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Sallam KI, Abd-Elrazik Y, Raslan MT, Imre K, Morar A, Herman V, Zaher HA. Cefotaxime-, Ciprofloxacin-, and Extensively Drug-Resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7 and O55:H7 in Camel Meat. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071443. [PMID: 37048264 PMCID: PMC10094314 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore for the first time the occurrence and the antimicrobial resistance profiles of E. coli O157:H7 and O55:H7 isolates in camel meat in Egypt. Among the 110 camel meat samples examined using standardized microbiological techniques, 10 (9.1%) and 32 (29.1%) were positive for E. coli O157:H7 and E. coli O55:H7, respectively. In total, 24 isolates were verified as E. coli O157:H7, while 102 isolates were confirmed serologically as E. coli O55:H7. Multiplex PCR revealed the existence of eaeA, stx1, stx2, and EHEC-hlyA among E. coli O157:H7 and O55:H7 isolates (n = 126) at various percentages. According to their resistance against 14 antibiotics, 16.7% and 83.3% of O157:H7 isolates and 8.6% and 76.5% of O55:H7 isolates were classified into extensively drug-resistant and multi-drug-resistant, respectively, whereas 29.4% and 22.2% of E. coli isolates were resistant to cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin, respectively. The study results emphasize that camel meat may be a vehicle for multi- and extensively drug-resistant E. coli O157:H7 and O55:H7 strains, indicating a potential threat to public health. Further studies based on the molecular evidence of the antimicrobial resistance genes and enrolling a larger number of samples are recommended for a better understanding of the antimicrobial resistance phenomenon of camel-meat-originating pathogenic E. coli strains.
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Hughes R, Fishman A, Lamb-Riddell K, Sleigh Muñoz V, Champneys A, Kiely J, Luxton R. Modelling a dynamic magneto-agglutination bioassay. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 222:114745. [PMID: 36502714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The process of developing an end-to-end model of a magneto-immunoassay is described, simulating the agglutination effect due to the specific binding of bacteria to paramagnetic particles. After establishing the properties of the dose-specific agglutination through direct imaging, a microfluidic assay was used to demonstrate changes in the magnetophoretic transport dynamics of agglutinated clusters via transient inductive magentometer measurements. End-to-end mathematical modelling is used to establish the physical processes underlying the assay. First, a modified form of Becker-Döring nucleation kinetic equations is used to establish a relationship between analyte dose and average cluster size. Next, Stokes flow equations are used to establish a relationship between cluster size and speed of motion within the fluid chamber. This predicts a cluster-size dynamic profile of concentration of PMPs versus time when the magnetic field is switched between the two actuated magnets. Finally, inductive modelling is carried out to predict the response of the magnetometer circuit in response to the dynamics of magnetic clusters. The predictions of this model are shown to agree well with the results of experiments, and to predict the shape of the dose-response curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hughes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TB, UK.
| | - Aaron Fishman
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TW, UK
| | - Kathryn Lamb-Riddell
- Institute of Bio-Sensing Technology, University of West of England, Bristol, BS34 8QZ, UK.
| | | | - Alan Champneys
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TW, UK.
| | - Janice Kiely
- Institute of Bio-Sensing Technology, University of West of England, Bristol, BS34 8QZ, UK.
| | - Richard Luxton
- Institute of Bio-Sensing Technology, University of West of England, Bristol, BS34 8QZ, UK.
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3
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Tang B, Ni J, Lin J, Sun Y, Lin H, Wu Y, Yang H, Yue M. Genomic characterization of multidrug-resistance gene cfr in Escherichia coli recovered from food animals in Eastern China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:999778. [PMID: 36160268 PMCID: PMC9493366 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.999778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasmid-borne cfr gene, mediating multiple drug resistance (MDR), has been observed in many Gram-positive bacteria. The prevalence of cfr and its co-occurrence with additional antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants in Escherichia coli is an ongoing issue. Additionally, the prevalence and transfer mechanism of the cfr gene remain partially investigated. Here, eight cfr-positive E. coli strains were screened using PCR from an extensive collection of E. coli (n = 2,165) strains isolated from pigs and chickens in 2021 in China, with a prevalence rate of 0.37%. All of them were MDR and resistant to florfenicol and tetracycline. These strains can transfer the cfr gene to E. coli J53 by conjugation (1.05 × 10−1 – 1.01 × 10−6). Moreover, the IncX4 plasmid p727A3-62 K-cfr (62,717 bp) harboring cfr in strain EC727A3 was confirmed using Oxford Nanopore Technology. The unknown type plasmid p737A1-27K-cfr (27,742 bp) harboring cfr in strain EC737A1 was also identified. Notably, it was verified by PCR that three of the eight E. coli strains were able to form the cfr-IS26 circular intermediate. It was 2,365 bp in length in strains EC727A3 and ECJHZ21-173, and 2,022 bp in length in EC737A1. Collectively, this study demonstrated that IS26 plays a vital role in transmitting the MDR gene cfr in E. coli via conjugation and provided updated knowledge regarding cfr in E. coli in Eastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juan Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiahui Lin
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangying Sun
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hui Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuehong Wu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hua Yang,
| | - Min Yue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- Min Yue,
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Silva HGDS, Franzolin MR, dos Anjos GF, Barbosa AS, dos Santos LF, Miranda KF, Marques RM, de Souza MCL, Piazza RMF, Domingos MDO. O55 Polysaccharides Are Good Antigen Targets for the Formulation of Vaccines against O55 STEC and Capsulated aEPEC Strains. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080895. [PMID: 36015015 PMCID: PMC9414270 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The serogroup O55 of E. coli is composed of strains whose mechanisms of virulence are different from each other. Since the O55 polysaccharides are present in all E. coli O55 strains, and so are the polymers that compose the capsule of O55 atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEC), it was investigated whether anti-O55 antibodies were able to help the innate immune system to eliminate capsulated aEPEC and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) belonging to the serogroup O55. The results demonstrate that the capsule of EPEC was able to inhibit the deposition of C3b on the bacterial surface and, as a consequence, their lysis by the alternative pathway of the complement system. However, in the presence of antibodies, the ability of the complement to lyse these pathogens was restored. It was also observed that macrophages were able to ingest EPEC and STEC, but they were only able to kill the ingested pathogens in the presence of antibodies. Anti-O55 antibodies were also able to inhibit aEPEC and STEC O55 adherence to human epithelial cells. In summary, the results demonstrated that the O55 polysaccharides have the potential to induce an effective humoral immune response against STEC and EPEC, indicating that they are good antigen targets to be used in vaccine formulations against these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcia Regina Franzolin
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Geovana Ferreira dos Anjos
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Angela Silva Barbosa
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando dos Santos
- Centro de Bacteriologia, Núcleo de Doenças Entéricas, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo CEP 01246-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Kaique Ferrari Miranda
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Maciel Marques
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Matilde Costa Lima de Souza
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Roxane Maria Fontes Piazza
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Marta de Oliveira Domingos
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-2627-9708
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Comparative Genomics of Escherichia coli Serotype O55:H7 Using Complete Closed Genomes. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081545. [PMID: 36013963 PMCID: PMC9413875 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O55:H7 is a human foodborne pathogen and is recognized as the progenitor strain of E. coli O157:H7. While this strain is important from a food safety and genomic evolution standpoint, much of the genomic diversity of E. coli O55:H7 has been demonstrated using draft genomes. Here, we combine the four publicly available E. coli O55:H7 closed genomes with six newly sequenced closed genomes to provide context to this strain’s genomic diversity. We found significant diversity within the 10 E. coli O55:H7 strains that belonged to three different sequence types. The prophage content was about 10% of the genome, with three prophages common to all strains and seven unique to one strain. Overall, there were 492 insertion sequences identified within the six new sequence strains, with each strain on average containing 75 insertions (range 55 to 114). A total of 31 plasmids were identified between all isolates (range 1 to 6), with one plasmid (pO55) having an identical phylogenetic tree as the chromosome. The release and comparison of these closed genomes provides new insight into E. coli O55:H7 diversity and its ability to cause disease in humans.
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Valat C, Haenni M, Arnaout Y, Drapeau A, Hirchaud E, Touzain F, Boyer T, Delannoy S, Vorimore F, Fach P, Madec JY. F74 plasmids are major vectors of virulence genes in bovine NTEC2. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:355-362. [PMID: 35509148 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Necrotoxigenic Escherichia coli 2 (NTEC2) are defined as E. coli producing the toxin known as cytotoxic necrotizing factor 2 (CNF2), a potent toxin primarily found in bovine but also in humans. NTEC2 are mostly associated with bovine, and cnf2 is known to be carried by pVir-like plasmids. In this study, we looked for NTEC2 in a collection of E. coli collected between 2011 and 2018 in French bovine. Thirty-two isolates, collected from both sick (n=19) and healthy (n=13) animals, were identified and characterized using whole-genome sequencing. One F74 plasmid of this bacterial collection was long-read sequenced: its size was 138 121 bp and it carried the cnf2, F17cA-eG, cdtB, iutA, iucC, and ompP virulence factors (VFs), but no resistance gene. A large variety of genetic backgrounds was observed, but all cnf2-carrying plasmids belonged to the IncF family, and most of them (78.1%) were of the F74 group. Similar F74 plasmids were also reported from bovine in the United Kingdom and USA, as identified in the publically available databases. Consequently, these F74 plasmids, which are widely disseminated among E. coli from cattle in the French territory, are vectors of virulence determinants that largely went unnoticed until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Valat
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES) - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marisa Haenni
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES) - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Youssef Arnaout
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES) - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Drapeau
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES) - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Edouard Hirchaud
- Unité Génétique Virale et Biosécurité, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Fabrice Touzain
- Unité Génétique Virale et Biosécurité, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Théophile Boyer
- Unité Epidémiologie et appui à la surveillance, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES) - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sabine Delannoy
- Unité COLiPATH / Plateforme d'identification et de typage des agents pathogènes (IdentyPath) du laboratoire de sécurité des aliments, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Fabien Vorimore
- Unité COLiPATH / Plateforme d'identification et de typage des agents pathogènes (IdentyPath) du laboratoire de sécurité des aliments, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Patrick Fach
- Unité COLiPATH / Plateforme d'identification et de typage des agents pathogènes (IdentyPath) du laboratoire de sécurité des aliments, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jean-Yves Madec
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES) - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Carroll KJ, Jenkins C, Harvey-Vince L, Mohan K, Balasegaram S. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli diagnosed by Stx PCR: assessing the public health risk of non-O157 strains. Eur J Public Health 2021; 31:576-582. [PMID: 33411922 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The implementation by diagnostic laboratories in England of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to screen faecal specimens for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) has resulted in a significant increase in notifications mainly due to non-O157 strains. The purpose of this study was to develop an approach to public health risk assessment that prioritizes follow-up to cases caused by haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) associated E. coli (HUSEC) strains and minimizes unnecessary actions. METHODS Epidemiological and microbiological data were prospectively collected from 1 November 2013 to 31 March 2017 and used to compare three risk assessment approaches. RESULTS A history of HUS/bloody diarrhoea/age under 6 years and faecal specimens positive for stx-predicted HUSEC with a diagnostic accuracy of 84% (95% CI; 81-88%). STEC isolated by Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit (GBRU) and stx2 and eae positive predicted HUSEC with a diagnostic accuracy of 99% (95% CI; 98-100%). Risk assessment combining these two tests predicts the most efficient use of resources, predicting that 18% (97/552) of cases would be eligible for follow-up at some stage, 16% (86/552) following local stx PCR results, 1% (7/552) following GBRU results of stx2 and eae status and 0.7% (4/552) following whole-genome sequencing. Follow-up could be stopped in 78% (76/97) of these cases, 97% (74/76) following second stage risk assessment. CONCLUSIONS This three-stage risk assessment approach prioritizes follow-up to HUSEC and minimizes unnecessary public health actions. We developed it into the algorithm for public health actions included in the updated PHE Guidance for management of STEC published in August 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Carroll
- Surrey and Sussex Health Protection Team, Public Health England South East, Horsham, UK
| | - C Jenkins
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - L Harvey-Vince
- Surrey County Council Public Health Department, Kingston-Upon-Thames, UK
| | - K Mohan
- Thames Valley Health Protection Team, Public Health England South East, Chilton, UK
| | - S Balasegaram
- Field Service South East & London, Public Health England, London, UK
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Travert B, Rafat C, Mariani P, Cointe A, Dossier A, Coppo P, Joseph A. Shiga Toxin-Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: Specificities of Adult Patients and Implications for Critical Care Management. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:306. [PMID: 33925836 PMCID: PMC8145702 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS) is a form of thrombotic microangiopathy secondary to an infection by an enterohemorrhagic E. coli. Historically considered a pediatric disease, its presentation has been described as typical, with bloody diarrhea at the forefront. However, in adults, the clinical presentation is more diverse and makes the early diagnosis hazardous. In this review, we review the epidemiology, most important outbreaks, physiopathology, clinical presentation and prognosis of STEC-HUS, focusing on the differential features between pediatric and adult disease. We show that the clinical presentation of STEC-HUS in adults is far from typical and marked by the prevalence of neurological symptoms and a poorer prognosis. Of note, we highlight knowledge gaps and the need for studies dedicated to adult patients. The differences between pediatric and adult patients have implications for the treatment of this disease, which remains a public health threat and lack a specific treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Travert
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75018 Paris, France; (B.T.); (A.D.)
- Centre de Référence des Microangiopathies Thrombotiques (CNR-MAT), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France; (C.R.); (P.C.)
| | - Cédric Rafat
- Centre de Référence des Microangiopathies Thrombotiques (CNR-MAT), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France; (C.R.); (P.C.)
- Urgences Néphrologiques et Transplantation Rénale, Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Patricia Mariani
- Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75019 Paris, France; (P.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Aurélie Cointe
- Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75019 Paris, France; (P.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Antoine Dossier
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75018 Paris, France; (B.T.); (A.D.)
- Centre de Référence des Microangiopathies Thrombotiques (CNR-MAT), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France; (C.R.); (P.C.)
| | - Paul Coppo
- Centre de Référence des Microangiopathies Thrombotiques (CNR-MAT), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France; (C.R.); (P.C.)
- Service d’Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Adrien Joseph
- Centre de Référence des Microangiopathies Thrombotiques (CNR-MAT), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France; (C.R.); (P.C.)
- Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Équipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Inserm U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
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Epidemiological investigation of recurrent outbreaks of haemolytic uraemic syndrome caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serotype O55:H7 in England, 2014-2018. Epidemiol Infect 2021; 149:e108. [PMID: 33866980 PMCID: PMC8161408 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268821000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent outbreaks of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serotype O55:H7 occurred in England between 2014 and 2018. We reviewed the epidemiological evidence to identify potential source(s) and transmission routes of the pathogen, and to assess the on-going risk to public health. Over the 5-year period, there were 43 confirmed and three probable cases of STEC O55:H7. The median age of cases was 4 years old (range 6 months to 69 years old) and over half of all cases were female (28/46, 61%). There were 36/46 (78.3%) symptomatic cases, and over half of all cases developed HUS (25/46, 54%), including two fatal cases. No common food or environmental exposures were identified, although the majority of cases lived in rural or semi-rural environments and reported contact with both wild and domestic animals. This investigation informed policy on the clinical and public health management of HUS caused by STEC other than serotype O157:H7 (non-O157 STEC) in England, including comprehensive testing of all household contacts and household pets and more widespread use of polymerase chain reaction assays for the rapid diagnosis of STEC-HUS.
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Jenkins C, Byrne L, Vishram B, Sawyer C, Balasegaram S, Ahyow L, Johnson S. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli haemolytic uraemic syndrome (STEC-HUS): diagnosis, surveillance and public-health management in England. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:1034-1036. [PMID: 32552986 PMCID: PMC7481745 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Jenkins
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London NW9 5HT, UK
| | - Lisa Byrne
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London NW9 5HT, UK
| | - Bhavita Vishram
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London NW9 5HT, UK
| | - Clare Sawyer
- Public Health Wales, Cardiff CF10 4BZ, UK
- Field Services – South East and London, Public Health England, London SE1 6LH, UK
| | - Sooria Balasegaram
- Field Services – South East and London, Public Health England, London SE1 6LH, UK
| | - Laura Ahyow
- East Midlands Health Protection Team, Public Health England, Nottingham NG2 4LA, UK
| | - Sally Johnson
- Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle NE1 4LP, UK
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11
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Kim JS, Lee MS, Kim JH. Recent Updates on Outbreaks of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli and Its Potential Reservoirs. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:273. [PMID: 32582571 PMCID: PMC7287036 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Following infection with certain strains of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), particularly enterohemorrhagic ones, patients are at elevated risk for developing life-threatening extraintestinal complications, such as acute renal failure. Hence, these bacteria represent a public health concern in both developed and developing countries. Shiga toxins (Stxs) expressed by STEC are highly cytotoxic class II ribosome-inactivating proteins and primary virulence factors responsible for major clinical signs of Stx-mediated pathogenesis, including bloody diarrhea, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and neurological complications. Ruminant animals are thought to serve as critical environmental reservoirs of Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), but other emerging or arising reservoirs of the toxin-producing bacteria have been overlooked. In particular, a number of new animal species from wildlife and aquaculture industries have recently been identified as unexpected reservoir or spillover hosts of STEC. Here, we summarize recent findings about reservoirs of STEC and review outbreaks of these bacteria both within and outside the United States. A better understanding of environmental transmission to humans will facilitate the development of novel strategies for preventing zoonotic STEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Seob Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Moo-Seung Lee
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea.,Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
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Kintz E, Williams NJ, Jones N, van der Es M, Lake IR, O'Brien SJ, Hunter PR. Regional differences in presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli virulence-associated genes in the environment in the North West and East Anglian regions of England. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 71:179-186. [PMID: 32333799 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli is carried in the intestine of ruminant animals, and outbreaks have occurred after contact with ruminant animals or their environment. The presence of STEC virulence genes in the environment was investigated along recreational walking paths in the North West and East Anglia regions of England. In all, 720 boot sock samples from walkers' shoes were collected between April 2013 and July 2014. Multiplex PCR was used to detect E. coli based on the amplification of the uidA gene and investigate STEC-associated virulence genes eaeA, stx1 and stx2. The eaeA virulence gene was detected in 45·5% of the samples, where stx1 and/or stx2 was detected in 12·4% of samples. There was a difference between the two regions sampled, with the North West exhibiting a higher proportion of positive boot socks for stx compared to East Anglia. In univariate analysis, ground conditions, river flow and temperature were associated with positive boot socks. The detection of stx genes in the soil samples suggests that STEC is present in the English countryside and individuals may be at risk for infection after outdoor activities even if there is no direct contact with animals. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Several outbreaks within the UK have highlighted the danger of contracting Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from contact with areas recently vacated by livestock. This is more likely to occur for STEC infections compared to other zoonotic bacteria given the low infectious dose required. While studies have determined the prevalence of STEC within farms and petting zoos, determining the risk to individuals enjoying recreational outdoor activities that occur near where livestock may be present is less researched. This study describes the prevalence with which stx genes, indicative of STEC bacteria, were found in the environment in the English countryside.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kintz
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, UK
| | - N J Williams
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - N Jones
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - M van der Es
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, UK
| | - I R Lake
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, UK.,School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - S J O'Brien
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - P R Hunter
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Environmental Health, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
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Gentle A, Day MR, Hopkins KL, Godbole G, Jenkins C. Antimicrobial resistance in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli other than serotype O157 : H7 in England, 2014-2016. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:379-386. [PMID: 32101158 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Despite many ongoing surveillance projects and the recent focus on the veterinary and clinical 'One Health' aspects of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), evidence of the extent of any public health risk posed by animal reservoirs with respect to the transmission of resistant strains of Escherichia coli to humans remains varied and contentious. In the UK, the main zoonotic reservoir for the foodborne pathogen Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) is cattle and sheep. In this study, we adopt an alternative approach to the risk assessment of transmission of AMR E. coli from animals to humans, involving monitoring AMR in isolates of STEC, an established zoonotic, foodborne pathogen, from human cases of gastrointestinal disease.Aim. The aim of this study was to determine the genome-derived AMR profiles for STEC from human cases to assess the risk of transmission of multidrug-resistant STEC from ruminants to humans.Methodology. STEC belonging to 10 different clonal complexes (CCs) (n=457) isolated from human faecal specimens were sequenced and genome-derived AMR profiles were determined. Phenotypic susceptibility testing was undertaken on all isolates (n=100) predicted to be resistant to at least one class of antimicrobial.Results. Of the 457 isolates, 332 (72.7 %) lacked identifiable resistance genes and were predicted to be fully susceptible to 11 classes of antimicrobials; 125/332 (27.3 %) carried 1 or more resistance genes, of which 83/125 (66.4 %) were resistant to 3 or more classes of antibiotic. The percentage of isolates harbouring AMR determinants varied between CCs, from 4% in CC25 to 100% in CC504. Forty-six different AMR genes were detected, which conferred resistance to eight different antibiotic classes. Resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracyclines and sulphonamides was most commonly detected. Four isolates were identified as extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers. An overall concordance of 97.7 % (n=1075/1100) was demonstrated between the phenotypic and genotypic methods.Conclusion. This analysis provided an indirect assessment of the risk of transmission of AMR gastrointestinal pathogens from animals to humans, and revealed a subset of human isolates of the zoonotic pathogen STEC were resistant to the antimicrobials used in animal husbandry. However, this proportion has not increased over the last three decades, and thismay provide evidence that guidancepromoting responsible practice has been effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Gentle
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Martin R Day
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Katie L Hopkins
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Gauri Godbole
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Claire Jenkins
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
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Whole-Genome-Based Public Health Surveillance of Less Common Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Serovars and Untypeable Strains Identifies Four Novel O Genotypes. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.00768-19. [PMID: 31366691 PMCID: PMC6760944 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00768-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and the STEC subgroup enterohemorrhagic E. coli cause intestinal infections with symptoms ranging from watery diarrhea to hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). A key tool for the epidemiological differentiation of STEC is serotyping. The serotype in combination with the main virulence determinants gives important insight into the virulence potential of a strain. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and the STEC subgroup enterohemorrhagic E. coli cause intestinal infections with symptoms ranging from watery diarrhea to hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). A key tool for the epidemiological differentiation of STEC is serotyping. The serotype in combination with the main virulence determinants gives important insight into the virulence potential of a strain. However, a large fraction of STEC strains found in human disease, including strains causing HUS, belongs to less frequently detected STEC serovars or their O/H antigens are unknown or even untypeable. Recent implementation of whole-genome sequence (WGS) analysis, in principle, allows the deduction of serovar and virulence gene information. Therefore, here we compared classical serovar and PCR-based virulence marker detection with WGS-based methods for 232 STEC strains, focusing on less frequently detected STEC serovars and nontypeable strains. We found that the results of WGS-based extraction showed a very high degree of overlap with those of the more classical methods. Specifically, the rate of concordance was 97% for O antigens (OAGs) and 99% for H antigens (HAGs) of typeable strains and >99% for stx1, stx2, or eaeA for all strains. Ninety-eight percent of nontypeable OAGs and 100% of nontypeable HAGs were defined by WGS analysis. In addition, the novel methods enabled a more complete analysis of strains causing severe clinical symptoms and the description of four novel STEC OAG loci. In conclusion, WGS is a promising tool for gaining serovar and virulence gene information, especially from a public health perspective.
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Kirchner M, Sayers E, Cawthraw S, Duggett N, Gosling R, Jenkins C, Dallman TJ, Mueller-Doblies D, Anjum MF. A sensitive method for the recovery of Escherichia coli serogroup O55 including Shiga toxin-producing variants for potential use in outbreaks. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:889-896. [PMID: 31183950 PMCID: PMC6852171 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) cause bloody diarrhoea, kidney failure and occasionally death. However, identifying the source of infection caused by STEC other than serogroup O157 is hampered by the availability of sensitive methods for detecting these pathogens. In this study, we developed novel tools for detecting E. coli O55 that is potentially associated with human outbreaks. METHODS AND RESULTS Overall specificity of immuno-magnetic separation (IMS) beads coated with anti-O55 serum was good with exception of cross-reactivity with E. coli O22 and O23, which was eliminated using an O55-specific PCR. Limit of detection for E. coli O55 using O55-IMS beads in spiked cattle faeces was on average 50 CFU per ml (range 1-90), and improved to <10 CFU per ml using the O55-specific PCR, following IMS on samples enriched for 2 h with E. coli O55. Application of these tools to test cattle faeces collected on-farm allowed the isolation of O55:H19, which through whole genome sequencing was compared to STEC O55:H7 human outbreak strains. CONCLUSION These tools provide a sensitive method which could be used to screen samples for STEC O55, whether environmental or human clinical. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Several human outbreaks reported in England were caused by STEC O55:H7. Tools developed here could assist in identification of the environmental source for these isolates, which has not yet been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kirchner
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - E Sayers
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK.,University of East Anglia/Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - S Cawthraw
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - N Duggett
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - R Gosling
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | - D Mueller-Doblies
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - M F Anjum
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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16
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Kikuchi K, Lee K, Ueno H, Tomari K, Kobori S, Kaetsu A, Matsui M, Suzuki S, Sekizuka T, Kuroda M, Miyazaki M, Ohnishi M. Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O121:H19 acquired an extended-spectrum β-lactamase gene during the development of an outbreak in two nurseries. Microb Genom 2019; 5. [PMID: 31215859 PMCID: PMC6700663 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is an important human pathogen worldwide. Although serotype O157 is currently the most dominant and important EHEC strain, serotypes O26, O111, O91, O103 and O121 are also recognized as serious pathogens that affect public health. EHEC outbreaks often occur in nurseries and elderly care facilities. In 2012, a nursery outbreak of EHEC O121 occurred during which the bacterium acquired a plasmid-borne extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) gene. ESBL-producing E. coli O86 was concurrently isolated from one of the EHEC patients. Therefore, we investigated the isolates by whole-genome sequence (WGS) analysis to elucidate the transmission dynamics of the EHEC strains and the ESBL plasmid. According to WGS-based phylogeny, all 17 EHEC O121 isolates were clonal, while E. coli O86 was genetically distant from the EHEC O121 isolates. The complete sequence of an ESBL plasmid encoding the CTX-M-55 β-lactamase was determined using S1-PFGE bands, and subsequent mapping of the WGS reads confirmed that the plasmid sequences from EHEC O121 and E. coli O86 were identical. Furthermore, conjugation experiments showed that the plasmid was capable of conjugative transfer. These results support the hypothesis that EHEC O121 acquired an ESBL-producing plasmid from E. coli O86 during the outbreak. This report demonstrates the importance of implementing preventive measures during EHEC outbreaks to control both secondary infection and the spread of antimicrobial resistance factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kikuchi
- Saitama City Institute of Health Science and Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenichi Lee
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ueno
- Saitama City Institute of Health Science and Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tomari
- Saitama City Institute of Health Science and Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sumie Kobori
- Saitama City Institute of Health Science and Research, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Mari Matsui
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satowa Suzuki
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motonobu Miyazaki
- Saitama City Institute of Health Science and Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Carroll KJ, Harvey-Vince L, Jenkins C, Mohan K, Balasegaram S. The epidemiology of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections in the South East of England: November 2013-March 2017 and significance for clinical and public health. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:930-939. [PMID: 30994441 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study describes the epidemiology of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections in a population in the South East of England. METHODS From 1 November 2013 to 31 March 2017 participating diagnostic laboratories reported Shiga toxin gene (stx) positive real-time PCR results to local public health teams. Stx positive faecal samples/isolates were referred to the Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit (GBRU) for confirmation by culture and typing by whole genome sequencing (WGS). Key clinical information was collected by public health teams.Results/Key findings. Altogether, 548 faecal specimens (420 were non-travel associated) were stx positive locally, 535 were submitted to the GBRU. STEC were isolated from 42 %, confirmed by stx PCR in 21 % and 37 % were PCR negative. The most common non-travel associated STEC serogroups were O157, O26, O146 and O91. The annualized incidence of confirmed STEC infections (PCR or culture) was 5.8 per 100 000. The ratio of O157 to non-O157 STEC serogroups was 1:7. The annualized incidence of non-O157 haemolytic uraemic syndrome-associated Escherichia coli (HUSEC) strains was 0.4 per 100 000. Bloody diarrhoea was reported by 58 % of cases infected with E. coli O157, 33 % of cases infected with non-O157 HUSEC strains and 12 % of other lower risk non-O157 strains. Overall, 76 % of non-O157 HUSEC isolates possessed the eae virulence gene. CONCLUSIONS HUSEC including serogroup O157 were uncommon and more likely to cause bloody diarrhoea than other STEC. The routine use of stx PCR testing can influence clinical management. Understanding the local epidemiology facilitates a proportionate public health response to STEC, based on clinical and microbiological characteristics including stx subtype(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Carroll
- 1 PHE South East, Surrey and Sussex HPT, Parkside, Chart Way, Horsham RH12 1XA, UK
| | - Lisa Harvey-Vince
- 1 PHE South East, Surrey and Sussex HPT, Parkside, Chart Way, Horsham RH12 1XA, UK
| | - Claire Jenkins
- 2 Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK
| | - Keerthi Mohan
- 3 PHE South East, Thames Valley HPT, Chilton, Oxon, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Sooria Balasegaram
- 4 Field Services, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
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Tang F, Wang J, Li D, Gao S, Ren J, Ma L, Liu F, Zhuge X, Yan G, Lu Y, Dai J. Comparative genomic analysis of 127 Escherichia coli strains isolated from domestic animals with diarrhea in China. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:212. [PMID: 30866824 PMCID: PMC6416869 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Escherichia coli is an important pathogen that causes diarrhea in both humans and animals. To determine the relationships between putative virulence factors and pathotypes or host taxa, many molecular studies on diarrhea-associated E. coli have been reported. However, little is known regarding genome-wide variation of E. coli from animal hosts. In this study, we performed whole genome sequencing of 127 E. coli isolates from sheep and swine with diarrhea in China. We compared isolates to explore the phylogenomic relatedness based on host origin. We explored the relationships of putative virulence factors across host taxa and pathotypes. Antimicrobial resistance was also tested. Results The E. coli genomes in this study were diverse with clear differences in the SNP, MLST, and O serotypes. Seven putative virulence factors (VFs) were prevalent (> 95%) across the isolates, including Hcp, csgC, dsdA, feoB, fepA, guaA, and malX. Sixteen putative VFs showed significantly different distributions (P < 0.05) in strains from sheep and swine and were primarily adhesion- and toxin-related genes. Some putative VFs were co-occurrent in some specific pathotypes and O serotypes. The distribution of 4525 accessory genes of the 127 strains significantly differed (P < 0.05) between isolates obtained from the two animal species. The 127 animal isolates sequenced in this study were each classified into one of five pathotypes: EAEC, ETEC, STEC, DAEC, and EPEC, with 66.9% of isolates belonging to EAEC. Analysis of stx subtypes and a minimum spanning tree based on MLST revealed that STEC isolates from sheep and EAEC isolates from sheep and swine have low potential to infect humans. Antibiotic resistance analysis showed that the E. coli isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin and doxycycline. Isolates from southeast China were more resistant to antibiotics than isolates from northwest China. Additionally, the plasmid-mediated colist in resistance gene mcr-1 was detected in 15 isolates, including 4 from sheep in Qinghai and 11 from swine in Jiangsu. Conclusions Our study provides insight into the genomes of E. coli isolated from animal sources. Distinguishable differences between swine and sheep isolates at the genomic level provides a baseline for future investigations of animal E. coli pathogens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5588-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tang
- Key Lab Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture; Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanfang Wang
- Key Lab Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture; Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezhi Li
- Key Lab Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture; Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Gao
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianluan Ren
- Key Lab Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture; Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqing Ma
- Qinghai Academy of veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Liu
- CAS key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangkai Zhuge
- Key Lab Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture; Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Genqiang Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lu
- Qinghai Academy of veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- Key Lab Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture; Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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Hazard Identification and Characterization: Criteria for Categorizing Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli on a Risk Basis †. J Food Prot 2019; 82:7-21. [PMID: 30586326 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) comprise a large, highly diverse group of strains. Since the emergence of STEC serotype O157:H7 as an important foodborne pathogen, serotype data have been used for identifying STEC strains, and this use continued as other serotypes were implicated in human infections. An estimated 470 STEC serotypes have been identified, which can produce one or more of the 12 known Shiga toxin (Stx) subtypes. The number of STEC serotypes that cause human illness varies but is probably higher than 100. However, many STEC virulence genes are mobile and can be lost or transferred to other bacteria; therefore, STEC strains that have the same serotype may not carry the same virulence genes or pose the same risk. Although serotype information is useful in outbreak investigations and surveillance studies, it is not a reliable means of assessing the human health risk posed by a particular STEC serotype. To contribute to the development of a set of criteria that would more reliably support hazard identification, this review considered each of the factors contributing to a negative human health outcome: mild diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). STEC pathogenesis involves entry into the human gut (often via ingestion), attachment to the intestinal epithelial cells, and elaboration of Stx. Production of Stx, which disrupts normal cellular functions and causes cell damage, alone without adherence of bacterial cells to gut epithelial cells is insufficient to cause severe illness. The principal adherence factor in STEC is the intimin protein coded by the eae gene. The aggregative adherence fimbriae adhesins regulated by the aggR gene of enteroaggregative E. coli strains are also effective adherence factors. The stx2a gene is most often present in locus of enterocyte effacement ( eae)-positive STEC strains and has consistently been associated with HUS. The stx2a gene has also been found in eae-negative, aggR-positive STEC that have caused HUS. HUS cases where other stx gene subtypes were identified indicate that other factors such as host susceptibility and the genetic cocktail of virulence genes in individual isolates may affect their association with severe diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
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- The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meetings on Microbiological Risk Assessment (JEMRA) Secretariat, * Food Safety and Quality Unit, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
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Schutz K, Cowley LA, Shaaban S, Carroll A, McNamara E, Gally DL, Godbole G, Jenkins C, Dallman TJ. Evolutionary Context of Non-Sorbitol-Fermenting Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O55:H7. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1966-1973. [PMID: 29148397 PMCID: PMC5708253 DOI: 10.3201/eid2312.170628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In July 2014, an outbreak of Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O55:H7 in England involved 31 patients, 13 (42%) of whom had hemolytic uremic syndrome. Isolates were sequenced, and the sequences were compared with publicly available sequences of E. coli O55:H7 and O157:H7. A core-genome phylogeny of the evolutionary history of the STEC O55:H7 outbreak strain revealed that the most parsimonious model was a progenitor enteropathogenic O55:H7 sorbitol-fermenting strain, lysogenized by a Shiga toxin (Stx) 2a–encoding phage, followed by loss of the ability to ferment sorbitol because of a non-sense mutation in srlA. The parallel, convergent evolutionary histories of STEC O157:H7 and STEC O55:H7 may indicate a common driver in the evolutionary process. Because emergence of STEC O157:H7 as a clinically significant pathogen was associated with acquisition of the Stx2a-encoding phage, the emergence of STEC O55:H7 harboring the stx2a gene is of public health concern.
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Viable-but-Nonculturable Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica Serovar Thompson Induced by Chlorine Stress Remain Infectious. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.00540-18. [PMID: 29666286 PMCID: PMC5904417 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00540-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiological safety of fresh produce is monitored almost exclusively by culture-based detection methods. However, bacterial food-borne pathogens are known to enter a viable-but-nonculturable (VBNC) state in response to environmental stresses such as chlorine, which is commonly used for fresh produce decontamination. Here, complete VBNC induction of green fluorescent protein-tagged Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica serovar Thompson was achieved by exposure to 12 and 3 ppm chlorine, respectively. The pathogens were subjected to chlorine washing following incubation on spinach leaves. Culture data revealed that total viable L. monocytogenes and Salmonella Thompson populations became VBNC by 50 and 100 ppm chlorine, respectively, while enumeration by direct viable counting found that chlorine caused a <1-log reduction in viability. The pathogenicity of chlorine-induced VBNC L. monocytogenes and Salmonella Thompson was assessed by using Caenorhabditis elegans Ingestion of VBNC pathogens by C. elegans resulted in a significant life span reduction (P = 0.0064 and P < 0.0001), and no significant difference between the life span reductions caused by the VBNC and culturable L. monocytogenes treatments was observed. L. monocytogenes was visualized beyond the nematode intestinal lumen, indicating resuscitation and cell invasion. These data emphasize the risk that VBNC food-borne pathogens could pose to public health should they continue to go undetected.IMPORTANCE Many bacteria are known to enter a viable-but-nonculturable (VBNC) state in response to environmental stresses. VBNC cells cannot be detected by standard laboratory culture techniques, presenting a problem for the food industry, which uses these techniques to detect pathogen contaminants. This study found that chlorine, a sanitizer commonly used for fresh produce, induces a VBNC state in the food-borne pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica It was also found that chlorine is ineffective at killing total populations of the pathogens. A life span reduction was observed in Caenorhabditis elegans that ingested these VBNC pathogens, with VBNC L. monocytogenes as infectious as its culturable counterpart. These data show that VBNC food-borne pathogens can both be generated and avoid detection by industrial practices while potentially retaining the ability to cause disease.
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