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Ibáñez-Forés V, Bovea MD, Segarra-Murria J, Jorro-Ripoll J. Environmental implications of reprocessing agricultural waste into animal food: An experience with rice straw and citrus pruning waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:653-663. [PMID: 36190158 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221123493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to conduct an environmental comparison, by applying the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, of two different compositions for animal foods each with two different nutritional contents ('high' for the lactation period, and 'low' for the rest of the year). Thus, for each nutritional content, the environmental performance of producing animal feed with a traditional composition mainly based on cereals is compared with a composition based on a mixture of biomass obtained from rice straw and citrus pruning waste. It was observed that the reprocessing of rice straw and citrus pruning waste into animal feed offered environmental potential compared to the current alternative of being burned in the fields. The environmental impact category global warming is especially improved, with impact reductions of up to 50% and 95%, respectively, for high and low nutritional content compositions. In addition, the alternatives proposed herein make it possible to avoid all the inconvenience and impacts on the health of the population living near the fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Ibáñez-Forés
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Construction, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - María D Bovea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Construction, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
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Strong PJ, Self R, Allikian K, Szewczyk E, Speight R, O'Hara I, Harrison MD. Filamentous fungi for future functional food and feed. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 76:102729. [PMID: 35525176 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we offer our opinion of current and expected trends regarding the use of mushrooms and mycelia in food and feed. Mushrooms have provided food for millennia and production methods and species diversity have recently expanded. Beyond mushrooms, cultured fungal mycelia are now harvested as a primary product for food. Mushrooms and mycelia provide dietary protein, lipids and fatty acids, vitamins, fibre, and flavour, and can improve the organoleptic properties of processed foods (including meat analogues). Further, they are often key ingredients in nutritional or therapeutic supplements because of diverse specialised metabolites. Mycelia can also improve feed conversion efficiency, gut health, and wellbeing in livestock. New molecular tools, coupled with quality genetic data, are improving production technologies, enabling the synthesis of specialised metabolites, and creating new processing and valorisation opportunities. Production systems for submerged culture are capital intensive, but investment is required considering the scale of the protein market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter James Strong
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia; School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
| | - Rachel Self
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia; School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Kathrine Allikian
- Nourish Ingredients, Unit 2, 6 Pelle Street, Mitchell, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2911, Australia
| | - Edyta Szewczyk
- Bolt Threads, 5858 Horton St, Suite 400, Emeryville, CA 94608, United States
| | - Robert Speight
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia; School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Ian O'Hara
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia; School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Mark D Harrison
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia; School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
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Dong H, Sousa LDC, Ubanwa B, Jones AD, Balan V. A New Method to Overcome Carboxyamide Formation During AFEX Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass. Front Chem 2022; 9:826625. [PMID: 35127657 PMCID: PMC8814328 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.826625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) in the plant cell wall are responsible for providing resistance against biomass-degrading enzymes produced by microorganisms. Four major types of lignin-carbohydrate bonds are reported in the literature, namely, benzyl ethers, benzyl esters, phenyl glycosides, and acetyl ester linkages. Ester’s linkages in the plant cell wall are labile to alkaline pretreatments, such as ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX), which uses liquid or gaseous ammonia to cleave those linkages in the plant cell wall and reduce biomass recalcitrance. Two competing reactions, notably hydrolysis and ammonolysis, take place during AFEX pretreatment process, producing different aliphatic and aromatic acids, as well as their amide counterparts. AFEX pretreated grasses and agricultural residues are known to increase conversion of biomass to sugars by four- to five-fold when subjected to commercial enzyme hydrolysis, yielding a sustainable feedstock for producing biofuels, biomaterials, and animal feed. Animal feed trials on dairy cows have demonstrated a 27% increase in milk production when compared to a control feedstock. However, the presence of carboxamides in feedstocks could promote neurotoxicity in animals if consumed beyond a certain concentration. Thus, there is the need to overcome regulatory hurdles associated with commercializing AFEX pretreated biomass as animal feed in the United States. This manuscript demonstrates a modified pretreatment for increasing the digestibility of industrial byproducts such as Brewer’s spent grains (BSG) and high-fiber meal (HFM) produced from BSG and dry distillers grains with soluble (DDGS), while avoiding the production of carboxamides. The three industrial byproducts were first treated with calculated amounts of alkali such as NaOH, Ca(OH)2, or KOH followed by AFEX pretreatment. We found that 4% alkali was able to de-esterify BSG and DDGS more efficiently than using 2% alkali at both 10 and 20% solids loading. AFEX pretreatment of de-esterified BSG, HFM, and DDGS produced twofold higher glucan conversion than respective untreated biomass. This new discovery can help overcome potential regulatory issues associated with the presence of carboxamides in ammonia-pretreated animal feeds and is expected to benefit several farmers around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Leonardo da Costa Sousa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Bryan Ubanwa
- Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Sugarland, TX, United States
| | - A. Daniel Jones
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Venkatesh Balan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Sugarland, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Venkatesh Balan,
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Olokede O, Hsu SC, Schiele S, Ju H, Holtzapple M. Assessment of shock pretreatment and alkali pretreatment on corn stover using enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 38:e3217. [PMID: 34591371 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates digestibility enhancements of lignocellulose from shock pretreatment, alkaline pretreatment, and combination. Shock pretreatment subjects aqueous slurries of lignocellulose to shock waves, which disrupts its structure rendering it more susceptible to hydrolysis. Alkaline pretreatment submerges the biomass in aqueous alkali (NaOH, Ca(OH)2 ), which removes lignin and acetyl groups. As indicators of digestibility, cellulase (CTec3) and hemicellulase (HTec3) were used to saccharify the pretreated corn stover and the resulting filtrate which contains about 10% of the sugars. Shock is most effective when it precedes alkaline pretreatment, presumably because it opens the biomass structure and enhances diffusion of pretreatment chemicals. Lignocellulose digestibility from calcium hydroxide treatment improves significantly with oxygen addition. In contrast, sodium hydroxide is a more potent alkali, and thereby eliminates the need for oxygen to enhance pretreatment. At low hydroxide loadings (<4 g OH- /100 g dry biomass), both NaOH and Ca(OH)2 provide similar increases in digestibility; however, at high hydroxide loadings, NaOH is superior. For animal feed, Ca(OH)2 treatment is recommended, because residual calcium ions are valuable nutrients. In contrast, for methane-arrested anaerobic digestion, NaOH treatment is preferred because NaHCO3 is a stronger buffer. At 50°C, shock pretreatment improves sugar yields at all NaOH loadings. The effect of shock is most pronounced when the no-shock control employed the same soaking-and-drying procedure as the shock treatment. The recommended conditions are shock treatment (5.52 bar [abs] initial H2 /O2 pressure) followed by 50°C alkaline treatment with NaOH loading of 4 g OH- /100 g dry biomass for 1 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opeyemi Olokede
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Shen-Chun Hsu
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Simon Schiele
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Huang Ju
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.,School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mark Holtzapple
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Li X, Sha J, Xia Y, Sheng K, Liu Y, He Y. Quantitative visualization of subcellular lignocellulose revealing the mechanism of alkali pretreatment to promote methane production of rice straw. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:8. [PMID: 31988660 PMCID: PMC6966900 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-1648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a renewable carbon source, biomass energy not only helps in resolving the management problems of lignocellulosic wastes, but also helps to alleviate the global climate change by controlling environmental pollution raised by their generation on a large scale. However, the bottleneck problem of extensive production of biofuels lies in the filamentous crystal structure of cellulose and the embedded connection with lignin in biomass that leads to poor accessibility, weak degradation and digestion by microorganisms. Some pretreatment methods have shown significant improvement of methane yield and production rate, but the promotion mechanism has not been thoroughly studied. Revealing the temporal and spatial effects of pretreatment on lignocellulose will greatly help deepen our understanding of the optimization mechanism of pretreatment, and promote efficient utilization of lignocellulosic biomass. Here, we propose an approach for qualitative, quantitative, and location analysis of subcellular lignocellulosic changes induced by alkali treatment based on label-free Raman microspectroscopy combined with chemometrics. RESULTS Firstly, the variations of rice straw induced by alkali treatment were characterized by the Raman spectra, and the Raman fingerprint characteristics for classification of rice straw were captured. Then, a label-free Raman chemical imaging strategy was executed to obtain subcellular distribution of the lignocellulose, in the strategy a serious interference of plant tissues' fluorescence background was effectively removed. Finally, the effects of alkali pretreatment on the subcellular spatial distribution of lignocellulose in different types of cells were discovered. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated the mechanism of alkali treatment that promotes methane production in rice straw through anaerobic digestion by means of a systemic study of the evidence from the macroscopic measurement and Raman microscopic quantitative and localization two-angle views. Raman chemical imaging combined with chemometrics could nondestructively realize qualitative, quantitative, and location analysis of the lignocellulose of rice straw at a subcellular level in a label-free way, which was beneficial to optimize pretreatment for the improvement of biomass conversion efficiency and promote extensive utilization of biofuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Junjing Sha
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Yihua Xia
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Kuichuan Sheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Yufei Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Yong He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
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Falls M, Meysing D, Liang C, Karim MN, Carstens G, Tedeschi LO, Holtzapple MT. Development of highly digestible animal feed from lignocellulosic biomass Part 2: Oxidative lime pretreatment (OLP) and shock treatment of corn stover. Transl Anim Sci 2017; 1:215-220. [PMID: 32704645 PMCID: PMC7205336 DOI: 10.2527/tas2017.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative lime pretreatment (OLP) increases lignocellulose digestibility by removing lignin and hemicellulose acetyl content. Digestibility is improved further by adding mechanical shock treatment, which subjects aqueous slurry of biomass to an explosive pressure pulse. Shock treatment mechanically disrupts the microscopic structure while maintaining the macroscopic integrity of the biomass particle. This study determined the effectiveness of these pretreatments to enhance the ruminant digestibility of corn stover. In terms of compositional changes, OLP and shock treatment should negatively affect the feed value of corn stover; however, digestibility analysis provides a significantly different conclusion. With corn stover, shock + OLP improved the 48-h neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) to 79.0 g neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digested/100 g NDF fed, compared to 49.3 for raw corn stover. The 48-h in vitro total digestible nutrients (TDNom, g nutrients digested/100 g OM) was 51.9 (raw), 59.7 (OLP), and 72.6 (shock + OLP). Adding extracted corn stover solubles to shock + OLP increased TDNom to 74.9. When enough solubilized chicken feathers were added to match the protein content of corn grain, TDNom increases to 75.5, which is only 12.6 less than corn grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Falls
- Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - D Meysing
- Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - C Liang
- Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - M N Karim
- Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - G Carstens
- Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
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