D+: software for high-resolution hierarchical modeling of solution X-ray scattering from complex structures

Effect of Calcium Ions and Disulfide Bonds on Swelling of Virus Particles

Multivalent ions affect the structure and organization of virus nanoparticles. Wild-type simian virus 40 (wt SV40) is a nonenveloped virus belonging to the polyomavirus family, whose external diameter is 48.4 nm. Calcium ions and disulfide bonds are involved in the stabilization of its capsid and are playing a role in its assembly and disassembly pathways. Using solution small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), we found that the volume of wt SV40 swelled by about 17% when both of its calcium ions were chelated by ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid and its disulfide bonds were reduced by dithiothreitol. By applying osmotic stress, the swelling could be reversed. DNA-containing virus-like particles behaved in a similar way. The results provide insight into the structural role of calcium ions and disulfide bonds in holding the capsid proteins in compact conformation.