1
|
Choi H, You SJ, Kim BG. Amino acid supplementation during the adaptation period did not affect the standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in corn and soybean meal fed to pigs. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:492-499. [PMID: 37946417 PMCID: PMC10915196 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine the influence of amino acid (AA) supplementation during the adaptation period on the ileal digestibility of crude protein and AA in corn and soybean meal (SBM) fed to pigs. METHODS Six barrows with an initial body weight of 30.9±2.6 kg fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum were assigned to a 6×6 Latin square design with 6 dietary treatments and 6 periods. Two experimental diets contained corn or SBM as the sole AA source and an N-free diet was additionally prepared. For AA supplementation groups, an AA mixture consisted of Gly, Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Ile, Val, His, and Phe was added to the corn diet and the N-free diet at the expense of cornstarch, and an AA mixture of Lys, Met, and Thr was added to the SBM diet. All diets contained 0.5% of chromic oxide. The 6 experimental diets were fed to the pigs for four and half days, and the 3 diets containing an AA mixture were switched to the respective diets without AA mixture during the following two and half days. Ileal digesta were collected on days 6 and 7. RESULTS The addition of an AA mixture during the adaptation period increased apparent ileal digestibility of Arg and Trp in corn (p<0.05) but did not affect that in SBM. The addition of an AA mixture during the adaptation period increased apparent ileal digestibility of Pro and Gly regardless of feed ingredient (p<0.05) but did not affect that of other AA. All AA except Pro in corn and SBM were unaffected by the addition of the AA mixture during the adaptation period. CONCLUSION The addition of amino acids to a low-protein diet during the adaptation period does not affect the standardized ileal digestibility of indispensable amino acids in pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjun Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Sun Jong You
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Beob Gyun Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jang KB, Kim SW. Evaluation of standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in fermented soybean meal for nursery pigs using direct and difference procedures. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:275-283. [PMID: 36108691 PMCID: PMC9834720 DOI: 10.5713/ab.22.0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was to evaluate standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in fermented soybean meal (FSBM) for nursery pigs using both direct procedure and difference procedure when FSBM was added at 20% in diets. METHODS Forty-eight pigs at 9.2±0.9 kg body weight (BW) were individually housed and allotted to 4 treatments. Treatments included NFD (a semi-purified N free diet), FSD (a diet with 20% FSBM), CBD (corn basal diet), and CFD (corn basal diet:FSBM at 80:20). The FSD was used to measure AA digestibility in FSBM using the direct procedure, whereas CBD and CFD were used in the difference procedure. Pigs were fed for 10 days (0.09×BW0.75 kg per day) and euthanized to collect ileal digesta for TiO2 and AA. RESULTS Total endogenous AA loss was 12.1 g/kg of dry matter intake. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) Thr was greater (p<0.05) and AID His (p = 0.073) and Leu (p = 0.052) tended to be greater using the direct procedure compared with the difference procedure. The SID Thr were greater (p<0.05) in FSBM for nursery pigs calculated using a direct procedure compared with a difference procedure. In addition, SID Lys in FSBM was about 83% to 88% for nursery pigs higher than SID Lys described in National Research Council (2012). CONCLUSION The SID of AA in FSBM when included at practical levels using the direct procedure were similar to those from the difference procedure. Considering the SID of AA obtained using both direct and difference procedures, FSBM is an effective protein supplement providing highly digestible AA to nursery pigs. The SID of AA from this study was considerably higher than those previous reported. This study also indicates the importance of including the test feedstuffs at practical levels when evaluating digestibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ki Beom Jang
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695,
USA
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695,
USA,Corresponding Author: Sung Woo Kim, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huber LA, Zhu C, Hansen L, Kozole C, Munoz Alfonso CJ, Mark J, Moghaddam Kakhki RA, Rho Y, Kiarie E. Standardized ileal digestible amino acids and digestible energy contents in two modified soy protein concentrates and soybean meal fed to growing pigs. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac088. [PMID: 35898851 PMCID: PMC9309641 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Six ileal-cannulated barrows (28.0 ± 1.3 kg initial BW) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with one additional period (n = 7 or 6) to determine standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA and digestible energy of two modified soy protein concentrates [MSPC1 and MSPC2] and soybean meal (SBM). Pigs were fed one of three cornstarch-based diets with either MSPC1 or MSPC2 or SBM as the sole source of AA at a rate of 2.8 times the estimated maintenance energy requirement. In each period, pigs were adapted to diets for 7 d followed by 2 d of fecal collection and subsequently, 2 d of continuous ileal digesta collection for 8 h. The SID of AA was calculated using basal endogenous losses from a previous study for pigs fed a nitrogen-free diet. The digestible energy of the ingredients was calculated according to the difference method using a nitrogen-free diet that contained the same cornstarch:sucrose:oil ratio as the three test diets. The total Lys content was 33% and 38% greater for MSPC1 vs. MSPC2 and SBM, respectively. The SID of crude protein was greater for MSPC1 (96.9%) than for SBM (91.3%; P < 0.05), whereas an intermediate value was observed for MSPC2 (94.3% ± 1.2%). The SID of Ile (93.8%), Leu (93.6%), Lys (93.9%), Phe (96.7%), and Val (93.2%) were not different between MSPC1 and MSPC2 but greater than for SBM (88.8% ± 1.3%, 87.8% ± 1.2%, 84.5% ± 1.7%, 92.9% ± 1.0%, 86.5% ± 1.7% for Ile, Leu, Lys, Phe, and Val, respectively; P < 0.05). The SID of His and Thr was greater for MSPC1 than MSPC2 and SBM (P < 0.05), which were not different. The SID of Met was greater for MSPC1 and SBM vs. MSPC2 (P < 0.05). The SID of Arg was greater for MSPC1 than MSPC2 and SBM (P < 0.05), and greater for MSPC2 than SBM (P < 0.05). The digestible energy was greater for MSPC1 (4,677 kcal/kg) than MSPC2 and SBM (average; 3,896 ± 239 kcal/kg; P < 0.05), which were not different. Therefore, the MSPC1 was a better source of SID Lys and digestible energy than either MSPC2 or SBM and could be used as a highly digestible protein ingredient in swine rations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Anne Huber
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | - Cuilan Zhu
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | - Lauren Hansen
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | - Cierra Kozole
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | | | - Jessica Mark
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | | | - Youngji Rho
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | - Elijah Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ingerslev AK, Rasmussen L, Zhou P, Nørgaard JV, Theil PK, Jensen SK, Lærke HN. Effects of dairy and plant protein on growth and growth biomarkers in a piglet model. Food Funct 2021; 12:11625-11640. [PMID: 34724015 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02092g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The increasing world population with improved living conditions has increased the demand for food protein. This has intensified the search for sustainable alternative plant-derived high-quality protein sources for human nutrition. To study the effect of plant and milk proteins on growth in weaned pigs as a model for humans, 96 weaned pigs were divided into 48 pens and fed one of 4 different diets for 3 weeks. The dietary protein originated from either 50% rice + 50% 00-rapeseed protein (RICE + RAPE), 50% milk protein (MPC) + 50% 00-rapeseed protein (MPC + RAPE), 50% milk + 50% rice protein (MPC + RICE), or 100% MPC, and were supplemented with crystalline amino acids to meet the amino acid requirements. Weekly feed intake and body weights were recorded and after 3 weeks, a blood sample was taken 1 hour after a fixed meal, while organ weights were measured, and liver- and muscle tissue, and bone samples were collected at euthanasia. All pigs had a high daily gain and a low feed-to-gain ratio (F : G, feed intake per kg weight gain), but feed intake and daily gain was lowest and F : G highest in the RICE + RAPE diet. Metacarpal bones were longer and heavier in MPC + RICE and MPC fed pigs compared to pigs fed diet RICE + RAPE (P < 0.05), and intermediate in MPC + RAPE fed pigs, with no differences in bone thickness (P > 0.05). Plasma levels of all essential amino acids except Cys and Lys decreased markedly when fed a diet containing only plant protein. The differences were not associated with differences in plasma insulin or IGF-1, nor in the abundance of mRNA related to growth in liver and longissimus dorsi muscle. In conclusion, the growth of piglets fed a combination of milk and rice protein did not differ from the pure dairy-based diet, whereas the pure plant-based diet consisting of rice and rapeseed protein led to reduced growth. This was most likely caused by a lower feed intake and a lower than expected amino acid digestibility of the 00-rapeseed protein. There were no indications that the milk protein, beyond a favourable amino acid composition and high digestibility, specifically stimulated growth factors or other biomarkers of growth via the IGF-1 and insulin signalling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Rasmussen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Pan Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kaewtapee C, Mosenthin R, Nenning S, Wiltafsky M, Schäffler M, Eklund M, Rosenfelder-Kuon P. Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in European soya bean and rapeseed products fed to growing pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:e695-e705. [PMID: 29067710 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition and standardized ileal digestibility coefficients (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) of European soya bean and rapeseed products in pigs. Six soya bean and two rapeseed products were used as the sole dietary source of CP and AA, including raw (FFSB) and roasted full-fat soya beans (FFSBRoasted ), soya bean (SBC) and rapeseed cake (RSC), and rapeseed meal (RSM) from Bavaria (Germany), soya bean meal (SBM) from the Danube region (Austria; SBMAustria ), a commercially available standard SBM (SBMStd ) and an imported genetically modified organism-free SBM (SBMGMO-free ). Eight ileal- cannulated pigs with an initial body weight of 32 ± 2 kg were allotted to a row-column design with eight diets and six periods of seven days each. Trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) ranged from 1.8 in SBMStd to 24.5 mg/g DM in FFSB. The SID of CP and all AA in FFSBRoasted were greater than in FFSB, but lower when compared to SBC and SBMAustria (p < .05). The SID of CP and all AA (except glutamic acid) were not different between SBC and SBMAustria , but the SID of CP and all AA (except methionine) were greater (p < .05) in SBC than in SBMGMO-free . Furthermore, the SID of CP and most AA showed a quadratic response with decreasing TIA, and there exists a quadratic response in SID of CP and all AA with increasing lysine to CP ratio and neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (p < .05). In conclusion, variation in chemical composition and SID of CP and AA was observed in different European soya bean and rapeseed products as influenced by differences in processing conditions. European SBC and SBMAustria can be used as alternative to imported SBMGMO-free and SBMStd in diets for growing pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Kaewtapee
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - R Mosenthin
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - S Nenning
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Wiltafsky
- Evonik Industries AG, Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - M Schäffler
- Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Poing, Germany
| | - M Eklund
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - P Rosenfelder-Kuon
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Büsing K, Berk A, Müller S, Kieckhäven S, Krüger K, Zeyner A. Comparison of calculated and experimentally determined SID of CP and AA in complex diets differing in AA contents for grower finisher pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 101:e297-e302. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Büsing
- Chair of Nutrition Physiology and Animal Nutrition; Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; University of Rostock; Rostock Germany
| | - A. Berk
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Institute of Animal Nutrition; Braunschweig Germany
| | - S. Müller
- Thuringian State Institute for Agriculture; Regional Office Bad Salzungen; Bad Salzungen Germany
| | - S. Kieckhäven
- Chair of Nutrition Physiology and Animal Nutrition; Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; University of Rostock; Rostock Germany
| | - K. Krüger
- Evonik Industries AG; Isernhagen Germany
| | - A. Zeyner
- Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Group Animal Nutrition; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| |
Collapse
|