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Bergmann W, Vernooij JCM, Grinwis GCM, Gröne A. Shapes of cervical articular process joints and association with histological evidence of osteochondrosis in Warmblood foals: A post-mortem study. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:110-120. [PMID: 37010250 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) of articular process joints (APJs) is involved in cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy (CVM). Biomechanical forces, important in development of OCD, depend on joint conformation. Oval and flat APJ surfaces are considered normal. OBJECTIVES To identify and grade gross shape variation of cervical and cranial thoracic APJ surfaces and determine association with histological evidence of osteochondrosis. STUDY DESIGN Case series. METHODS Eight hundred and four cervical and cranial thoracic APJ surfaces of 30 foals were evaluated for shape(s) and grades, and were correlated with osteochondrosis. RESULTS Three top view shapes (oval, pointed, elongated) and seven lateral view shapes (flat, convex, concave, stepped, bevelled, folded edge, raised edge) were regularly encountered. The oval top view shape was most common. Flat and bevelled were the most common lateral view shapes. General shape grade of caudal articular surfaces was significantly higher than of cranial surfaces. The combinations of an oval top view shape and the lateral view shapes folded edge, concave, or flat with additional raised edge and/or folded edge (flat +), were more likely to have OC than oval with convex, bevelled or flat lateral view shapes (normal vs. oval and folded, odds ratio [OR] 2.49 [95% confidence intervals (CIs) 1.13-5.67]; normal vs. oval and flat +, OR 2.77 [95% CI 1.15-6.85]; oval and convex vs. oval and folded, OR 3.20 [95% CI 1.35-8.20]; oval and convex vs. oval and flat +, OR 3.56 [95% CI 1.43-9.54]; oval and bevelled vs. oval and concave, OR 2.02 [95% CI 1.14-3.60]; oval and bevelled vs. oval and folded, OR 3.50 [95% CI 1.91-6.60]; oval and bevelled vs. oval and flat +, OR 3.90 [95% CI 2.00-7.70]). MAIN LIMITATIONS Most foals (21/30) were less than 1 month old. Lack of observer reliability scores for shape and shape grade. CONCLUSION APJs shape might contribute to CVM by increased likelihood to have OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelmina Bergmann
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, NL-3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes C M Vernooij
- Division of Farm Animal Health, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, NL-3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guy C M Grinwis
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, NL-3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Gröne
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, NL-3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Caure S, Bonomelli N, Carro M, Leveillard D, Blanville F, Mortagne P, Cousty M, Weller R. Effects of sand, asphalt and 3-degree hind toe or heel elevation on horse kinematics. Vet Rec 2021; 188:e23. [PMID: 34651727 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the effects of both the surfaces and plantar angles on equine locomotion have been widely discussed, limited scientific data are available. METHODS Our objectives were to determine the effects of two surfaces (asphalt and sand) and of 3-degree hind toe or heel elevation on horse kinematics in an experimental study. Six saddle horses were shod with a reference shoeing (REF), characterized by a fore aluminium (REF F) and hind steel racehorse (REF H) shoeing. Two dimensional kinematic videos compared horse's kinematic parameters when walking and trotting on asphalt and sand. On asphalt, REF was also compared with REF F and a modified REF H with additional 3-degree hind-toe or -heel wedges. RESULTS On asphalt versus sand, horses had, at the trot, a shorter stride duration and forelimb maximal retraction, and at walk and trot, a greater fetlock, carpus, elbow and tarsus extension, a greater fore and hind limbs maximal protraction and a shorter hind limbs maximal retraction. Increasing the plantar angle decreased the tarsus and hind fetlock extension, in contrast to fore-limb, on asphalt during the stance phase. CONCLUSIONS These findings could be useful to adapt rehabilitation programs related to fore and hind limb pathologies, at slow gaits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Caure
- Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Equin de Livet, 1487, Route de Castillon, Livarot-Pays d'Auge 14 140, France
| | - Natacha Bonomelli
- Ontario Veterinary College, Large Animal Clinic, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Marielle Carro
- Clinique Vétérinaire des Noés, parc d'activité des Noés, Plelan Le Grand 35 380, France
| | - Denis Leveillard
- Continuing Education in Farriery, 6, Rue des Dolmens, Saint Piat 28 130, France
| | - Faustine Blanville
- Clinique Vétérinaire Equine de Méheudin, 12, rue des Peupliers, Ecouché Les Vallées 61 150, France
| | - Perrine Mortagne
- Greshippo, 209, Lot barde, Saint Vincent de Mercuze 38 660, France
| | - Matthieu Cousty
- Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Equin de Livet, 1487, Route de Castillon, Livarot-Pays d'Auge 14 140, France
| | - Renate Weller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
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Back W, de Jong LH, Vrancken A, van Nes A, Wolschrijn C, Verdonschot N. Biomechanical loading of the porcine femorotibial joint during maximal movements: An exploratory, ex vivo study. Vet J 2020; 261:105480. [PMID: 32741492 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Thus far, there is a lack of scientific investigation regarding the hypothesis that biomechanical factors contribute to the cross-species pathogenesis of osteochondrosis (OC). Therefore, the aim of this pilot study was to investigate whether high (peak) pressures occur in the porcine femorotibial (FT) joint. In this experimental, ex vivo study, the right hind limbs of seven weaned piglets were subjected to maximal joint excursions, as a priori radiologically estimated. Subsequently, the intra-articular pressures were measured using sensors placed in both the medial and the lateral compartments of the FT joint. The overall highest individual peak pressure was found in the lateral FT joint during maximal extension (2611 kPa; group mean ± standard deviation (SD) 982.3 ± 988.2 kPa). In the medial FT joint, the highest individual peak pressure was found during maximal adduction (1481 kPa; group mean ± SD 664.9 ± 393.2 kPa). Moreover, nearly 30% of the ex vivo peak pressures were above published thresholds for cartilage catabolism (>500 kPa/0.5 MPa), but not for interfering with cell viability (>5 MPa). In conclusion, this ex vivo study on FT joint pressures in weaned piglets showed that FT joint movements at maximal excursions are related to concomitant internal peak joint pressures. More studies should be performed to evaluate the possible biomechanical relation of these observations with osteochondrosis, which would allow the design of preventive measures in the pig industry, to avoid extreme limb movements and concomitant joint peak pressures in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Back
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112-114, NL-3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - L H de Jong
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, NL-3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Vrancken
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, NL-6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A van Nes
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, NL-3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C Wolschrijn
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, NL-3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N Verdonschot
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, NL-6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Joostens Z, Evrard L, Busoni V. Unipodal stance influences radiographic evaluation of foot balance in horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 60:273-279. [PMID: 30864267 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifting the contralateral forelimb (unipodal stance) is often used as a method of restraint in horses. This experimental one group pretest, posttest study was conducted to evaluate the effects of unipodal stance on quantitative radiographic parameters in equine forefeet. Seven nonlame horses were randomly selected. Lateromedial (LM) and dorsopalmar (DP) projections were acquired for both forefeet, squarely placed on blocks, using two X-ray generators. Radiographs of each foot were acquired first in a bipodal stance, immediately followed by the same radiographic projections obtained in a unipodal stance. The following measurements were recorded for each stance: distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) space width on both projections; mediolateral joint balance as the difference between lateral and medial DIPJ space widths on DP projections; extensor process-to-middle phalangeal condyle distance; and deep digital flexor tendon angle on LM projections. A matched pairs design and Student's t-test with a 95% confidence level were used to test for statistical significance. Compared to a bipodal stance, lateral DIPJ space width was significantly reduced on unipodal DP views, whereas mediolateral joint imbalance and to a lesser extent medial DIPJ space width were significantly increased. On unipodal LM views, there was a significant higher degree of DIPJ flexion. These findings suggest that stance should be carefully taken into consideration when measuring radiographic parameters in equine forefeet, especially if assessing foot balance and conformation, as unipodal stance significantly affects the mediolateral balance of the DIPJ on DP radiographs and significantly alters the phalangeal axis on LM radiographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Joostens
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurence Evrard
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Valeria Busoni
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Caure S, Mortagne P, Leveillard D, Blanville F, Carro M, Cousty M, Salazar D, Weller R. The Influence of Different Hind Shoes and Bare Feet on Horse Kinematics at a Walk and Trot on a Soft Surface. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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van Grevenhof EM, Gezelle Meerburg ARD, van Dierendonck MC, van den Belt AJM, van Schaik B, Meeus P, Back W. Quantitative and qualitative aspects of standing-up behavior and the prevalence of osteochondrosis in Warmblood foals on different farms: could there be a link? BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:324. [PMID: 29121926 PMCID: PMC5679338 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteochondrosis (OC) is a common, clinically important joint disorder in which endochondral ossification is focally disturbed. Reduced blood supply to growing cartilage is considered an important cause of the condition, which has both genetic and environmental origins. Housing conditions can influence cartilage injury through peak-pressure changes during limb sliding. Additionally, circulatory perturbation can cause the avascular necrosis of cartilage. In this study, we evaluated the type and frequency of limb sliding during standing up and the occurrence of OC in foals aged up to 12 months on different farms. METHODS Standing-up behavior was observed in 50 weaned, group-housed, Dutch Warmblood foals aged 6-9 months at five farms using black-and-white surveillance cameras, and their standing-up behavior was scored using a predetermined ethogram. OC was scored using a categorical scale between 6 and 12 months of age in 50 foals in the weanling period, and in 48 from the weanling to yearling periods because two foals died in this time. RESULTS At both 6 and 12 months of age, the total prevalence of OC differed between the farms: the lowest prevalence was observed on a farm with no sliding, and the highest prevalence was evident on a farm with a higher sliding frequency. The mean ratio of sliding versus normal standing-up behavior was 29% (range: 0-50%); i.e., foals experienced limb sliding during around 29% of standing-up maneuvres. The frequency of sliding instead of normal standing-up behavior differed significantly between the farms (range: 0-50%; P < 0.05), but significantly decreased when foals could better prepare themselves to stand, e.g., when there was an obvious provocation such as the announced approach of another foal (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Small but significant differences exist between farms in the sliding frequency and total OC incidence in Warmblood foals, but whether environmental factors are causally related to these differences requires further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M van Grevenhof
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - M C van Dierendonck
- Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Behavioral Biology Group, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A J M van den Belt
- Department of Companion Animal Sciences, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B van Schaik
- GD-Animal Health Service, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - P Meeus
- Ridderkerk Equine Clinic, Ridderkerk, The Netherlands
| | - W Back
- Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Andersen C, Tnibar A. Medial patellar ligament splitting in horses with upward fixation of the patella: A long-term follow-up. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:312-4. [PMID: 25758590 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Medial patellar ligament splitting (MPLS) has been shown to be a highly effective and minimally invasive treatment for upward fixation of the patella (UFP) in horses. However, long-term follow-up results of this procedure have not previously been reported. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the long-term resolution of UFP following MPLS and provide information on complications and recurrence. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS Data were collected from horses that underwent MPLS between 1999 and 2013. All cases had a confirmed diagnosis of UFP that had not responded to conservative therapy. Data were collected from medical records, including follow-up visits and through telephone conversations with the owner, trainer or referring veterinarian. RESULTS A total of 85 horses were included. Fifty-eight horses (68%) had surgery under general anaesthesia in dorsal recumbency, while 27 horses (32%) underwent standing surgery and 97.6% had complete resolution of the UFP immediately after surgery or within the 2 week rehabilitation period. Two cases (2.4%) had only unilateral resolution after bilateral surgery, even after the procedure was repeated. The majority of cases (90.5%) were followed up at least 3 and up to 14 years after surgery. No short- or long-term complications were reported. No recurrence of UFP was observed in the horses that resumed exercise after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Medial patellar ligament splitting is a highly effective and minimally invasive surgical procedure to treat UFP when conservative treatment is unsuccessful. In addition, it allows for a very rapid return to sports activity. No short- or long-term complications were observed and no recurrence of this condition was noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Andersen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - A Tnibar
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
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Spaak B, van Heel MCV, Back W. Toe modifications in hind feet shoes optimise hoof-unrollment in sound Warmblood horses at trot. Equine Vet J 2012; 45:485-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Spaak
- Department of Equine Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht; The Netherlands
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Rogers CW, Back W. The effect of plain, eggbar and 6°-wedge shoes on the distribution of pressure under the hoof of horses at the walk. N Z Vet J 2011; 55:120-4. [PMID: 17534413 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2007.36753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To quantify the effect of plain, wedged and eggbar shoes on the distribution of pressure under the hoof of horses at the walk, at selected areas of interest (AOI), to find scientific evidence for the perceived efficacy of these shoes in the treatment of palmar heel pain. METHODS Six clinically sound adult Warmblood mares weighing 551 (SD 25) kg were shod (forelegs) with either plain, eggbar or 6 degrees-wedge shoes using a latin-square experimental design. All horses were shod by the same farrier, and each balanced and aligned for its individual conformation. Data were collected on three walking strides for each foreleg using a 550 x 405-mm pressure plate to quantify the distribution of pressure under each type of shoe at five AOI. RESULTS Landing of the hoof with all three shoes was predominantly from lateral to medial (range 7-15 msec). Irrespective of the type of shoe, the greatest pressure was found in the lateral and medial toe (lateral 39.7 (SE 0.6) N/cm2 and medial 35.0 (SE 0.5) N/cm2) and the point of the toe (33.3 (SE 0.5) N/cm2). The lowest peak pressure was in the heel (lateral 25.9 (SE 0.5) N/cm2 and medial 21.1 (SE 0.4) N/cm2; p<0.05). Eggbar and wedge shoes increased total stance time (938 (SE 8) msec and 952 (SE 6) msec, respectively) compared with plain shoes (898 (SE 14) msec) (p<0.05). The wedge shoe reduced breakover compared with the plain and eggbar shoes (13.8% vs 15.8% and 14.5%, respectively; p<0.05). The eggbar shoe had lower total shoe peak pressure (29.5 (SE 0.7) N/cm2) than plain (31.8 (SE 0.5) N/cm2) and wedge (30.9 (SE 0.6) N/cm2) shoes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Both the eggbar and 6 degrees-wedge shoe offer advantages for palmar heel pain. In comparison to the plain shoe, the eggbar shoe had less peak pressure at the heel AOI, and across the entire shoe, due to the greater bearing surface and the effect of the longer heel. The 6 degrees-wedge shoe had greater loading on the lateral heel AOI, but promoted earlier breakover at the toe. Both shoes offer advantages for the horse with palmar heel pain, though choice of shoe will depend on clear identification of the causative factors, to provide therapeutic shoeing that maximises the individual horse's response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Rogers
- Massey Equine, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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NOBLE P, LEJEUNE JP, CAUDRON I, LEJEUNE P, COLLIN B, DENOIX JM, SERTEYN D. Heel effects on joint contact force components in the equine digit: a sensitivity analysis. Equine Vet J 2010:475-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Johnston C, Back W. Hoof ground interaction: when biomechanical stimuli challenge the tissues of the distal limb. Equine Vet J 2007; 38:634-41. [PMID: 17228578 DOI: 10.2746/042516406x158341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Johnston
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala
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Keegan KG, Satterley JM, Skubic M, Yonezawa Y, Cooley JM, Wilson DA, Kramer J. Use of gyroscopic sensors for objective evaluation of trimming and shoeing to alter time between heel and toe lift-off at end of the stance phase in horses walking and trotting on a treadmill. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:2046-54. [PMID: 16379645 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.2046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether a shoe with an axialcontoured lateral branch would induce greater lateral roll of the forelimb hoof during the time between heel and toe lift-off at end of the stance phase (breakover). Animals-10 adult horses. PROCEDURE A gyroscopic transducer was placed on the hoof of the right forelimb and connected to a transmitter. Data on hoof angular velocity were collected as each horse walked and trotted on a treadmill before (treatment 1, no trim-no shoe) and after 2 treatments by a farrier (treatment 2, trim-standard shoe; and treatment 3, trim-contoured shoe). Data were converted to hoof angles by mathematical integration. Breakover duration was divided into 4 segments, and hoof angles in 3 planes (pitch, roll, and yaw) were calculated at the end of each segment. Multivariable ANOVA was performed to detect differences among treatments and gaits. RESULTS Trimming and shoeing with a shoe with contoured lateral branches induced greater mean lateral roll to the hoof of 3.2 degrees and 2.5 degrees during the first half of breakover when trotting, compared with values for no trim-no shoe and trim-standard shoe, respectively. This effect dissipated during the second half of breakover. When horses walked, lateral roll during breakover was not significantly enhanced by use of this shoe. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A shoe with an axial-contoured lateral branch induced greater lateral roll during breakover in trotting horses, but change in orientation of the hoof was small and limited to the first half of breakover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Keegan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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