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Vermeulen AD, Booth TM. Lameness associated with mixed pastern pathology in a Thoroughbred yearling. N Z Vet J 2024; 72:118-121. [PMID: 38198831 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2023.2294798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - T M Booth
- Morphettville Equine Clinic, Adelaide, Australia
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Kerbert MP, Freeland RB, Verhaar N, Baker WT. Racing Performance and Sale Result in 145 Thoroughbreds after Arthroscopic Removal of Osteochondral Fragments from the Lateral Femoral Trochlear Ridge as a Yearling (2012-2015). Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2024; 37:57-63. [PMID: 37913794 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The lateral trochlear ridge (LTR) of the femur is the most common predilection site for osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) in the equine stifle. The objective was to investigate the relationship between lesion size, racing performance, and sale result of Thoroughbreds with LTR OCD following arthroscopic removal as a yearling. METHODS In this retrospective study, medical records of 145 Thoroughbreds from one equine hospital that underwent surgery for LTR OCD were reviewed; the length and depth of the lesions were measured on preoperative radiographs. Horses were allocated to group S if they were presented to a public yearling sale post-surgery, and horses in group NS were not. Each horse from group S was matched with two control horses from the same sale (group C). Influence of lesion size on racing performance and sale result was analyzed. Racing performance and sale results were compared between different categories of OCD lesion sizes and between the groups. RESULTS Lesion length and depth did not affect racing performance and did not differ between group S and group NS. However, group S did perform significantly better than group NS. When comparing groups S and C, there were no significant differences in racing performance and sale result. CONCLUSION Thoroughbreds that had arthroscopic surgery for LTR OCD as a yearling and were presented on a public yearling sale performed comparable to Thoroughbreds that showed similar potential as a yearling. Sale result is not significantly affected in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Kerbert
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Nicole Verhaar
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - William T Baker
- Bluegrass Equine Surgery, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
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Esselman AM, Johnson SA, Frisbie DD, Barrett MF, Zhou T, Contino EK. Substantial variability exists in the interpretation of survey radiographs among equine veterinarians. Equine Vet J 2024. [PMID: 38194693 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiographs are a common diagnostic tool utilised during pre-purchase examinations, yet differences surround their interpretation among equine veterinarians. OBJECTIVES (1) To determine veterinarians' subjective impressions of a spectrum of radiographic abnormalities regarding suitability for purchase; (2) To determine how veterinarians' years in practice, primary discipline or board certification status influence their subjective impression of radiographic abnormalities, and (3) To determine how horses' discipline, current level of work (working at intended level vs. future prospect) and buyer intent (sell vs. retain ownership) influence veterinarians' subsequent recommendation. STUDY DESIGN Worldwide electronic survey of veterinary professionals. METHODS Four radiographic series of navicular bones, tarsi, and stifles, representing varying degrees of pathological change (normal, mild, moderate and marked) were presented. Respondents (n = 211) graded their level of concern from 1 (no concern) to 10 (very concerned) based on the radiographs and case scenarios presented. RESULTS Overall, as the grade of pathological change increased for each anatomical location, so did the level of veterinarian concern, but a wide range of answers were submitted for all grades of pathology. Board certified practitioners had a higher level of concern over marked radiographic changes of the navicular bone for both western performance and English sport horses as well as prospect horses (mean = 7.2 vs. 6.1; P = 0.009; 95% CI for difference = [0.3, 2.0]). Board certified respondents had a lower level of concern over marked radiographic changes of the tarsus regardless of the performance status of the horse (mean = 7.1 vs. 8.0; P = 0.008; 95% CI for difference = [-1.5, -0.2]). Western performance horse practitioners had a lower level of concern over mild radiographic changes of the tarsus regardless of the performance status of the horse (mean = 3.3 vs. 4.2; P = 0.009; 95% CI for difference = [-1.6, -0.2]). MAIN LIMITATIONS Only one example of each pathological grade per anatomical region was presented. CONCLUSIONS On survey radiographs, the perceived clinical relevance of radiographic abnormalities among equine practitioners differs widely, making purchase recommendations highly variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie M Esselman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Orthopaedic Research Center at the Translational Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | | | - David D Frisbie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Orthopaedic Research Center at the Translational Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Myra F Barrett
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Tianjian Zhou
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Erin K Contino
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Orthopaedic Research Center at the Translational Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Sloan PB, White B, Santschi EM. Racing performance of juvenile Thoroughbreds with femoropatellar osteochondrosis at auction: A retrospective case-control study. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:69-75. [PMID: 37191294 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) is common in the femoropatellar joint in Thoroughbred yearlings for sale at auction and there is no consensus on the effect on racing outcomes. OBJECTIVES Describe femoropatellar OCD in juvenile Thoroughbreds and compare the racing performance of affected Thoroughbred horses to siblings and unaffected horses from the same sale. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case-control study of juvenile horses born 2010-2016. METHODS Radiographic reports from 27 Thoroughbred auctions of weanling (5-11 months of age) and yearling (12-22 months of age) horses were reviewed to identify femoropatellar OCD. Age and sex of cases and controls were obtained from the sales catalogue. Racing performance was obtained from an online database. Correlation between lesion characteristics and racing performance were assessed using Pearson and Spearman correlations for continuous and ordinal/categorical variables respectively. Racing performance was compared between cases and sibling controls and age- and sex-matched sale number controls from the same sale with Poisson distribution and log link. Significance level of alpha = 0.05 was used. RESULTS Femoropatellar OCD was identified in 429 horses with North American race records. OCD was present on 519 lateral trochlear ridges and 54 medial trochlear ridges. There were more males in the case group (70%) than in the sibling control group (47%). Case racing performance was compared to 1042 sibling and 757 hip controls. There were significant but small decreases in racing metrics of cases and increases in males for years raced, total starts, starts for 2-5 years of age, total placings, and placings at 2-4 years of age. Analysis of specific lesion metrics revealed weak correlations for performance outcomes (positive and negative) resulting in an inability to draw firm conclusions. MAIN LIMITATIONS Retrospective study where case management was unknown. CONCLUSIONS Femoropatellar OCD in juvenile Thoroughbreds for sale at auction decreases some racing outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearce B Sloan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Brad White
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Santschi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Peat FJ, Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW, Keenan DP, Berk JT, Mork DS. Subchondral lucencies of the medial femoral condyle in yearling and 2-year-old Thoroughbred sales horses: Prevalence, progression and associations with racing performance. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:99-109. [PMID: 37345448 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subchondral lucencies (SCLs) in the distal aspect of the medial femoral condyle (MFC) of young Thoroughbred horses are a source of controversy on presale radiographs. There is limited scientific evidence regarding the risk of progression and impact on future racing performance. OBJECTIVES To (1) identify the prevalence of MFC SCLs on sales repository radiographs in yearling and 2-year-old Thoroughbreds; (2) identify any association between grade of MFC SCL and future racing performance and (3) monitor changes in MFC SCL grades between yearling and 2-year-old sales. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Radiographs were obtained with consignor permission from a 2016 yearling sale and five 2017 2-year-old sales. Stifle radiographs were evaluated and MFC SCLs graded on a scale of 0-3. Axial MFC lucencies were recorded separately. Maximum MFC grades per horse were analysed for associations with racing performance outcomes, adjusted for sex, to the end of the horses' 4-year-old racing year. Analysis was via logistic, negative binomial or linear regression as appropriate, with the threshold for significance set at α = 0.05. RESULTS Radiographs from 2508 yearlings (5016 stifles) and 436 2-year-olds (872 stifles) were included in the study. MFC SCLs of grades 1-3 were observed in 242 (9.65%) yearlings and 49 (11.2%) 2-year-olds. Bilateral MFC SCLs of grades 1-3 were observed in 54 (2.2%) yearlings and 12 (2.8%) 2-year-olds. Grade 1 MFC SCLs in yearlings either remained unchanged (14/31), progressed to a grade 2 (6/31) or resolved (11/31) by the 2-year-old sale. Grade 2 MFC SCLs in yearlings remained unchanged (6/10), progressed to a grade 3 (2/10) or improved to a grade 1 (2/10). Yearlings with a grade 3 MFC SCL had a 78% probability of starting a race (95% confidence interval [CI] 58.2-89.6%), compared with an 84% probability of racing for grade 0 yearlings (95% CI 82.7-85.8%). Six of the seven yearlings with axial MFC lucencies raced. MAIN LIMITATIONS This study may underestimate the prevalence of severe lesions in the general yearling population of U.S. Thoroughbreds. However, the convenience sample used is representative of the population of interest at sales. The study design could not address exclusions prior to sale. CONCLUSIONS Grade 1 MFC SCLs are the most common type seen in yearling and 2-year-old sales horses. The majority of yearling grade 1 MFC SCLs resolved or remained static by 2-year-old sales. It was also possible for grade 2 and 3 MFC SCLs to improve one grade between sales. Fewer sales yearlings with a grade 3 MFC SCL raced, but in those that did race there was no evidence of worse performance compared to unaffected peers. Axial MFC lucencies did not affect racing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances J Peat
- Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Christopher E Kawcak
- Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - C Wayne McIlwraith
- Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel S Mork
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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McCoy AM, Scolman KN. Impact of periarticular osteophytes of the distal tarsus diagnosed in nonlame yearling Standardbred horses on racing performance. Vet Surg 2023; 52:1050-1056. [PMID: 37395547 PMCID: PMC10848655 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify the radiographic prevalence of periarticular osteophytes of the distal tarsus in nonlame yearling Standardbred horses, and to evaluate its potential impact on race performance. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional cohort study. ANIMALS Client-owned yearling Standardbred horses (n = 416). METHODS Bilateral tarsal radiographs were available from all horses for review. Osteophytes were measured on radiographs using clinical visualization software and categorized by size. Racing records were obtained from the United States Trotting Association. Regression analysis was used to determine associations between presence or size of periarticular osteophytes and performance parameters with sex and gait covariates. RESULTS Of 416 Standardbred yearlings without clinical lameness, 113 (27.1%) had distal tarsal periarticular osteophytes. Regression analyses revealed few associations between the presence of periarticular osteophytes and performance parameters. Affected horses had fewer starts at 4 years of age (incident rate ratio [IRR] 0.92, p = .01) and fewer lifetime starts (IRR 0.95, p = .003), but the effect size was small. Within the affected group, osteophyte size was only associated with number of starts at 3 (IRR 0.67, p < .0001). Sex and gait affected many performance parameters. CONCLUSION The prevalence of distal tarsal periarticular osteophytes was similar to that in other breeds. Periarticular osteophytes of the distal tarsus appeared to be a largely incidental finding in nonlame yearling Standardbreds intended for harness racing. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Distal tarsal periarticular osteophytes in young, nonlame Standardbred horses should affect racing potential only minimally. This is in contrast to reports from other disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette M McCoy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kara N Scolman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Faulkner J, Vanderperren K, Duchateau L, O'Sullivan C. Radiographic prevalence of juvenile osteochondral conditions of the proximal interphalangeal joint of Australian Thoroughbred racehorse yearlings and associations with sales results and race performance. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:988826. [PMID: 36299626 PMCID: PMC9589099 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.988826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Ascertain the radiographic prevalence and variation in characteristics of juvenile osteochondral conditions (JOC) in the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) of Australian Thoroughbred racehorse yearlings. Establish whether there are any significant associations with public auction sale results and racing performance. Methods Retrospective evaluation of 1,098 yearling repository radiograph sets. Comparison of sales results and whole career racing performance of the case group with two control groups: maternal siblings (N = 397) and yearlings without PIP JOC (N = 391). Results 6.3% of yearlings had at least one PIPJ JOC lesion with 4.8% having subchondral lucencies of the proximal phalanx (P1SC), 0.6% with subchondral lucencies of the middle phalanx (P2SC) and 0.8% with osteochondral fragmentation (OCF). P1SC were more prevalent in forelimbs and P2SC and OCF were more commonly located in the hindlimbs. 51% of PIPJ JOC were not identified on a lateromedial projection (LM). A significantly lower proportion of horses with OCF were successfully sold at public auction (p ≤ 0.05) but there was no significant difference in sales price between the case group and controls. A lower proportion of horses with PIPJ JOC made it to the racetrack to race, although this was not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in racing performance between the case group and controls, although there was a trend toward case horses earning lower career prize money and lower prize money per race (p ≤ 0.1). Lesions located in a dorsal or palmar/plantar location on the LM projection earned a lower average prize money per race (p ≤ 0.05) than those in a central location, and showed a trend toward earning lower total prize money (p ≤ 0.1) and number of places (p ≤ 0.1). There was no significant difference in performance for horses with lesions at the medial, axial or lateral aspects of the articular surface. Clinical importance Overall, the findings of this study indicate that the presence of PIPJ JOC in radiographs of Thoroughbred yearlings should be attributed a low to moderate risk to future racing performance, however certain lesion characteristics may be associated with decreased performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Faulkner
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium,*Correspondence: Josephine Faulkner
| | - Katrien Vanderperren
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Biometrics Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Chris O'Sullivan
- Randwick Equine Centre Equine Specialists, Horsley Park, NSW, Australia
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Osteochondrosis (osteochondritis dissecans) in Lusitano horses: prevalence and characteristics. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 117:104063. [PMID: 35787450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Skarbek A, Ramseyer A, Koch C, Van der Vekens E. Radiography and Standing Computed Tomography of an Osteochondritis Dissecans Lesion Found at the Dorsodistolateral Aspect of the Calcaneus in a 3-Year-Old Horse. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ramzan PHL, Wylie CE. Career outcome of Thoroughbred racehorses with metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint dorsal chip fracture managed nonsurgically and surgically: A retrospective cohort study. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:823-831. [PMID: 32118304 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arthroscopy has been advocated as the treatment of choice for dorsal osteochondral chip fracture of the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal (MCP/MTP) joint. However, there is no published research on racing performance outcomes of horses with this pathology managed nonsurgically. OBJECTIVES To compare racing career outcomes of Thoroughbred racehorses with nonsurgically (non-SX) or surgically (SX) managed MCP/MTP dorsal osteochondral chip fracture alongside a cohort of horses with no dorsal osteochondral chip fracture (unexposed). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study conducted between 2006 and 2014. METHODS Radiographs of Thoroughbred racehorses were reviewed to identify MCP/MTP dorsal osteochondral chip fractures. Unexposed horses under the care of the same practice were recruited randomly from training records. Racing outcomes were analysed using survival analysis and logistic, linear and negative binomial regression techniques. RESULTS Dorsal osteochondral chip fractures were identified in 98 (70 non-SX, 28 SX) horses and compared with 648 unexposed horses. There was no significant difference among non-SX, SX, and unexposed horses in respect of total career starts, or likelihood of ever winning, placing, or earning money in a race (P > .05). SX horses had a significantly higher rate of wins/start than non-SX horses (rate ratio 1.6, CI 1.1-2.4, P = .02) and unexposed horses (rate ratio 1.9, CI 1.3-2.8, P = .001). Total career earnings for the SX horses were 4.1 times that of the unexposed horses (95% CI 1.2-14.5, P = .03), although total career earnings did not differ significantly between non-SX and unexposed horses (P = .8). MAIN LIMITATIONS Retrospective observational study where management technique was not randomised or blinded. Small number of surgically managed horses and potential selection bias for surgical management. CONCLUSIONS Nonsurgical management of this injury appears to be a valid management choice given that it was not associated with significant effects on racing career performance relative to a large unexposed cohort in this study population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire E Wylie
- Rossdales LLP, Beaufort Cottage Stables, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
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Lloyd KA, Ayodele BA, Hitchens PL, Beck C, Mackie EJ, Whitton RC. Associations between the radiographic appearance of vascular channels in proximal sesamoid bones, their microstructural characteristics and past racing performance in Thoroughbreds. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:670-677. [PMID: 31991478 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities in vascular channel appearance within the proximal sesamoid bone (PSB) are the most common findings in Thoroughbred yearling presale radiographs and are often evaluated on radiographs of adult racehorses. Despite this, their pathogenesis and clinical significance are poorly understood, and associations with racing performance are inconsistent. OBJECTIVES To determine microstructural characteristics of the PSBs associated with the radiographic appearance of vascular channels using microcomputed tomography (µCT) and to determine associations with past racing performance in mature horses. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS One pair of PSBs were isolated from a forelimb of 59 Thoroughbred racehorses undergoing post-mortem examination. Each PSB (n = 118) was radiographed, assigned a vascular channel grade using previously published and novel grading systems, then imaged using µCT. Associations between radiographic, µCT and performance variables were investigated with uni- and multivariable generalised linear models. RESULTS All PSBs had at least one vascular channel (mean 3.6 ± 0.89) observed on µCT originating from the abaxial border, yet in only 63.6% (75/118) were channels observed radiographically. Proximal sesamoid bones with a higher bone volume fraction (odds ratio [OR] 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.15; P = .03) and wider channel diameter (mm) on µCT (OR 20.67; 95% CI 3.29-130.00; P = .001) were more likely to have vascular channels identified on radiographs. Greater radiographic channel number (OR 0.96; 95% CI 0.92-1.00; P = .04) and channel diameter (mm; OR 0.96; 95% CI 0.92-1.00; P = .04) were associated with fewer career placings. MAIN LIMITATIONS Radiographs of isolated bones avoided the normal superimposition of tissue encountered in the live horse. CONCLUSIONS The ability to identify vascular channels radiographically indicates widening of channels and densification of the PSB. More radiographic channels and greater channel diameter were associated with similar or poorer measures of past performance, suggesting that these changes are not desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Lloyd
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Babatunde A Ayodele
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Peta L Hitchens
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Cathy Beck
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Eleanor J Mackie
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert C Whitton
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
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Moyer CT, Bramlage LR, Werre SR, Ruggles A, Embertson R, Hopper S. Osteochondral fragments of the pastern joint at the origin of the collateral ligament of the distal sesamoid bone: performance after arthroscopic removal (2000-2015). Vet Surg 2019; 48:1181-1187. [PMID: 31456256 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the presence of fragments in the dorsal proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint and to report flat racing performance after surgical treatment. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION Thirty-nine affected thoroughbred flat racehorses and 169 age- and sex-matched maternal siblings. METHODS Medical records from 2000 to 2015 were reviewed for thoroughbred horses that underwent arthroscopic removal of osteochondral fragments in the dorsal aspect of the PIP joint. The horses' 2-year-old year, 3-year-old year, and career athletic performances were compared with their matched siblings. RESULTS Thirty-nine thoroughbred horses were included, varying in age from 4 months to 4 years, with osteochondral fragments in 42 PIP joints. Hind limbs (92%) were more commonly affected than forelimbs (8%). Fragments were located within the origin of the collateral ligament of the distal sesamoid (navicular) bone. After surgery, the likelihood of starting a race did not differ between treated horses (27/39 [69%]) and maternal siblings (129/169 [76%], P = .15). Race earnings did not differ between treated horses and their siblings during their 2-year-old year (P = .66), 3-year-old year (P = .43), or career (P = .60). CONCLUSION Removing osteochondral fragments from the origin of the collateral ligament of the distal sesamoid bone did not impair the ability to race or earning potential for affected thoroughbred racehorses compared with their maternal siblings. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Fragments from the dorsal aspect of the PIP joint in racehorses can be removed arthroscopically resulting in a good clinical outcome and future flat racing performance comparable to matched controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine T Moyer
- Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Leesburg, Virginia
| | | | - Stephen R Werre
- Laboratory for Study Design and Statistical Analysis, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Alan Ruggles
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky
| | | | - Scott Hopper
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky
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Radtke A, Fortier LA, Regan S, Kraus S, Delco ML. Intra-articular anaesthesia of the equine stifle improves foot lameness. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:314-319. [PMID: 31087355 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine diagnostic anaesthesia can be a useful tool in challenging lameness examinations. However, anaesthetics diffuse over time leading to nonspecific desensitisation of periarticular structures. Nerves that convey sensation from the distal limb to the central nervous system pass in close proximity to the caudal stifle joint capsule. Therefore, diffusion of intra-articular (IA) anaesthetics could cause inadvertent desensitisation of the distal limb resulting in a false diagnosis of stifle lameness. OBJECTIVES To determine if IA stifle anaesthesia can alleviate lameness originating in the distal limb. STUDY DESIGN Crossover experiment. METHODS Nine horses were fitted with a circumferential hoof clamp to induce a moderate unilateral hindlimb lameness. Intra-articular stifle anaesthesia was performed and gait was evaluated every 10 min during the 90-min trial using an inertial sensor system. Push-off and landing components of the lameness were assessed by measuring the mean inter-stride difference between the maximum and minimum heights of the pelvis respectively. Differences were compared using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS Overall, horses with hoof clamp-induced foot pain had a reduction in push-off lameness after IA stifle anaesthesia. The mean change in diffmax at 90 min was -4.3 mm (P = 0.005) for the experimental group vs. -2.3 mm (P = 0.2) for the control group. Lameness decreased over time, with an average improvement of 23% at 30 min, 33% at 60 min and 38% at 90 min. There was high inter-horse variability; 3/9 horses improved by ~50% within 30 min, while 2/9 improved by ~30% and 4/9 had minimal (<10%) or no improvement in lameness. Improvement after IA stifle anaesthesia was not related to the severity of baseline lameness (P = 0.3-0.7). MAIN LIMITATIONS Limited clinical applicability of our lameness induction model. CONCLUSIONS Intra-articular stifle anaesthesia reduces foot lameness in a third of horses by up to 50% within 30 min. Clinically, the results of IA stifle anaesthesia should be considered in the light of these findings before treatment recommendations are made, as additional diagnostics may be required to rule out pain originating in the distal limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Radtke
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - L A Fortier
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - S Regan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - S Kraus
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - M L Delco
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Steel CM, Collins VL, Hance SR, Adkins AR, Hitchens PL. Prevalence, radiographic resolution and outcomes of slab fractures of the third and central tarsal bones in juvenile Thoroughbred horses. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:108-115. [PMID: 30919440 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Veterinarians are required to interpret the significance of radiographic findings for sale, soundness and future racing performance of weanling and yearling Thoroughbreds. We investigated the prevalence and radiographic appearance of slab fractures of the third (T3) and central tarsal (Tc) bones. METHODS Weanling and yearling horses with complete or incomplete T3 or Tc fracture were identified by searching a database of radiographs. The prevalence and radiographic appearance at initial diagnosis and after continued pasture turnout, as well as prognosis for racing, of fractures of T3 and Tc were determined. RESULTS Fractures were identified in 186 tarsi (184 T3 fracture only, 1 Tc fracture only, 1 Tc and T3 fracture) of 157 horses (126 unilateral T3, 29 bilateral T3, 1 contralateral Tc and T3, 1 unilateral Tc and T3) from 7676 examinations. The prevalence of T3 and Tc fractures was 2.40 (95% CI 2.07, 2.76) and 0.04 (95% CI 0.01, 0.11) per 100 radiographic examinations respectively. Fractures were identified on the D556-65°MPlLO view and occurred by survey examination at 11.1 ± 1.3 months in 85.7% horses. At initial diagnosis, 84.3% of T3 fractures appeared incomplete and involved the distal articular surface. Fracture score improved (P < 0.001), and dorsal modelling (P < 0.001) and osteoarthritis score increased in the distal intertarsal joint (P < 0.001), but not the tarsometatarsal joint, between survey and repository examinations. Fractures healed by repository examination in 71.9% of tarsi if there was > 6 months between examinations. There was no difference in sale price, and horses with T3 fractures had fewer trials when 2 and 3 years old (P = 0.023), yet no difference in other parameters of racing success when 2 or 3 years old compared with controls. CONCLUSION Tarsal slab fractures can occur in juvenile Thoroughbreds and most heal with continued pasture turnout of > 6 months. Further investigation is required to determine risk factors and before making firm conclusions regarding the optimal management, prognosis for racing and long-term soundness.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Steel
- Equine Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Hwy, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - V L Collins
- Equine Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Hwy, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - S R Hance
- Stephen Hance LLC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73122, USA
| | - A R Adkins
- Scone Equine Hospital, Scone, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P L Hitchens
- Equine Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Hwy, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
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Walmsley EA, Jackson M, Wells-Smith L, Whitton RC. Solar angle of the distal phalanx is associated with scintigraphic evidence of subchondral bone injury in the palmar/plantar aspect of the third metacarpal/tarsal condyles in Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:720-726. [PMID: 30793363 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subchondral bone injury at the palmar/plantar aspect of the condyles of the third metacarpal/metatarsal bone (MC/MT3) commonly causes lameness and poor performance in racehorses. Injury occurs due to repetitive loading, the magnitude of which may be influenced by the position of the distal phalanx relative to the ground surface, i.e. the solar angle. The association of solar angle and injury at the palmar/plantar condyles of distal MC/MT3 therefore warrants investigation. OBJECTIVES Investigate the relationship between solar angle and radiopharmaceutical uptake at the palmar/plantar aspect of distal MC/MT3 on scintigraphic images of racehorses. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case-controlled study. METHODS Scintigraphic images of Thoroughbred racehorses presented for poor performance or lameness were graded for intensity of radiopharmaceutical uptake in the palmar/plantar aspect of distal MC/MT3. Solar angle was graded (positive, neutral or negative), referring to the angle of the solar plane of the distal phalanx relative to the ground surface. Repeatability of solar angle (n = 1226 limbs) and agreement with objective radiographic evaluation (n = 52 limbs) were evaluated. Prescintigraphy performance data were collected from race records. Associations between solar angle, performance and radiopharmaceutical uptake were investigated using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Repeatability of scintigraphic solar angle grading (κ = 0.89, 95% CI 0.87-0.91) and agreement of scintigraphic and radiographic solar angle (κ = 0.88, 95% CI 0.75-0.97) were excellent. Horses that performed best prior to presentation were more likely to have both greater radiopharmaceutical uptake and a neutral/negative solar angle. When controlling for prior performance, horses with neutral/negative forelimb solar angle were twice as likely to have moderate/marked radiopharmaceutical uptake than horses with positive solar angle (P<0.02). Horses with negative hindlimb solar angle were six times more likely to have moderate/marked radiopharmaceutical uptake than horses with positive/neutral solar angle (P<0.001). MAIN LIMITATIONS Population bias due to preselected hospital population. CONCLUSIONS Both solar angle and race performance are independently associated with increased bone activity in the palmar/plantar aspect of the third metacarpal/tarsal condyles. The Summary is available in Portuguese - see Supporting Information.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Walmsley
- Equine Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Jackson
- Melbourne Polytechnic, Preston, Victoria, Australia
| | - L Wells-Smith
- Motion Equine Podiatry Consulting, Scone, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R C Whitton
- Equine Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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Steel CM, Devery S, Hance SR, Adkins AR, Hitchens PL. Fragmentation of the dorsal distal aspect of the talus on weanling survey and pre-sale radiographs of juvenile Thoroughbreds: prevalence and 2- and 3-year-olds racing performance. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:68-74. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CM Steel
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; 250 Princes Hwy, Werribee Victoria 3030 Australia
| | - S Devery
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; 250 Princes Hwy, Werribee Victoria 3030 Australia
| | - SR Hance
- Stephen Hance LLC; Oklahoma City; Oklahoma USA
| | - AR Adkins
- Scone Equine Hospital; Scone New South Wales Australia
| | - PL Hitchens
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; 250 Princes Hwy, Werribee Victoria 3030 Australia
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Davern AJ, Peloso JG, Hawkins JF, Moore GE, Morehead JP. Comparison of the racing performance of Thoroughbreds with versus without osteochondral fragmentation of the accessory carpal bone identified on yearling sales repository radiographs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019; 254:501-507. [PMID: 30714862 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.4.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate 2- and 3-year-old and career race performance of Thoroughbred racehorse prospects with and without osteochondral fragmentation of the accessory carpal bone (ACB) identified on yearling presale radiographs. DESIGN Retrospective, matched cohort study. ANIMALS 47 nonlame Thoroughbreds with (exposed cohort) and 94 nonlame Thoroughbreds without (unexposed cohort) osteochondral fragmentation of ACB facture identified on yearling sales repository radiographs. PROCEDURES Repository radiographic interpretation reports for September yearling sales of a large Kentucky auction house from 2005 through 2012 were reviewed, and race records were collected and analyzed. Race performance was compared between horses with and without ACB fracture chosen from the same sale to identify associations between racing performance and ACB fracture. RESULTS No significant differences were identified between horses with or without ACB fracture in their incidence of starting a race as a 2- or 3-year-old and the number of races started, earnings, or earnings per start for 2- or 3-year-old or career race performance. There was no significant difference in performance between horses with or without concurrent carpal osteoarthritis, nor did performance differ between horses with ACB fracture alone and those with ACB fracture and other radiographic abnormalities found to be associated with poorer performance in previous studies. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE ACB fracture with or without carpal osteoarthritic changes identified on repository radiographs of Thoroughbred yearlings was not associated with poorer racing performance or lower likelihood of starting a race as a 2- or 3-year-old, compared with outcomes for unaffected horses.
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Barrett MF, McIlwraith CW, Contino EK, Park RD, Kawcak CE, Frisbie DD, zumBrunnen JR. Relationship between repository radiographic findings and subsequent performance of Quarter Horses competing in cutting events. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 252:108-115. [PMID: 29244597 DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.1.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate potential associations between repository radiographic findings and subsequent performance of Quarter Horses competing in cutting events. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SAMPLE Repository radiographs (ie, radiographs obtained at the time of sale) for 343 client-owned horses. PROCEDURES Repository radiographic findings were compared with objective measures of performance, including the likelihood of competing; the likelihood of earning money as a 3-year-old, as a 4-year-old, and as a 3- and 4-year-old combined; and the amount of money earned as a 3-year-old, as a 4-year-old, and as a 3- and 4-year-old combined. RESULTS The presence of mild osteophytes involving the distal aspect of the tarsal joint was significantly associated with lower mean earnings as a 4-year-old. The presence of osteophytes on the dorsoproximal aspect of the middle phalanx of the hind limbs was significantly associated with an increased odds of earning money as a 4-year-old. Radiographic lesions of the medial femoral condyle of the stifle joint were not significantly associated with subsequent performance. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Most abnormalities identified on repository radiographs were not significantly associated with subsequent performance. The significant association between mild tarsal osteophytosis and earnings was unexpected. Results of the present study indicated the need for further investigation of the relationship between radiographic findings and performance outcome in Western performance horses.
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Santschi EM, Prichard MA, Whitman JL, Strathman TA, Batten CA, Canada NC, Morehead JP. Survey Radiography of the Carpus and Tarsus in Neonatal Thoroughbred Foals and Appearance at 6 Months of Age. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Miyakoshi D, Senba H, Shikichi M, Maeda M, Shibata R, Misumi K. A retrospective study of radiographic abnormalities in the repositories for Thoroughbreds at yearling sales in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1807-1814. [PMID: 28993565 PMCID: PMC5709557 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate whether radiographic abnormalities at yearling sales were associated with the failure to start racing at 2–3 years of age. Radiographic abnormalities in the carpal (n=852), tarsal (n=976),
metacarpophalangeal (n=1,055), and metatarsophalangeal joints (n=1,031) from 1,082 horses, recorded at yearling sale, were reviewed. Eighty-two horses (7.6%) failed to start racing. Radiographic abnormalities such as wedged or
collapsed tarsal bones, irregular lucency of a sagittal ridge at the distal aspect of the distal third metatarsal bone, and proximal dorsal fragmentation of the first phalanx in metatarsophalangeal joints were associated with
failure to start racing in these horses. In the follow-up survey of 12 horses with one or more these radiographic abnormalities, the horses failed to start racing due to reasons unrelated to these radiographic abnormalities such
as pelvic fractures (2 horses), fracture of a distal phalanx (1 horse), cervical stenotic myelopathy and proximal sesamoid fracture (1 horse), superficial digital flexor tendonitis (2 horses), laryngeal hemiplegia (1 horse),
economic problems (2 horses) and unknown causes (3 horses). Although radiographic abnormalities at yearling sales can be associated with failure to start racing at 2–3 years of age, these radiographically detected abnormalities
might not necessarily cause that failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Miyakoshi
- Hidaka Horse Breeders Association, 175-2 Shizunai Kamimori Shinhidaka-cho, Hokkaido 056-0002, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Senba
- The Japan Bloodhorse Breeders' Association, 517 Shizunai Tahara Shinhidaka-cho, Hokkaido 056-0144, Japan
| | - Mitsumori Shikichi
- Hidaka Horse Breeders Association, 175-2 Shizunai Kamimori Shinhidaka-cho, Hokkaido 056-0002, Japan
| | - Masaya Maeda
- Hidaka Horse Breeders Association, 175-2 Shizunai Kamimori Shinhidaka-cho, Hokkaido 056-0002, Japan
| | - Ryo Shibata
- Hidaka Horse Breeders Association, 175-2 Shizunai Kamimori Shinhidaka-cho, Hokkaido 056-0002, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Misumi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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Wylie CE, Newton JR. A systematic literature search to identify performance measure outcomes used in clinical studies of racehorses. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:304-311. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. E. Wylie
- Rossdales Equine Hospital; Exning, Newmarket Suffolk, UK
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Janvier V, Olive J, Rossier Y. Magnetic Resonance Assessment of the Equine Distal Phalanx Facies Flexoria. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Russell J, Matika O, Russell T, Reardon RJM. Heritability and prevalence of selected osteochondrosis lesions in yearling Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:282-287. [PMID: 27448988 PMCID: PMC5412687 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteochondrosis is considered multifactorial in origin, with factors such as nutrition, conformation, body size, trauma and genetics thought to contribute to its pathogenesis. Few studies have investigated the effects of genetic variability of osteochondrosis in Thoroughbreds. OBJECTIVES To describe the prevalence and genetic variability of a subset of osteochondrosis lesions in a group of Thoroughbred yearlings. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS Radiographs of 1962 Thoroughbred yearlings were retrieved from clinical records obtained between 2005 and 2013. Pedigree information was obtained from the Australian Stud Book. Osteochondrosis lesions were documented in selected joints and estimates of heritability were obtained by fitting linear mixed models in ASREML software. RESULTS The overall prevalence of osteochondrosis was 23%. Osteochondrosis was identified in 10% of stifle joints, 6% of hock joints and 8% of fetlock joints. The heritability estimates ranged from 0 to 0.21. The largest estimates were 0.10, 0.14, 0.16 and 0.21 for lesions of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia, dorso-proximal proximal phalanx (P1), any stifle osteochondrosis, and lesions of the lateral trochlear ridge of the distal femur, respectively. Although calculated heritability estimates had high standard errors, meta-analyses combining the present results with published estimates were significant at 0.10, 0.17, 0.15 and 0.20 for stifle, tarsal, fetlock and these joints combined, respectively. In addition, there was a permanent environment attributable to the dam effect. MAIN LIMITATIONS Inclusion criteria were based on radiographic findings in specific joints at a specific age range in Thoroughbreds. CONCLUSIONS The present results indicate that only a proportion of osteochondrosis in Thoroughbreds is heritable. The permanent environment effects of the dam were observed to have effects on some categories of osteochondrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Russell
- Victorian Equine Group, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - O Matika
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | - T Russell
- Victorian Equine Group, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - R J M Reardon
- Department of Surgery, Hospital for Large Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
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Miyakoshi D, Senba H, Shikichi M, Maeda M, Shibata R, Misumi K. A retrospective study of radiographic abnormalities in the repositories of 2-year-old Thoroughbred in-training sales in Japan. J Equine Sci 2016; 27:67-76. [PMID: 27330400 PMCID: PMC4914399 DOI: 10.1294/jes.27.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of radiographic abnormalities of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses
that were listed at in-training sales in Japan, on whether they started to race or not at 2–3 years of age.
Radiographs of 850 2-year-old Thoroughbreds in the in-training sales repository from 2007 to 2010 were
reviewed, and 26 categories of radiographic abnormalities were found. Forty-three horses (5.1%, 43/850) did
not start a race at 2–3 years of age. In accordance with the racing results for this age category, as
determined by Fisher’s exact test and multiple logistic regression analysis, none of the radiographic
abnormalities were significantly related to failure to start a race. At 2 years of age, 198 horses (23.3%,
198/850) did not start a race. Horses with enlargement of the proximal sesamoid bones in the fore (9 of 19
horses) and hind limbs (5 of 9 horses) did not start a race at the age of 2 years, and fewer of these horses
(fore, P=0.021; hind, P=0.030) started a race at the age of 2 years compared with the population of horses
without these radiographic abnormalities. These results suggest that identification of radiographic
enlargement of the proximal sesamoid bones during training sales could derail the racing debut of horses at
the age of 2 years. However, this might not necessarily indicate a poor prognosis and resulting in retirement
from racing at 2–3 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroyuki Senba
- The Japan Bloodhorse Breeders' Association, Hokkaido 056-0144, Japan
| | | | - Masaya Maeda
- Hidaka Horse Breeders Association, Hokkaido 056-0002, Japan
| | - Ryo Shibata
- Hidaka Horse Breeders Association, Hokkaido 056-0002, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Misumi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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Santschi EM, Prichard MA, Williams JM, Morehead JP. Prevalence of Radiographic Abnormalities of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint of Young Thoroughbreds and Associations With Early Racing Performance. J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Clarke KL, Reardon R, Russell T. Treatment of Osteochondrosis Dissecans in the Stifle and Tarsus of Juvenile Thoroughbred Horses. Vet Surg 2014; 44:297-303. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tom Russell
- Goulburn Valley Equine Hospital; Shepparton Victoria Australia
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Barrett EJ, Rodgerson DH. Ultrasound assisted arthroscopic approach for removal of basilar sesamoid fragments of the proximal sesamoid bones in horses. Vet Surg 2014; 43:712-4. [PMID: 24689938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe an ultrasound assisted arthroscopic approach for removal of non-articular basilar sesamoid fragments in Thoroughbred yearlings. ANIMALS Thoroughbred yearlings (n = 7). METHODS Basilar sesamoid fragments identified during pre-sale radiographic examination were removed using a palmar/plantar arthroscopic approach to the fetlock joint and ultrasonographic guidance. Complete fragment removal was confirmed by ultrasonography and radiography. RESULTS Basilar sesamoid fracture fragments were localized and removed successfully using rongeurs and a radiofrequency probe for soft tissue dissection of the fragment. Complete fragment removal was confirmed by ultrasonography and radiography. No intra- or postoperative complications occurred. At 6-8 months follow-up, no fragments or bony proliferation at the base of the sesamoid was observed. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasonographic guidance can be used to facilitate localization, dissection, and confirmation of removal of basilar fragments of the proximal sesamoid bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Barrett
- Department of Clinical Sciences, JT Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
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Jackson MA, Vizard AL, Anderson GA, Mattoon JS, Lavelle RB, Smithenson BT, Lester NV, Clarke AF, Whitton RC. An assessment of intra- and interobserver agreement of reporting orthopaedic findings on presale radiographs of Thoroughbred yearlings. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:567-74. [PMID: 23889034 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Radiography is commonly used in clinical practice but agreement of reporting of radiographically detected orthopaedic findings in horses has rarely been studied. OBJECTIVES To assess agreement within and between observers for reporting of orthopaedic findings on presale radiographs of Thoroughbred yearlings. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective analysis of archived radiographs. METHODS Four veterinary radiology specialists each twice examined 167 sets of radiographs for orthopaedic findings in the fore feet, fore and hind fetlocks, carpi, tarsi and stifles. There were 27 findings analysed for agreement. Kappa statistic (κ), percentage of positive agreement (Ppos) and percentage of negative agreement are reported. RESULTS An excellent percentage of negative agreement was observed for all findings, with the exception of regular vascular channels of the proximal sesamoid bones. Ppos and κ results were variable. The presence of extra carpal bones, osseous cyst-like lesions of the ulnar carpal bone, sagittal ridge defects of the third metacarpus, fracture of the fore and hind proximal sesamoid bones, regular vascular channels in the hind proximal sesamoids, osteochondrosis lesions of the distal intermediate ridge and/or medial malleoli of the tibia, and osseous cyst-like lesions in the medial femoral condyle was consistently observed with an intra- and interagreement κ≥0.5 and Ppos≥50%. Lucency within the proximal sesamoids consistently had an observed intra- and interagreement κ<0.4 and Ppos<40%. CONCLUSIONS Observation of orthopaedic findings on yearling repository radiographs showed generally excellent agreement on the absence of findings, but variable agreement on the presence of findings. Agreement was good for larger and easy to categorise radiographic findings. More accurate definitions and training need to be developed to improve agreement within and between observers for orthopaedic findings with poor or fair to good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Jackson
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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McLellan J, Plevin S. Do radiographic signs of sesamoiditis in yearling Thoroughbreds predispose the development of suspensory ligament branch injury? Equine Vet J 2013; 46:446-50. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. McLellan
- Florida Equine Veterinary Associates; Florida USA
| | - S. Plevin
- Florida Equine Veterinary Associates; Florida USA
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Meagher DM, Bromberek JL, Meagher DT, Gardner IA, Puchalski SM, Stover SM. Prevalence of abnormal radiographic findings in 2-year-old Thoroughbreds at in-training sales and associations with racing performance. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:969-76. [PMID: 23517210 DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.7.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of radiographic abnormalities (lesions) in Thoroughbred racehorses at 2-year-old in-training sales and determine whether these lesions and 1-furlong presale workout times were associated with subsequent racing performance. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. ANIMALS 953 Thoroughbreds. PROCEDURES Repository radiographs of carpal, metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal (fetlock), stifle, and tarsal (hock) joints were examined. Horses with lesions were classified by lesion type and location. Race performance variables were compared between horses with and without lesions and between horses categorized by 1-furlong presale workout times (< or ≥ 11 seconds). RESULTS 299 horses had ≥ 1 lesion, and 654 had no lesion detected. Odds of starting a race and of earning money racing were lower for horses with any lesion and lower for horses with proximal phalangeal dorsoproximal articular margin chip fracture, proximal sesamoid bone fracture or sesamoiditis, or wedge-shaped central or third tarsal bones, compared with horses that had no lesion. For horses that raced, proximal phalangeal dorsoproximal articular margin chip fractures were associated with lower lifetime earnings, and flattening of the medial femoral condyle was associated with fewer 3-year-old racing starts, compared with values for horses that had no lesion. Horses with workout times < 11 seconds had greater odds of having lifetime starts, lifetime earnings, and maximum purse above threshold (median) values than did horses with slower workout times. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE No radiographic lesions prevented all affected horses from racing. Among horses that raced, few differences were found in performance for horses with and without lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Meagher
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Robert C, Valette JP, Jacquet S, Denoix JM. Influence of juvenile osteochondral conditions on racing performance in Thoroughbreds born in Normandy. Vet J 2013; 197:83-9. [PMID: 23639369 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between osteoarticular status and future athletic capacity is commonly accepted in equine practice, but there is little to support this belief in Thoroughbreds. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of juvenile osteochondral conditions (JOCC) in Thoroughbred yearlings and to investigate the significance of these with regard to subsequent racing performance. The radiographic files from 328 Thoroughbred yearlings born in Normandy were assessed in a consistent manner and entered into a database together with racing records. Logistic regression models were used to quantify the association between each radiographic parameter and racing performance (raced/not raced, placed/not placed, performer/not performer) at 2, 3, 4 and 5years of age. The front fetlock (30.2% of horses), the dorsal aspect of the hind fetlock (18%), the carpus (15.9%) and the distal part of the hock (15.5%) were the most commonly affected joints. Most horses (87.5%) raced either in turf flat races or in hurdle races. Starting a race at 2years old was more frequent for yearlings without radiographic findings (RF) on the carpus or with less than one RF of moderate severity. The proportions of horses placed at 3years old decreased with increasing number or severity of RF. In racing horses, there was no association between the presence of RF and earnings. The radiographic score, calculated as the sum of all the severity indices found on the radiographic file of the horse appeared well correlated with performance. Using this synthetic index might help veterinarians to evaluate radiographs of Thoroughbred yearlings for potential buyers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Robert
- Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC 957 BPLC, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Preston SA, Brown MP, Trumble TN, Chmielewski TL, Zimmel DN, Hernandez JA. Effects of various presale radiographic findings for yearling Thoroughbreds on 2-year-old racing performance. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 241:1505-13. [PMID: 23176245 DOI: 10.2460/javma.241.11.1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of various presale radiographic findings for Thoroughbreds sold at a yearling sale on 2-year-old racing performance of those horses. ANIMALS 397 Thoroughbreds. DESIGN Cohort study. PROCEDURES Thoroughbreds offered for sale at a Thoroughbred sales facility in Kentucky were selected via a randomization procedure. Effects of various presale radiographic findings on the following measures of 2-year-old racing performance were determined: having started a race and having placed (ie, finished in first, second, or third place) in a race at least once, total amount of money earned, and amount of money earned per start. RESULTS Of the 397 horses, 192 (48%) started in at least 1 race during the 2-year-old racing year. The odds of failure to start a race as a 2-year-old were 1.78 times as great for horses with forelimb proximal sesamoid bone osteophytes or enthesophytes as for horses without this finding (95% confidence interval, 1.01 to 3.16). The odds of failure to start a race as a 2-year-old were 2.02 times as great for horses with hind limb proximal phalanx osteochondral fragments as for horses without this finding (95% confidence interval, 0.95 to 4.31), although this result was not significant. Radiographic findings did not have an effect on total amount of money earned, amount of money earned per start, or whether horses placed in a race. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Presale radiographic detection of forelimb proximal sesamoid bone osteophytes or enthesophytes or hind limb proximal phalanx osteochondral fragments in yearlings were associated with failure to start a race during the 2-year-old racing year in study horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Preston
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
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Hauspie S, Forsyth R, Vanderperren K, Declercq J, Martens A, Saunders JH. The histological appearance of the proximal aspect of the dorsal condylar sagittal ridge of the third metacarpal and metatarsal bone in young warmblood horses: normal appearance and correlation with detected radiographic variations. Anat Histol Embryol 2012; 42:232-8. [PMID: 23039335 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to describe the normal histological appearance of the dorsoproximal aspect of the sagittal ridge of the third metacarpal/metatarsal bone in young Warmblood horses, and to compare it to the different radiographic variations (irregular, indentation, lucency, notch) described at this level. A total of 25 metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joints of 12 Warmblood horses were used. Five samples of each radiographically described group were selected for histological processing. Each category was compared with the normal control group. Each group showed a bone cortex, covered by hyaline cartilage and longitudinally aligned collagen fibres covered by loosely organized connective tissue proximally. The normal and irregular group showed a smooth bone cortex. In the indentation and lucency group, a depression in the cortex was detected. The notch group presented an expansion of the cortex. The collagen fibres and connective tissue were located in the depression in the indentation group whereas the location varied in the lucency and notch group. The radiologic detected differences are translated into detectable histological differences. Further research is warranted to determine whether these variations are developmental or congenital and to evaluate their potential influence on the joint function during hyperextension.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hauspie
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, 133 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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RAMZAN PHL, PALMER L, DALLAS RS, SHEPHERD MC. Subclinical ultrasonographic abnormalities of the suspensory ligament branch of the athletic horse: A survey of 60 Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 2012; 45:159-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Fleck SKV, Dyson SJ. Lameness associated with tarsocrural joint pathology in 17 mature horses (1997-2010). EQUINE VET EDUC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2012.00415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Radiographic Abnormalities in Barrel Racing Horses with Lameness Referable to the Metacarpophalangeal Joint. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jackson M, Vizard A, Anderson G, Clarke A, Whitton R. Association between the purchase price of Thoroughbred yearlings and their performance during the 2- and 3-year-old racing seasons. Aust Vet J 2011; 89:388-93. [PMID: 21933166 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Describe the association between the purchase price of Thoroughbred yearlings sold in Australia and racing performance as 2- and 3-year-olds. METHODS Race performance data of 2773 Thoroughbred yearlings sold at auction during 2003 were collected. Associations between purchase price and the probability of starting, the number of race starts and the prize money earned were examined. RESULTS In total, 2206 (79.6%) horses started a race. The mean number of race starts was six and the mean prize money earned was A$24,420. A total of 1711 (61.5%) horses earned prize money, 402 (14.4%) earned more than their purchase price, 312 (11.2%) earned more than A$40,000, the estimated cost of training, and 142 (5.1%) earned A$40,000 more than their purchase price. There was a positive association between purchase price category and the probability of starting, number of starts, earning prize money and earning greater than A$40,000 (P < 0.001). Purchase price category was negatively associated with the probability of earning greater than the purchase price (P < 0.001). The proportion of horses earning greater than the purchase price plus $40,000 was significantly different (P = 0.03) among the five price categories. CONCLUSION Yearling purchase price was positively associated with all race performance outcomes measured and researchers examining the race performance of yearlings purchased at sales should consider including purchase price when modelling. The Thoroughbred yearling market in Australia behaves in a similar manner to the United States market; owners pay a premium to enter the sport of racing and an additional premium in the quest to own a champion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Jackson
- University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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CONTINO EK, PARK RD, MC ILWRAITH CW. Prevalence of radiographic changes in yearling and 2-year-old Quarter Horses intended for cutting. Equine Vet J 2011; 44:185-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Voute LC, Henson FMD, Platt D, Jeffcott LB. Osteochondrosis lesions of the lateral trochlear ridge of the distal femur in four ponies. Vet Rec 2011; 168:265. [PMID: 21498177 DOI: 10.1136/vr.c6677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Lesions of the lateral trochlear ridge (LTR) of the distal femur were investigated in four pony or pony cross horses. The animals were all geldings and were six to 15 months of age. Lesions were bilateral in three ponies and unilateral in one. Femoropatellar joint effusion and lameness were present in two ponies; clinical signs were absent in the others. The proximal LTR was affected in all four animals. The radiographic appearance of the lesions was a subchondral defect containing mineralised bodies. Arthroscopic and postmortem examination findings included an osteochondral flap, a fissured or irregular articular surface and a smooth surface overlying focally thickened cartilage that extended into subchondral bone. Thickened articular cartilage was a histological feature of all the lesions. Among the other histological features, the most common were chondronecrosis, chondrocyte clusters, phenotypically abnormal chondrocytes, horizontal fissures at the osteochondral junction and retained blood vessels. The signalment of the four ponies, their clinical signs and the pathological features of their lesions were consistent with osteochondrosis of the LTR in horses. The use of multiple criteria was considered to be important in making a specific diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Voute
- Weipers Centre for Equine Welfare, Division of Large Animal Clinical Sciences and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH.
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Robert C, Valette JP, Denoix JM. Correlation between routine radiographic findings and early racing career in French Trotters. Equine Vet J 2010:473-8. [PMID: 17402469 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The relationship between the presence of radiological abnormalities and subsequent racing performance is controversial. However, as training is expensive and time consuming, it would save time and money to identify subjects with osteo-articular lesions not compatible with a normal racing career on the basis of routine radiographic screenings at yearling age. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of osteo-articular lesions on racing ability in French Trotters and identify radiographic changes associated with failure in 'qualification', in order to provide objective criteria for selection of horses based on their osteo-articular status. HYPOTHESIS The influence of radiographic findings (RF) on racing ability depends on their nature, location, clinical relevance and number. METHODS The limbs of 202 French Trotters were radiographed just before they started training. All the RF were graded according to a standardised protocol depending on their severity. The success in 'qualification' (first race in career of French Trotters) was the criteria used to assess racing ability. Breeders and trainers were questioned about the causes for horses not racing. RESULTS Overall 113 (55.9%) horses qualified. Osteoarticular lesions were directly responsible for nonqualification in 31% of the horses. Subjects with more than one abnormal RF, with abnormal RF on the fore-, hind-fetlock or proximal tarsus were less likely to qualify. Dorsal modelling in the front fetlock and osteochondrosis of the lateral trochlear ridge of the femur also significantly reduced the qualification rate. CONCLUSIONS Most RF are compatible with beginning a racing career, but severe RF or multiple abnormal RF significantly compromise future racing career. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE This study supports the use of routine radiographic programmes for detection of osteoarticular lesions in yearlings. A synthetic radiographic score, based on both the severity and the number of lesions, could be useful for breeders and trainers as complementary information to select their horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Robert
- UMR INRA-ENVA de Biomécanique et Pathologie Locomotrice du Cheval, Ecole Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Av. du Gal de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
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Parkin TDH, Rossdale PD. Epidemiology of equine performance wastage: importance of analysing facts and implementing their message in management. Equine Vet J 2010; 38:98-100. [PMID: 16536374 DOI: 10.2746/042516406776563279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T D H Parkin
- Epidemiology Unit, Animal Health Trust Lanwades Park Kenford, Newmarket Suffolk, UK
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Firth EC, Doube M, Boyde A. Changes in mineralised tissue at the site of origin of condylar fracture are present before athletic training in Thoroughbred horses. N Z Vet J 2009; 57:278-83. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2009.58621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Verheyen KLP, Price JS, Wood JLN. Exercise during training is associated with racing performance in Thoroughbreds. Vet J 2009; 181:43-7. [PMID: 19375960 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of exercise on racecourse performance in horses racing on the flat. Daily exercise and race records were obtained over a 2-year period for a cohort of racehorses in training for which injury data were also available. Multivariable regression techniques were used to investigate associations between canter, training gallop and race distances accumulated in the 30 days prior to each race and the odds of winning the race, earning prize money and the amount of prize money won. Higher cumulative high-speed (gallop+race) distances were associated with increased likelihood of winning a race and earning prize money. Having raced in the previous 30 days increased the odds of winning. There was an interactive effect of distance cantered and galloped during training on amount of prize money won, which was also associated with distance raced in the previous 30 days. Taken together with findings from previous injury studies in the same study population, these results indicate that training regimens designed to reduce skeletal injuries are unlikely to adversely affect race performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien L P Verheyen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
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Oliver LJ, Baird DK, Baird AN, Moore GE. Prevalence and distribution of radiographically evident lesions on repository films in the hock and stifle joints of yearling Thoroughbred horses in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2008; 56:202-9. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2008.36834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Beinlich CP, Nixon AJ. Prevalence and response to surgical treatment of lateral palmar intercarpal ligament avulsion in horses: 37 cases (1990-2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 226:760-6. [PMID: 15776950 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.226.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the diagnosis of avulsion of the lateral palmar intercarpal ligament (LPICL), correlate avulsion of this ligament with lameness, determine the prevalence of avulsion of the LPICL in a hospital population, and evaluate the response to surgical removal of the avulsion fragment in horses. DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS 37 horses with avulsion of the LPICL. PROCEDURE Medical records and radiographs of horses with avulsion of the LPICL were reviewed; follow-up information was obtained from race records and from owners via a telephone survey. RESULTS Of 6,418 horses evaluated for forelimb lameness from March 1, 1990, to December 31, 2001, 37 (0.5%) had avulsion of the LPICL; each horse had a discrete fragment associated with avulsion of the ligament origin from the ulnar carpal bone. Twenty-six horses underwent arthroscopic fragment removal; 20 of 22 (91%) horses for which follow-up information was available returned to work. Of 9 horses treated conservatively, 5 returned to work. Odds ratio calculations indicated that horses treated surgically were 8 times as likely to return to work than those not treated surgically. Twelve horses had LPICL avulsion without concurrent osteochondral fragmentation in the same or additional joints; follow-up information was available for 9 of those horses, of which 8 returned to athletic work. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In horses, discrete avulsion of the LPICL can be a cause of lameness and arthroscopic debridement may be the treatment of choice. Prognosis for return to work of horses with avulsion of the LPICL is good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Beinlich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Beinlich CP, Nixon AJ. RADIOGRAPHIC AND PATHOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF LATERAL PALMAR INTERCARPAL LIGAMENT AVULSION FRACTURES IN THE HORSE. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2004; 45:532-7. [PMID: 15605844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2004.04091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the radiographic and histologic appearance of lateral palmar intercarpal ligament (LPICL) avulsion in the horse was characterized. Thirty-seven horses with radiographic evidence of avulsion fragments originating from the medial palmar aspect of the ulnar carpal bone were examined. The dorsolateral to palmaromedial projection was useful for evaluating the size and shape of the avulsed bone fragment, and the dorsopalmar projection added information on the relative proximity of the fragment to its fracture bed. Radiographic features that differentiated LPICL avulsion from subchondral cystic lesions of the ulnar carpal bone included a variable-sized osseous opacity adjacent to the lucent concavity of the fracture bed and the consistent location within the palmar transition zone at the confluence of LPICL insertion and hyaline cartilage on the palmar surface of the ulnar carpal bone. All 26 horses having surgical removal of the fragments had arthroscopic confirmation that the fragment was within the LPICL. Histologic examination confirmed the fragments were fracture related rather than developmental or the result of dystrophic mineralization. Many of the fragments had attached remnants of a ligament. This study describes the radiographic, surgical, and histologic features in 37 horses which better characterize LPICL avulsion fracture in the carpus and provide differentiating features to assist in separating this syndrome from true osseous cyst-like lesions within the ulnar carpal bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Beinlich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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McIlwraith C, Kane AJ, Park RD. Changes on radiographs at Thoroughbred yearling sales: Prevalence and significance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ctep.2004.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bladon BM, Main JPM. Clinical evidence in the evaluation of presale radiography: are we in a desert on a horse with no name? Equine Vet J 2003; 35:341-2. [PMID: 12880000 DOI: 10.2746/042516403776014154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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