriously affected the growth and development of piglets. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescriptions has been used to prevent various diseases of piglets, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. Here, we identified the effects of Xiao-Jian-Zhong-Tang (XJZT) and Jingsananli-sepsis (JJS) on the oxidative stress and inflammatory in the liver of piglets. The piglets were fed with the basal diet (Control group), basal diet affixed with 10 g/kg XJZT (TCM I group), and basal diet affixed with 3 g/kg JJS (TCM II group), respectively. The serum was gathered on days 30 and 60 and the liver samples were also collected on day 60. Results showed that the TCM I and TCM II markedly increased the activities of the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and reduced the levels of malonaldehyde (MDA), TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 in serum. In addition, compared to the control group, Nrf2, SOD-1, NQO-1, and HO-1 mRNA expression levels and the protein levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 were significantly increased while NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 mRNA expression levels and the phosphorylation levels of NF-κB and IκB-α were decreased in TCM I and TCM II groups. Collectively, these findings suggested that TCM I and TCM II could enhance anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory capabilities in the liver of piglets via the Nrf2/NF-κB pathway, providing a basis for the functional exploration of TCM prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Biotech Vocational College, Nanchang, China
| | - Yaqin Mao
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, MOA Center for Veterinary Drug Evaluation, Beijing, China
| | - Aiming Hu
- Jian City Livestock and Veterinary Bureau, Ji'an, China
| | - Tianfang Xu
- Jiangxi Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Jiangxi Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Feibing Wang
- Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Jinxi County Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guangbin Zhou
- Animal Epidemic Prevention and Quarantine Unit, Fengcheng Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Fengcheng, China
| | - Xiaowang Guo
- Yichun Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau, Yichun, China
| | - Huabin Cao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Fan Yang
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Zhai C, Huff-Lonergan EJ, Lonergan SM, Nair MN. Housekeeping Proteins in Meat Quality Research: Are They Reliable Markers for Internal Controls in Western Blot? A Mini Review. MEAT AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22175/mmb.11551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in technology and analytical methods enable researchers to explore the biochemical events that cause variation in meat quality. Among those, western blot techniques have been successfully used in identifying and quantifying the key proteins that have critical functions in the development of meat quality. Housekeeping proteins, like β-actin, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and tubulins are often used as internal controls in western blots to normalize the abundance of the protein of interest. However, there are increasing concerns about using housekeeping proteins for western blot normalization, as these proteins do not demonstrate any loading differences above the relatively small total protein loading amounts of 10μg. In addition, the interaction between these housekeeping proteins and programmed cell death processes highlights the concerns about using the housekeeping protein as the internal control in meat quality research. Moreover, recent proteomic research has indicated that the abundance of some housekeeping proteins, like β-actin, GAPDH, and tubulin, can be altered by preslaughter stress, dietary supplementation, sex, slaughter method, genotype, breed, aging period, muscle type, and muscle portion. Furthermore, these housekeeping proteins could have differential expression in meat with differing color stability, tenderness, and water holding capacity. Therefore, this review aims to examine the realities of using housekeeping proteins as the loading control in meat quality research and introduce some alternative methods that can be used for western blot normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyu Zhai
- Colorado State University Department of Animal Sciences
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Heat Stress Reduces Metabolic Rate While Increasing Respiratory Exchange Ratio in Growing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010215. [PMID: 33477278 PMCID: PMC7830201 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) diminishes animal production, reducing muscle growth and increasing adiposity, especially in swine. Excess heat creates a metabolic phenotype with limited lipid oxidation that relies on aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis as a predominant means of energy production, potentially reducing metabolic rate. To evaluate the effects of HS on substrate utilization and energy expenditure, crossbred barrows (15.2 ± 2.4 kg) were acclimatized for 5 days (22 °C), then treated with 5 days of TN (thermal neutral, 22 °C, n = 8) or HS (35 °C, n = 8). Pigs were fed ad libitum and monitored for respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature. Daily energy expenditure (DEE) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER, CO2:O2) were evaluated fasted in an enclosed chamber through indirect calorimetry. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the longissimus dorsi pre/post. HS increased temperature (39.2 ± 0.1 vs. 39.6 ± 0.1 °C, p < 0.01) and RER (0.91 ± 0.02 vs. 1.02 ± 0.02 VCO2:VO2, p < 0.01), but decreased DEE/BW (68.8 ± 1.7 vs. 49.7 ± 4.8 kcal/day/kg, p < 0.01) relative to TN. Weight gain (p = 0.80) and feed intake (p = 0.84) did not differ between HS and TN groups. HS decreased muscle metabolic flexibility (~33%, p = 0.01), but increased leucine oxidation (~35%, p = 0.02) compared to baseline values. These data demonstrate that HS disrupts substrate regulation and energy expenditure in growing pigs.
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