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Gardoni N, Björck S, Morelli J, Evans AL, Barros DSB, Wiklund R, Græsli AR, Thiel A, Arnemo JM, Lian M. Arterial oxygenation and acid-base status before and during oxygen supplementation in captive European bison ( Bison bonasus) immobilized with etorphine-acepromazine-xylazine. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1125919. [PMID: 37383351 PMCID: PMC10296773 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1125919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical immobilization of captive European bison (Bison bonasus) is often required for veterinary care, transportation, or husbandry practices playing an important role in conservation breeding and reintroduction of the species. We evaluated the efficiency and physiological effects of an etorphine-acepromazine-xylazine combination with supplemental oxygen in 39 captive European bison. Animals were darted with a combination of 1.4 mg of etorphine, 4.5 mg of acepromazine, and 20 mg of xylazine per 100 kg based on estimated body mass. Arterial blood was sampled on average 20 min after recumbency and again 19 min later and analyzed immediately with a portable i-STAT analyzer. Simultaneously, heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were recorded. Intranasal oxygen was started after the first sampling at a flow rate of 10 mL.kg-1.min-1 of estimated body mass until the end of the procedure. The initial mean partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) was 49.7 mmHg with 32 out of 35 sampled bison presenting with hypoxemia. We observed decreased respiratory rates and pH and mild hypercapnia consistent with a mild respiratory acidosis. After oxygen supplementation hypoxemia was resolved in 21 out of 32 bison, but respiratory acidosis was accentuated. Bison immobilized with a lower initial drug dose required supplementary injections during the procedure. We observed that lower mean rectal temperatures during the immobilization event were significantly associated with longer recovery times. For three bison, minor regurgitation was documented. No mortality or morbidity related to the immobilizations were reported for at least 2 months following the procedure. Based on our findings, we recommend a dose of 0.015 mg.kg-1 etorphine, 0.049 mg.kg-1 acepromazine, and 0.22 mg.kg-1 xylazine. This dose reduced the need for supplemental injections to obtain a sufficient level of immobilization for routine management and husbandry procedures in captive European bison. Nevertheless, this drug combination is associated with development of marked hypoxemia, mild respiratory acidosis, and a small risk of regurgitation. Oxygen supplementation is strongly recommended when using this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Gardoni
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Koppang, Norway
| | | | - Jacopo Morelli
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Koppang, Norway
- Skeldale Veterinary Hospital—Medivet Thirsk 24h, Thirsk, United Kingdom
| | - Alina L. Evans
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Koppang, Norway
| | - Daniela S. B. Barros
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Koppang, Norway
| | | | - Anne Randi Græsli
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Koppang, Norway
| | - Alexandra Thiel
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Koppang, Norway
| | - Jon M. Arnemo
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Koppang, Norway
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marianne Lian
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Koppang, Norway
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Gordon D, Clark-Price S, Keating S, Schaeffer DJ, Lascola KM. Evaluation of Nasal Oxygen Administration at Various Flow Rates and Concentrations in Conscious, Standing Adult Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 123:104250. [PMID: 36796739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of various flow rates and fractions of oxygen on arterial blood gas parameters and on the fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) delivered to the distal trachea. Oxygen was administered to 6 healthy, conscious, standing, adult horses via single nasal cannula positioned within the nasopharynx. Three flow rates (5, 15, 30 L/min) and fractions of oxygen (21, 50, 100%) were delivered for 15 minutes, each in a randomized order. FIO2 was measured at the level of the nares and distal trachea. Adverse reactions were not observed with any flow rate. FIO2 (nares and trachea) and PaO2 increased with increasing flow rate and fraction of oxygen (P < .0001). FIO2 (trachea) was significantly less than FIO2 (nares) at 50% and 100% oxygen at all flow rates (P < .0001). Differences in PaO2 were not observed between 100% oxygen-5L/min and 50% oxygen-15L/min and or between 100% oxygen-15L/min and 50% oxygen-30L/min. Tracheal FIO2 for 100% oxygen-15L/min was increased compared to 50% oxygen-30L/min (P < .0001). Respiratory rate, ETCO2, PaCO2, and pH did not differ between treatments. Administration of 50% oxygen via nasal cannula at 15 and 30 L/min effectively increased in PaO2 and was well tolerated in conscious, standing, healthy horses. While these results can be used guide therapy in hypoxemic horses, evaluation of the administration of 50% oxygen to horses with respiratory disease is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Gordon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Stuart Clark-Price
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Stephanie Keating
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - David J Schaeffer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Kara M Lascola
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL.
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Floriano D, Watkins AR, Hopster K. Intratracheal oxygen administration increases FIO2 and PaO2 compared with intranasal administration in healthy, standing horses. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:450-454. [PMID: 35263280 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.09.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of 2 different oxygen delivery strategies-intranasal and tracheal insufflation-on the inspired fraction of oxygen (FIO2) in standing horses and to determine the time needed for arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) equilibration. ANIMALS 6 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURES In this blinded, randomized crossover design study, horses were randomly assigned to receive oxygen via nasal cannula (group N) or transcutaneous tracheal catheter (group T). After placement of venous and arterial catheters, FIO2 was measured through a catheter placed into the distal portion of the trachea. After baseline measurements were obtained, horses received oxygen at up to 25 mL/kg/min for 1 hour via either intranasal or intratracheal catheter. The FIO2 and PaO2 were recorded at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, and 60 minutes during and 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes after oxygen insufflation. Data were analyzed by use of a 2-way repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey-Kramer post hoc testing for pairwise comparisons (P < 0.05). RESULTS During oxygen administration, FIO2 and PaO2 increased significantly when compared with baseline, resulting in significantly higher values for group T (37.7 ± 2.4%; 214.6 ± 18 mm Hg) than for group N (34.3 ± 3.9%; 184.1 ± 11 mm Hg). The equilibration time was less than 10 minutes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Intratracheal oxygen administration resulted in better oxygenation than nasal insufflation and should therefore be considered in standing horses that are experiencing severe respiratory compromise. The equilibration between FIO2 and PaO2 is rapid in adult horses.
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Calero Rodriguez A, de Grauw J. Spontaneous pulmonary haemorrhage in a standing sedated horse. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Calero Rodriguez
- Department of Equine Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Janny de Grauw
- Department of Equine Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands
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Divers TJ, Radcliffe RM, Cook VL, Bookbinder LC, Hurcombe SDA. Calculating and selecting fluid therapy and blood product replacements for horses with acute hemorrhage. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2022; 32:97-107. [PMID: 35044062 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood products, crystalloids, and colloid fluids are used in the medical treatment of severe hemorrhage in horses with a goal of providing sufficient blood flow and oxygen delivery to vital organs. The fluid treatments for hemorrhage will vary depending upon severity and duration and whether hemorrhage is controlled or uncontrolled. DESCRIPTION With acute and severe controlled hemorrhage, treatment is focused on rapidly increasing perfusion pressure and blood flow to vital organs. This can most easily be accomplished in field cases by the administration of hypertonic saline. If isotonic crystalloids are used for resuscitation, the volume administered should be at least as great as the estimated blood loss. Following crystalloid resuscitation, clinical signs, HCT, and laboratory evidence of tissue hypoxia may help determine the need for a whole blood transfusion. In uncontrolled hemorrhage, crystalloid resuscitation is often more conservative and is referred to as "permissive hypotension." The goal of "permissive hypotension" would be to provide enough perfusion pressure to vital organs such that function is maintained while keeping blood pressure below the normal range in the hope that clot formation will not be disrupted. Whole blood and fresh frozen plasma in addition to aminocaproic acid are indicated in most horses with severe uncontrolled hemorrhage. SUMMARY Blood transfusion is a life-saving treatment for severe hemorrhage in horses. No precise HCT serves as a transfusion trigger; however, an HCT < 15%, lack of appropriate clinical response, or significant improvement in plasma lactate following crystalloid resuscitation and loss of 25% or more of blood volume is suggestive of the need for whole blood transfusion. Mathematical formulas may be used to estimate the amount of blood required for transfusion following severe but controlled hemorrhage, but these are not very accurate and, in practice, transfusion volume should be approximately 40% of estimated blood loss. KEY POINTS Modest hemorrhage, <15% of blood volume (<12 mL/kg), can be fully compensated by physiological mechanisms and generally does not require fluid or blood product therapy. More severe hemorrhage, >25% of blood volume (> 20 mL/kg), often requires crystalloid or blood product replacement, while acute loss of greater than 30% (>24 mL/kg) of blood volume may result in hemorrhagic shock requiring resuscitation treatments Uncontrolled hemorrhage is a common occurrence in equine practice, and is most commonly associated with abdominal bleeding (eg, uterine artery rupture in mares). If the hemorrhage can be controlled such as by ligation of a bleeding vessel, then initial efforts to resuscitate the horse should focus on increasing perfusion pressure and blood flow to organs as quickly as possible with crystalloids or colloids while assessing need for whole blood transfusion. While fluid therapy is being administered every effort to physically control hemorrhage should be made using ligatures, application of compression, surgical methods, and local hemostatic agents like collagen-, gelatin-, and cellulose-based products, fibrin, yunnan baiyao (YB), and synthetic glues Although some synthetic colloids have been shown to be associated with acute kidney injury in people receiving resuscitation therapy,20 this undesirable effect in horses has not been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Rolfe M Radcliffe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Vanessa L Cook
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Lauren C Bookbinder
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Samuel D A Hurcombe
- Emergency Surgery and Medicine, Cornell Ruffian Equine Specialists, Elmont, New York, USA
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Madsen K, de Bont MP, Palmers K. Endoscopic sealing of a chronic bronchopleural fistula using acrylate co‐monomer glue. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Madsen
- Equine Clinic De Morette Asse Belgium
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Porhomayon J, El-Solh AA, Pourafkari L, Jaoude P, Nader ND. Applications of Nasal High-Flow Oxygen Therapy in Critically ill Adult Patients. Lung 2016; 194:705-14. [PMID: 27142658 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-016-9885-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of nasal high-flow oxygen therapy (NHFOT) has become increasingly common in hospitals across Europe, Asia, and North America. These high utility devices provide an efficient and comfortable access points for providing supplemental oxygen to patients with variety of respiratory disorders. They are relatively easy to set up, and clinicians and patients alike give very positive feedback about their ease of use and comfort for patients in the hospital setting. However, it remains uncertain whether NHFOT improves patient survival or even reduces respiratory complications. Outcome data in adult populations are few and frequently underpowered to guide physicians for their widespread use in hospital setting. In this article, we present a review of the current technology and available studies pertinent to NHFOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahan Porhomayon
- VA Western New York Healthcare System, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA. .,VA Medical Center, Rm 203C, 3495 Bailey Ave, Buffalo, NY, 14215, USA.
| | - Ali A El-Solh
- VA Western New York Healthcare System, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Leili Pourafkari
- Department of Anesthesiology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Philippe Jaoude
- VA Western New York Healthcare System, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Nader D Nader
- VA Western New York Healthcare System, Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Boveri S, Ryan TM. Successful short‐term mechanical ventilation in a brachycephalic dog following aspiration pneumonia. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2015-000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Boveri
- Southern Counties Veterinary SpecialistsRingwoodUK
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van Oostrom H, Schaap MWH, van Loon JPAM. Oxygen supplementation before induction of general anaesthesia in horses. Equine Vet J 2015; 49:130-132. [PMID: 26512627 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Hypoventilation or apnoea, caused by the induction of general anaesthesia, may cause hypoxaemia. Preoxygenation may lengthen the period before this happens. No scientific studies are published on preoxygenation in equine anaesthesia. OBJECTIVES To determine whether supplementation of oxygen at a flow rate of 15 l/min for 3 min via a nasal cannula before induction of general anaesthesia is effective in elevating the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2 ) directly after induction. STUDY DESIGN Randomised, prospective clinical trial. METHODS A total of 18 American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status 1 or 2 adult horses undergoing elective anaesthesia were randomly allocated to one of 2 groups. The first group (control) received no oxygen supplementation before induction of general anaesthesia, whereas the second group (oxygen) did. All horses were anaesthetised with intravenous detomidine, butorphanol, ketamine, midazolam and isoflurane. Directly after induction (T = 0) and 30 min later (T = 30) an arterial blood sample was taken for blood gas analysis. At T = 30 an estimate of intrapulmonary shunt fraction (Qs/Qt) was calculated. RESULTS At T = 0 arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2 ) was significantly higher in the oxygen group compared with the control group (11.0 ± 2.6 kPa vs. 7.4 ± 1.6 kPa; mean ± s.d., P = 0.005) and at T = 30 differences were not statistically significant. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2 ) and Qs/Qt did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS Supplementing oxygen by a nasal cannula before induction of general anaesthesia in horses is feasible and does effectively elevate the PaO2 immediately after induction. Future research is needed to determine whether supplementation of oxygen before induction of general anaesthesia in horses will affect outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H van Oostrom
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | - M W H Schaap
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animals in Science and Society, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - J P A M van Loon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Traumatic injuries involving the thorax can be superficial, necessitating only routine wound care, or they may extend to deeper tissue planes and disrupt structures immediately vital to respiratory and cardiac function. Diagnostic imaging, especially ultrasound, should be considered part of a comprehensive examination, both at admission and during follow-up. Horses generally respond well to diligent monitoring, intervention for complications, and appropriate medical or surgical care after sustaining traumatic wounds of the thorax. This article reviews the various types of thoracic injury and their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Sprayberry
- Animal Science Department, Cal Poly University San Luis Obispo, 1 Grand Ave, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
| | - Elizabeth J Barrett
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, 4250 Ironworks Pike, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
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Abstract
Interstitial pneumonias encompass a wide variety of acute and chronic respiratory diseases and include the specific diseases equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis and acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress. These diseases have been diagnosed in all age groups of horses, and numerous agents have been identified as potential causes of interstitial pneumonia. Despite the varied causes, interstitial pneumonia is uniformly recognized by the severity of respiratory disease and often poor clinical outcome. This article reviews the causal agents that have been associated with the development of interstitial pneumonia in horses. Pathophysiology, clinical diagnosis, and treatment options are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Wilkins
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Kara M Lascola
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Taylor SD, Toth B, Townsend WM, Bentley RT. Mechanical ventilation and management of an adult horse with presumptive botulism. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2014; 24:594-601. [PMID: 25041561 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical course, management, and outcome of a horse with a presumptive diagnosis of botulism treated with long-term mechanical ventilation. CASE SUMMARY A 6-year-old Quarter Horse gelding with a history of esophageal obstruction was evaluated for progressive tetraparesis. Generalized and progressive skeletal muscle weakness characterized by recumbency, decreased tongue, tail, eyelid, and anal tone, and respiratory failure was observed. Anticholinergic signs including decreased salivation, xerophthalmia, and ileus were also noted. A presumptive diagnosis of botulism was made, although mouse inoculation and spore identification testing were negative. Pentavalent botulism antitoxin was administered on Day 3. The horse was maintained on a water mattress and was managed with mechanical ventilation for 2 weeks. Complications encountered included necrotic rhinitis, intertrigo, decubital ulceration, jugular and cephalic vein thrombophlebitis, corneal ulceration, and transient ventricular tachycardia. The horse showed marked improvement in skeletal muscle strength and parasympathetic nervous system function, allowing it to be successfully weaned from the ventilator but suffered large colon volvulus on Day 21 and was euthanized. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of successful weaning from long-term mechanical ventilation and management of recumbency using a water mattress in an adult horse with presumptive botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
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van Galen G, Votion DM. Management of cases suffering from atypical myopathy: Interpretations of descriptive, epidemiological and pathophysiological findings. Part 2: Muscular, urinary, respiratory and hepatic care, and inflammatory/infectious status. EQUINE VET EDUC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2012.00441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Crumley MN, Hodgson DS, Kreider SE. Effects of tidal volume, ventilatory frequency, and oxygen insufflation flow on the fraction of inspired oxygen in cadaveric horse heads attached to a lung model. Am J Vet Res 2011; 73:134-9. [PMID: 22204299 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.1.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure the effects of tidal volume, ventilatory frequency, and oxygen insufflation flow on the fraction of inspired oxygen in cadaveric horse heads attached to a lung model. SAMPLE 8 heads of equine cadavers. PROCEDURES Each cadaveric horse head was intubated with a nasotracheal tube that extended into the proximal portion of the trachea. Oxygen was delivered through an oxygen catheter contained within and extending to the tip of the nasotracheal tube. The trachea was connected to the lung model by use of a spiral-wound hose with a sampling adaptor. Eight treatment combinations involving 2 tidal volumes (5 and 8 L), 2 ventilatory frequencies (6 and 12 mechanical breathes/min), and 2 insufflation rates (10 and 15 L/min) were applied to each head. Hand-drawn inspired gas samples were collected and analyzed for oxygen concentrations. RESULTS The fraction of inspired oxygen (measured at mid trachea) ranged from 26.8% to 39.4%. Fraction of inspired oxygen was significantly higher with a smaller tidal volume, lower ventilatory frequency, and higher insufflation rate. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In the study model, measured fraction of inspired oxygen varied with ventilatory pattern as well as oxygen insufflation rate. Clinically, this information could be beneficial for interpretation of data regarding arterial blood gases and hemoglobin saturation and in making appropriate oxygen insufflation decisions for anesthetized horses that are breathing room air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana N Crumley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Relave F, David F, Leclère M, Alexander K, Bussières G, Lavoie JP, Marcoux M. Evaluation of a thoracoscopic technique using ligating loops to obtain large lung biopsies in standing healthy and heaves-affected horses. Vet Surg 2008; 37:232-40. [PMID: 18394069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2008.00371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate use of pre-tied ligating loop to perform thoracoscopic, large lung biopsy in normal and heaves-affected horses. STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS Normal (n=5) and heaves-affected (n=6) horses. METHODS Lung biopsies, 1 from each hemithorax, were collected thoracoscopically using a pre-tied ligating loop. Horses were either normal (C) or heaves-affected with the latter being in remission (Ha) for the initial biopsy and in exacerbation (Hs) for the 2nd biopsy. Clinical variables, PaO(2), and PaCO(2) were used to determine the effect of surgical biopsy. Postoperative pneumothorax was monitored by serial thoracic radiographic examinations. RESULTS Thoracoscopic lung biopsy (n=29, 22 procedures) was well tolerated by all horses. Complication rate was 31%, including 8 ligature slippage and 1 pulmonary hemorrhage. Intranasal oxygen was administered intraoperatively to 6 horses (2 C, 1 Ha, 3 Hs) with severe hypoxemia or labored breathing. There was a significant decrease in PaO(2) during surgery in horses not supplemented with oxygen. Postoperative pneumothorax (21/22 procedures) detected radiographically resolved within 3 weeks. CONCLUSION Thoracoscopic lung biopsy using pre-tied ligating loops was minimally invasive, relatively inexpensive, and fairly efficient. Heaves-affected horses tolerated the surgery well, even when in exacerbation; however, the technique was associated with non life-threatening complications in 31% of the biopsies, most of which required correction with additional ligating loops or more sophisticated instrumentation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Using laparoscopic pre-tied ligating loop for thoracoscopically-assisted lung biopsy can be considered in horses with normal and impaired lung function but alternative instrumentation and access to intranasal oxygen must be available to the surgeon in case of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Relave
- Département des Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 7C6, Canada.
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