1
|
Parkins MD, Lee BE, Acosta N, Bautista M, Hubert CRJ, Hrudey SE, Frankowski K, Pang XL. Wastewater-based surveillance as a tool for public health action: SARS-CoV-2 and beyond. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0010322. [PMID: 38095438 PMCID: PMC10938902 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00103-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) has undergone dramatic advancement in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The power and potential of this platform technology were rapidly realized when it became evident that not only did WBS-measured SARS-CoV-2 RNA correlate strongly with COVID-19 clinical disease within monitored populations but also, in fact, it functioned as a leading indicator. Teams from across the globe rapidly innovated novel approaches by which wastewater could be collected from diverse sewersheds ranging from wastewater treatment plants (enabling community-level surveillance) to more granular locations including individual neighborhoods and high-risk buildings such as long-term care facilities (LTCF). Efficient processes enabled SARS-CoV-2 RNA extraction and concentration from the highly dilute wastewater matrix. Molecular and genomic tools to identify, quantify, and characterize SARS-CoV-2 and its various variants were adapted from clinical programs and applied to these mixed environmental systems. Novel data-sharing tools allowed this information to be mobilized and made immediately available to public health and government decision-makers and even the public, enabling evidence-informed decision-making based on local disease dynamics. WBS has since been recognized as a tool of transformative potential, providing near-real-time cost-effective, objective, comprehensive, and inclusive data on the changing prevalence of measured analytes across space and time in populations. However, as a consequence of rapid innovation from hundreds of teams simultaneously, tremendous heterogeneity currently exists in the SARS-CoV-2 WBS literature. This manuscript provides a state-of-the-art review of WBS as established with SARS-CoV-2 and details the current work underway expanding its scope to other infectious disease targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Parkins
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- O’Brien Institute of Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bonita E. Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicole Acosta
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria Bautista
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Casey R. J. Hubert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Steve E. Hrudey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kevin Frankowski
- Advancing Canadian Water Assets, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiao-Li Pang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Provincial Health Laboratory, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kutkat O, Kandeil A, Moatasim Y, Elshaier YAMM, El-Sayed WA, Gaballah ST, El Taweel A, Kamel MN, El Sayes M, Ramadan MA, El-Shesheny R, Abdel-Megeid FME, Webby R, Kayali G, Ali MA. In Vitro and In Vivo Antiviral Studies of New Heteroannulated 1,2,3-Triazole Glycosides Targeting the Neuraminidase of Influenza A Viruses. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030351. [PMID: 35337148 PMCID: PMC8950700 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop and synthesize new anti-influenza drugs with activity against different strains, resistance to mutations, and suitability for various populations. Herein, we tested in vitro and in vivo the antiviral activity of new 1,2,3-triazole glycosides incorporating benzimidazole, benzooxazole, or benzotriazole cores synthesized by using a click approach. The Cu-catalyzation strategy consisted of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the azidoalkyl derivative of the respective heterocyclic and different glycosyl acetylenes with five or six carbon sugar moieties. The antiviral activity of the synthesized glycosides against wild-type and neuraminidase inhibitor resistant strains of the avian influenza H5N1 and human influenza H1N1 viruses was high in vitro and in mice. Structure–activity relationship studies showed that varying the glycosyl moiety in the synthesized glycosides enhanced antiviral activity. The compound (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-((1-(Benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylmethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate (Compound 9c) had a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 2.280 µM and a ligand lipophilic efficiency (LLE) of 6.84. The compound (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-((1-((1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate had IC50 = 2.75 µM and LLE = 7.3 after docking analysis with the H5N1 virus neuraminidase. Compound 9c achieved full protection from H1N1 infection and 80% protection from H5N1 in addition to a high binding energy with neuraminidase and was safe in vitro and in vivo. This compound is suitable for further clinical studies as a new neuraminidase inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omnia Kutkat
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (O.K.); (Y.M.); (A.E.T.); (M.N.K.); (M.E.S.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (O.K.); (Y.M.); (A.E.T.); (M.N.K.); (M.E.S.); (R.E.-S.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (G.K.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Yassmin Moatasim
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (O.K.); (Y.M.); (A.E.T.); (M.N.K.); (M.E.S.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Yaseen A. M. M. Elshaier
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Menoufia 32897, Egypt;
| | - Wael A. El-Sayed
- Photochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (W.A.E.-S.); (S.T.G.); (F.M.E.A.-M.)
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samir T. Gaballah
- Photochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (W.A.E.-S.); (S.T.G.); (F.M.E.A.-M.)
| | - Ahmed El Taweel
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (O.K.); (Y.M.); (A.E.T.); (M.N.K.); (M.E.S.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Mina Nabil Kamel
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (O.K.); (Y.M.); (A.E.T.); (M.N.K.); (M.E.S.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Mohamed El Sayes
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (O.K.); (Y.M.); (A.E.T.); (M.N.K.); (M.E.S.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Mohammed A. Ramadan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt;
| | - Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (O.K.); (Y.M.); (A.E.T.); (M.N.K.); (M.E.S.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Farouk M. E. Abdel-Megeid
- Photochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (W.A.E.-S.); (S.T.G.); (F.M.E.A.-M.)
| | - Richard Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Life Sciences, Human Link, Dubai 48800, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (G.K.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Mohamed A. Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (O.K.); (Y.M.); (A.E.T.); (M.N.K.); (M.E.S.); (R.E.-S.)
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (G.K.); (M.A.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Detection of H275Y Mutation Conferring Oseltamivir Drug Resistance in Influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 Virus. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.3.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the treatment of influenza, Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) (Oseltamivir and Zanamivir) play a major role. The emergence of variants of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus resistant to Oseltamivir is a matter of great concern as it limits its usage. Therefore, vigilant monitoring for Oseltamivir-resistant viruses has been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Our study aimed to screen the influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus for NAI drug resistance during the outbreak of 2015-16 in North-Western India. A total of 640 H1N1pdm09 virus-positive samples were screened for drug resistance to Oseltamivir by WHO allelic discrimination real-time RT-PCR protocol. The allelic discrimination PCR protocol can detect the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the H275Y mutation is detected by this method which causes resistance to Oseltamivir. Sanger sequencing of partial fragment of NA gene (fragment IV), of 90 samples were performed to confirm the presence of NA-H275Y mutation. Neuraminidase susceptibility of 20 randomly selected isolates to Oseltamivir was tested using NA inhibition chemiluminiscence based assay. Among 640 H1N1pdm09 positive samples tested, H275Y mutation was detected in one sample (0.15%) by PCR and confirmed by Sanger sequencing also. All the 20 isolates tested for NAI susceptibility by NA star assay were found to be sensitive to Oseltamivir. WHO allelic discrimination PCR is an easy, rapid and sensitive method for high-throughput detection of resistance to Oseltamivir. Systematic regular drug resistance surveillance of Influenza A is essential to monitor the emergence and spread of drug-resistant strains.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Z, Cao Z, Deng F, Yang Z, Ma S, Guan Q, Liu R, He Z. Infrared Thermal Imaging of Patients With Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infection: Mixed Methods Analysis. Interact J Med Res 2021; 10:e22524. [PMID: 34420912 PMCID: PMC8414296 DOI: 10.2196/22524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Upper respiratory tract infection is a common disease of the respiratory system. Its incidence is very high, and it can even cause pandemics. Infrared thermal imaging (IRTI) can provide an objective and quantifiable reference for the visual diagnosis of people with acute respiratory tract infection, and it can function as an effective indicator of clinical diagnosis. Objective The aims of this study are to observe and analyze the infrared expression location and characteristics of patients with acute upper respiratory tract infection through IRTI technology and to clearly express the quantification of temperature, analyze the role of IRTI in acute upper respiratory tract diagnostic research, and understand the impact of IRTI in qualitative and quantitative research. Methods From December 2018 to February 2019, 154 patients with acute upper respiratory tract infection were randomly selected from the emergency department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. Among these patients, 73 were men and 81 were women. The subjects were divided into two groups according to the presence of fever, namely, fever and nonfever groups. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the infrared thermal images were performed to compare the results before and after application of the technology. Results Using the method described in this paper, through the analysis of experimental data, we elucidated the role of IRTI in the diagnosis of acute upper respiratory tract infection, and we found that qualitative and quantitative IRTI analyses play important roles. Through the combination of theory and experimental data, the IRTI analysis showed good results in identifying acute upper respiratory tract infection. Conclusions IRTI technology plays an important role in identifying the infrared expression location and characteristics of patients with acute upper respiratory tract infection as well as in the quantification of clear expression of body temperature, and it provides an objective and quantifiable reference basis for elucidating the pathogenesis of these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuopeng Zhang
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - ZanFeng Cao
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangge Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanzheng Yang
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sige Ma
- The First Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianting Guan
- The First Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuosen He
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jones TE. Oseltamivir-Current Dosing Recommendations Reduce the Therapeutic Benefit in Patients With Mild to Moderate Renal Function and/or Large Body Mass: A Review of the Literature With Recommendations to Optimize Dosing, Including the Use of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Ther Drug Monit 2021; 43:103-107. [PMID: 32947554 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oseltamivir is indicated for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza infections. Achieving therapeutic concentrations EARLY in the course of the infection impacts greatly on the magnitude of benefit. Oseltamivir is renally cleared and dose reductions are advised for patients with renal impairment. The purpose of this review was to determine whether these dose reductions facilitate the early attainment of therapeutic concentrations. The review also examined the effect of body mass on the same outcome. METHOD Oseltamivir is administered as a prodrug and converted to the active carboxylate moiety in the liver. Published articles that included oseltamivir carboxylate (OC) pharmacokinetics in patients with renal impairment and those with large body mass were reviewed. Concentrations of OC achieved in the first 24 hours were compared with those from patients with normal renal function and body mass. RESULTS Studies that informed dosage regimens for patients with mild to moderately impaired renal function focused on attaining steady-state concentrations similar to those observed in patients with normal renal function. They overlooked the importance of achieving therapeutic concentrations EARLY in the course of the infection. As a result, many patients will not attain therapeutic concentrations until too late in the infection. This is also true for patients with a large body mass. CONCLUSIONS Current dosing advice for oseltamivir in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment and those with a larger body mass are likely to reduce (or even negate) its efficacy. The first dose should be 75 mg for patients with normal body mass and proportionately larger when body mass is larger. Subsequent doses should be reduced in proportion to the degree of renal impairment. Timely therapeutic drug monitoring can provide invaluable dosing (and other) information to the clinician treating patients with influenza and could improve patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry E Jones
- Pharmacy Department, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Krol E, Wandzik I, Krejmer-Rabalska M, Szewczyk B. Biological Evaluation of Uridine Derivatives of 2-Deoxy Sugars as Potential Antiviral Compounds against Influenza A Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081700. [PMID: 28777309 PMCID: PMC5578090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Due to the limited ability of currently available treatments, there is an urgent need for new anti-influenza drugs with broad spectrum protection. We have previously shown that two 2-deoxy sugar derivatives of uridine (designated IW3 and IW7) targeting the glycan processing steps during maturation of viral glycoproteins show good anti-influenza virus activity and may be a promising alternative approach for the development of new anti-influenza therapy. In this study, a number of IW3 and IW7 analogues with different structural modifications in 2-deoxy sugar or uridine parts were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit influenza A virus infection in vitro. Using the cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay and viral plaque reduction assay in vitro, we showed that compounds 2, 3, and 4 exerted the most inhibitory effect on influenza virus A/ostrich/Denmark/725/96 (H5N2) infection in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for virus growth ranging from 82 to 100 (μM) without significant toxicity for the cells. The most active compound (2) showed activity of 82 μM with a selectivity index value of 5.27 against type A (H5N2) virus. Additionally, compound 2 reduced the formation of HA glycoprotein in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, an analysis of physicochemical properties of studied compounds demonstrated a significant linear correlation between lipophilicity and antiviral activity. Therefore, inhibition of influenza A virus infection by conjugates of uridine and 2-deoxy sugars is a new promising approach for the development of new derivatives with anti-influenza activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Krol
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Ilona Wandzik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Martyna Krejmer-Rabalska
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Boguslaw Szewczyk
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kakuya F, Kinebuchi T, Fujiyasu H, Tanaka R, Okubo H, Kano H. Clinical findings in 10 children with H275Y influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection. Pediatr Int 2015; 57:888-92. [PMID: 25865177 DOI: 10.1111/ped.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the clinical effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors against H275Y influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. A cluster of H275Y influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus with cross-resistance to oseltamivir and peramivir was detected among untreated community patients in Hokkaido, Japan, during the 2013-2014 influenza season. METHODS This was a retrospective observational study. Specimens from nasopharyngeal swabs underwent rapid testing and single-nucleotide polymorphism identification on real-time polymerase chain reaction. We collected clinical data from the H275Y group and a 275H wild-type comparison group. All children were given one of four neuraminidase inhibitors. RESULTS Twenty-eight children infected with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus were analyzed. Ten viruses had the H275Y substitution, while the other 18 had wild-type 275H. Mean fever duration after treatment and after onset was 25.3 h (95%CI: 14.1-36.5) and 48.9 h (95%CI: 34.4-63.3) in the H275Y group, respectively, and 26.1 h (95%CI: 18.7-33.6) and 46.3 h (95%CI: 35.7-56.8) in the 275H group, respectively. In the H275Y group, three patients were treated with oseltamivir, one with peramivir, five with zanamivir, and one with laninamivir. All of them had mild symptoms and received only outpatient care. Fever duration was 7.5-21.0 h and 18.0-66.0 h after treatment and after onset, respectively, in the patients treated with oseltamivir and peramivir, and 20.5-42.0 h and 42.0-88.0 h, respectively, in those treated with zanamivir and laninamivir. CONCLUSION Fever in the H275Y children treated with oseltamivir and peramivir resolved rapidly during the 2013-2014 influenza season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fujio Kakuya
- Department of Pediatrics, Furano Kyokai Hospital, Furano, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Fujiyasu
- Department of Pediatrics, Furano Kyokai Hospital, Furano, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Furano Kyokai Hospital, Furano, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okubo
- Department of Pediatrics, Furano Kyokai Hospital, Furano, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kano
- Clinical Laboratory, Furano Kyokai Hospital, Furano, Hokkaido, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
L'Huillier AG, Abed Y, Petty TJ, Cordey S, Thomas Y, Bouhy X, Schibler M, Simon A, Chalandon Y, van Delden C, Zdobnov E, Boquete-Suter P, Boivin G, Kaiser L. E119D Neuraminidase Mutation Conferring Pan-Resistance to Neuraminidase Inhibitors in an A(H1N1)pdm09 Isolate From a Stem-Cell Transplant Recipient. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1726-34. [PMID: 25985905 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection was diagnosed in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient during conditioning regimen. He was treated with oral oseltamivir, later combined with intravenous zanamivir. The H275Y neuraminidase (NA) mutation was first detected, and an E119D NA mutation was identified during zanamivir therapy. METHODS Recombinant wild-type (WT) E119D and E119D/H275Y A(H1N1)pdm09 NA variants were generated by reverse genetics. Susceptibility to NA inhibitors (NAIs) was evaluated with a fluorometric assay using the 2'-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-α-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid (MUNANA) substrate. Susceptibility to favipiravir (T-705) was assessed using plaque reduction assays. The NA affinity and velocity values were determined with NA enzymatic studies. RESULTS We identified an influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 E119D mutant that exhibited a marked increase in the 50% inhibitory concentrations against all tested NAIs (827-, 25-, 286-, and 702-fold for zanamivir, oseltamivir, peramivir, and laninamivir, respectively). The double E119D/H275Y mutation further increased oseltamivir and peramivir 50% inhibitory concentrations by 790- and >5000-fold, respectively, compared with the WT. The mutant viruses remained susceptible to favipiravir. The NA affinity and velocity values of the E119D variant decreased by 8.1-fold and 4.5-fold, respectively, compared with the WT. CONCLUSIONS The actual emergence of a single NA mutation conferring pan-NAI resistance in the clinical setting reinforces the pressing need to develop new anti-influenza strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud G L'Huillier
- Laboratory of Virology, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Yacine Abed
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Tom J Petty
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Cordey
- Laboratory of Virology, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Yves Thomas
- Laboratory of Virology, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Xavier Bouhy
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Manuel Schibler
- Laboratory of Virology, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Audrey Simon
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva Hospitals
| | - Yves Chalandon
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva Hospitals
| | - Christian van Delden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva Hospitals
| | - Evgeny Zdobnov
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Guy Boivin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Laboratory of Virology, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine University of Geneva Medical School, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Antiviral Drugs for Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus Infections. MANDELL, DOUGLAS, AND BENNETT'S PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015. [PMCID: PMC7152365 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
10
|
Jegaskanda S, Reading PC, Kent SJ. Influenza-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity: toward a universal influenza vaccine. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:469-75. [PMID: 24994909 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for universal influenza vaccines that can control emerging pandemic influenza virus threats without the need to generate new vaccines for each strain. Neutralizing Abs to the influenza virus hemagglutinin glycoprotein are effective at controlling influenza infection but generally target highly variable regions. Abs that can mediate other functions, such as killing influenza-infected cells and activating innate immune responses (termed "Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity [ADCC]-mediating Abs"), may assist in protective immunity to influenza. ADCC-mediating Abs can target more conserved regions of influenza virus proteins and recognize a broader array of influenza strains. We review recent research on influenza-specific ADCC Abs and their potential role in improved influenza-vaccination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinthujan Jegaskanda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Patrick C Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria 3051, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Genome rearrangement of influenza virus for anti-viral drug screening. Virus Res 2014; 189:14-23. [PMID: 24833536 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rearrangement of the influenza A genome such that NS2 is expressed downstream of PB1 permits the insertion of a foreign gene in the NS gene segment. In this report, the genome rearranged strategy was extended to A/California/04/2009 (pH1N1), and Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) or GFP was expressed downstream of the full-length NS1 gene (designated GLucCa04 and GFPCa04, respectively). In growth kinetics studies, culture of amantadine sensitive GLucCa04 (Sens/GlucCa04) in the presence of amantadine significantly decreased GLuc expression and viral titers for 48 h post-infection (hpi). When Sens/GlucCa04 was subsequently used in an in vitro anti-viral screening assay, amantadine treatment significantly decreased GLuc expression from amantadine sensitive compared to amantadine resistant GLucCa04 (Res/GlucCa04) as early as 16 hpi. In in vivo screening studies, DBA mice were treated daily with amantadine from 1 day prior to infection and inoculated with either Sens/GlucCa04 or Res/GlucCa04 alone or as a co-infection with the parental strain. On days 3 and 5 post-infection, lung samples were collected and amantadine treatment was shown to decrease GLuc expression by two orders of magnitude (p<0.05) in Sens/GlucCa04 infected mice. Furthermore, while both Sens and Res/GlucCa04 were highly attenuated, addition of the parental strain to the inoculum yielded clinical disease indicative of GLuc expression and pulmonary viral titers. These findings indicate that the use of GLucCa04 can potentially accelerate in vitro and in vivo anti-viral screening by shortening the time required for virus detection.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
UNLABELLED Avian H7 influenza viruses are recognized as potential pandemic viruses, as personnel often become infected during poultry outbreaks. H7 infections in humans typically cause mild conjunctivitis; however, the H7N9 outbreak in the spring of 2013 has resulted in severe respiratory disease. To date, no H7 viruses have acquired the ability for sustained transmission among humans. Airborne transmission is considered a requirement for the emergence of pandemic influenza, and advanced knowledge of the molecular changes or signature required for transmission would allow early identification of pandemic vaccine seed stocks, screening and stockpiling of antiviral compounds, and eradication efforts focused on flocks harboring threatening viruses. Thus, we sought to determine if a highly pathogenic influenza A H7N1 (A/H7N1) virus with no history of human infection could become capable of airborne transmission among ferrets. We show that after 10 serial passages, A/H7N1 developed the ability to be transmitted to cohoused and airborne contact ferrets. Four amino acid mutations (PB2 T81I, NP V284M, and M1 R95K and Q211K) in the internal genes and a minimal amino acid mutation (K/R313R) in the stalk region of the hemagglutinin protein were associated with airborne transmission. Furthermore, transmission was not associated with loss of virulence. These findings highlight the importance of the internal genes in host adaptation and suggest that natural isolates carrying these mutations be further evaluated. Our results demonstrate that a highly pathogenic avian H7 virus can become capable of airborne transmission in a mammalian host, and they support ongoing surveillance and pandemic H7 vaccine development. IMPORTANCE The major findings of this report are that a highly pathogenic strain of H7N1 avian influenza virus can be adapted to become capable of airborne transmission in mammals without mutations altering receptor specificity. Changes in receptor specificity have been shown to play a role in the ability of avian influenza viruses to cross the species barrier, and these changes are assumed to be essential. The work reported here challenges this paradigm, at least for the influenza viruses of the H7 subtype, which have recently become the focus of major attention, as they have crossed to humans.
Collapse
|
13
|
Dixit R, Khandaker G, Hay P, McPhie K, Taylor J, Rashid H, Heron L, Dwyer D, Booy R. A randomized study of standard versus double dose oseltamivir for treating influenza in the community. Antivir Ther 2014; 20:689-98. [DOI: 10.3851/imp2807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
14
|
Marathe BM, Lévêque V, Klumpp K, Webster RG, Govorkova EA. Determination of neuraminidase kinetic constants using whole influenza virus preparations and correction for spectroscopic interference by a fluorogenic substrate. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71401. [PMID: 23977037 PMCID: PMC3744557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza neuraminidase (NA) enzyme cleaves terminal sialic acid residues from cellular receptors, a process required for the release of newly synthesized virions. A balance of NA activity with sialic acid binding affinity of hemagglutinin (HA) is important for optimal virus replication. NA sequence evolution through genetic shift and drift contributes to the continuous modulation of influenza virus fitness and pathogenicity. A simple and reliable method for the determination of kinetic parameters of NA activity could add significant value to global influenza surveillance and provide parameters for the projection of fitness and pathogenicity of emerging virus variants. The use of fluorogenic substrate 2′-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-α-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid (MUNANA) and cell- or egg-grown whole influenza virus preparations have been attractive components of NA enzyme activity investigations. We describe important criteria to be addressed when determining Km and Vmax kinetic parameters using this method: (1) determination of the dynamic range of MUNANA and 4-methylumbelliferone product (4-MU) fluorescence for the instrument used; (2) adjustment of reaction conditions to approximate initial rate conditions, i.e. ≤15% of substrate converted during the reaction, with signal-to-noise ratio ≥10; (3) correction for optical interference and inner filter effect caused by increasing concentrations of MUNANA substrate. The results indicate a significant interference of MUNANA with 4-MU fluorescence determination. The criteria proposed enable an improved rapid estimation of NA kinetic parameters and facilitate comparison of data between laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bindumadhav M. Marathe
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Vincent Lévêque
- Virology Discovery, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Klaus Klumpp
- Virology Discovery, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Elena A. Govorkova
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Krol E, Wandzik I, Gromadzka B, Nidzworski D, Rychlowska M, Matlacz M, Tyborowska J, Szewczyk B. Anti-influenza A virus activity of uridine derivatives of 2-deoxy sugars. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:90-7. [PMID: 23911991 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are important pathogens that cause respiratory infections in humans and animals. Apart from vaccinations, antiviral drugs play a significant role in controlling spread of the disease. Influenza A virus contains two membrane glycoproteins on the external part of viral envelope: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), which are crucial for productive infection in target cells. In the present work, two derivatives of tunicamycin - uridine derivatives of 2-deoxy sugars (designated IW3 and IW7), which target the glycan processing steps during maturation of viral glycoproteins, were assayed for their ability to inhibit influenza A virus infection in vitro. Using the cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay and viral plaque reduction assay we showed, that both IW3 and IW7 inhibitors exerted significant inhibitory effect on influenza A virus infection in MDCK cells without significant toxicity for the cells. Moreover, tested compounds selectively suppressed viral protein expression in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that the mechanism of their antiviral activity may be similar to this shown previously for other viruses. We have also excluded the possibility that both inhibitors act at the replication step of virus life cycle. Using real-time PCR assay it was shown that IW3 and IW7 did not change the level of viral RNA in infected MDCK cells after a single round of infection. Therefore, inhibition of influenza A virus infection by uridine derivatives of 2-deoxy sugars, acting as glycosylation inhibitors, is a promising alternative approach for the development of new anti-influenza A therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Krol
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dapat C, Kondo H, Dapat IC, Baranovich T, Suzuki Y, Shobugawa Y, Saito K, Saito R, Suzuki H. Neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility profile of pandemic and seasonal influenza viruses during the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 influenza seasons in Japan. Antiviral Res 2013; 99:261-9. [PMID: 23791870 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two new influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), peramivir and laninamivir, were approved in 2010 which resulted to four NAIs that were used during the 2010-2011 influenza season in Japan. This study aims to monitor the susceptibility of influenza virus isolates in 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 influenza seasons in Japan to the four NAIs using the fluorescence-based 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) method. Outliers were identified using box-and-whisker plot analysis and full NA gene sequencing was performed to determine the mutations that are associated with reduction of susceptibility to NAIs. A total of 117 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, 59 A(H3N2), and 18 type B viruses were tested before NAI treatment and eight A(H1N1)pdm09 and 1 type B viruses were examined from patients after NAI treatment in the two seasons. NA inhibition assay showed type A influenza viruses were more susceptible to NAIs than type B viruses. The peramivir and laninamivir IC₅₀ values of both type A and B viruses were significantly lower than the oseltamivir and zanamivir IC₅₀ values. Among influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, the prevalence of H274Y viruses increased from 0% in the 2009-2010 season to 3% in the 2010-2011 season. These H274Y viruses were resistant to oseltamivir and peramivir with 200-300 fold increase in IC₅₀ values but remained sensitive to zanamivir and laninamivir. Other mutations in NA, such as I222T and M241I were identified among the outliers. Among influenza A(H3N2) viruses, two outliers were identified with D151G and T148I mutations, which exhibited a reduction in susceptibility to oseltamivir and zanamivir, respectively. Among type B viruses, no outliers were identified to the four NAIs. For paired samples that were collected before and after drug treatment, three (3/11; 27.3%) H274Y viruses were identified among A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses after oseltamivir treatment but no outliers were found in the laninamivir-treatment group (n=3). Despite widespread use of NAIs in Japan, the prevalence of NAI-resistant influenza viruses is still low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clyde Dapat
- Division of International Health (Public Health), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
HUANG P, LIANG LJ, HOU NM, ZHANG X, SU WZ, YU SY, ZHANG YH, WU J, CHEN WQ. Phylogenetic, molecular and drug-sensitivity analysis of HA and NA genes of human H3N2 influenza A viruses in Guangdong, China, 2007-2011. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141:1061-9. [PMID: 22827898 PMCID: PMC9151889 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268812001318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Annual H3N2 subtype influenza outbreaks in Guangdong, China are a severe public health issue and require ongoing monitoring of emerging viral variants. The variation and evolution of haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of influenza isolates from Guangdong during 2007-2011 and others from GenBank were analysed using Lasergene 7.1 and MEGA 5.05, and serological analysis of antigens was determined by haemagglutination inhibition (HI). Susceptibility to antiviral drugs was correlated with genetic mutations. Phylogenetic analysis and alignment of HA and NA genes were performed on 18 Guangdong isolates and 26 global reference strains. The non-synonymous (dN) evolutionary rate of HA1 was 3.13 times that of HA2. Compared with the A/Perth/16/2009 vaccine HA gene, homologies of Guangdong isolates were between 98.8-99.7% and 98.0-98·4% in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Amino-acid substitutions were found in five epitopes of HA1 from Guangdong isolates between 2007 and 2011, especially in epitopes B (N160K) and D (K174R/N). The K189E/N/Q and T228A mutations in the receptor-binding site (RBS) occurred in the 2010 strains, which affected the antigenicity of HA1. The antigenicity of the epidemic H3N2 isolates in 2010 was somewhat different from that of A/Perth/16/2009. The Guangdong H3N2 isolates were determined to be oseltamivir-resistant with IC50 of 0.396 ± 0.085 nmol/l (n=17) and zanamivir-resistant with IC50 of 0.477 ± 0.149 nmol/l (n=18). Variations were present in epitopes B and D, two sites in the RBS and two glycosylation sites in the Guangdong H3N2 HA1 gene. The majority of the Guangdong H3N2 isolates were sensitive to oseltamivir and zanamivir. Compared to the World Health Organization 2012 vaccine strains, Guangdong H3N2 strains varied genetically and antigenically to some degree.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Viral
- Antigens, Viral
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Biological Evolution
- China/epidemiology
- Disease Outbreaks
- Drug Resistance, Viral
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/physiology
- Genetic Variation
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/genetics
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/metabolism
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Neuraminidase/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Viral
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. HUANG
- Key Laboratory for Emergency Pathogen Detection, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - L.-J. LIANG
- Key Laboratory for Emergency Pathogen Detection, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - N.-M. HOU
- Key Laboratory for Emergency Pathogen Detection, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - X. ZHANG
- Key Laboratory for Emergency Pathogen Detection, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - W.-Z. SU
- Key Laboratory for Emergency Pathogen Detection, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - S.-Y. YU
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y.-H. ZHANG
- Key Laboratory for Emergency Pathogen Detection, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - J. WU
- Key Laboratory for Emergency Pathogen Detection, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - W. Q. CHEN
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Robinson M, Stilianakis NI. A model for the emergence of drug resistance in the presence of asymptomatic infections. Math Biosci 2013; 243:163-77. [PMID: 23524247 PMCID: PMC7094625 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We model the emergence of drug resistance in the presence of asymptomatic cases. The absence of a preclinical state leads to an overestimation of peak incidence. Two reproduction numbers, for drug sensitive or resistant strains, are identified. Drug resistant and sensitive strains can coexist in the population.
An analysis of a mathematical model, which describes the dynamics of an aerially transmitted disease, and the effects of the emergence of drug resistance after the introduction of treatment as an intervention strategy is presented. Under explicit consideration of asymptomatic and symptomatic infective individuals for the basic model without intervention the analysis shows that the dynamics of the epidemic is determined by a basic reproduction number R0. A disease-free and an endemic equilibrium exist and are locally asymptotically stable when R0<1 and R0>1 respectively. When treatment is included the system has a basic reproduction number, which is the largest of the two reproduction numbers that characterise the drug-sensitive (R1) or resistant (R2) strains of the infectious agent. The system has a disease-free equilibrium, which is stable when both R1 and R2 are less than unity. Two endemic equilibria also exist and are associated with treatment and the development of drug resistance. An endemic equilibrium where only the drug-resistant strain persists exists and is stable when R2>1 and R1<R2. A second endemic equilibrium exists when R1>1 and R1>R2 and both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains are present. The analysis of the system provides insights about the conditions under which the infection will persist and whether sensitive and resistant strains will coexist or not.
Collapse
|
19
|
Comparable fitness and transmissibility between oseltamivir-resistant pandemic 2009 and seasonal H1N1 influenza viruses with the H275Y neuraminidase mutation. J Virol 2012; 86:10558-70. [PMID: 22811535 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00985-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited antiviral compounds are available for the control of influenza, and the emergence of resistant variants would further narrow the options for defense. The H275Y neuraminidase (NA) mutation, which confers resistance to oseltamivir carboxylate, has been identified among the seasonal H1N1 and 2009 pandemic influenza viruses; however, those H275Y resistant variants demonstrated distinct epidemiological outcomes in humans. Specifically, dominance of the H275Y variant over the oseltamivir-sensitive viruses was only reported for a seasonal H1N1 variant during 2008-2009. Here, we systematically analyze the effect of the H275Y NA mutation on viral fitness and transmissibility of A(H1N1)pdm09 and seasonal H1N1 influenza viruses. The NA genes from A(H1N1)pdm09 A/California/04/09 (CA04), seasonal H1N1 A/New Caledonia/20/1999 (NewCal), and A/Brisbane/59/2007 (Brisbane) were individually introduced into the genetic background of CA04. The H275Y mutation led to reduced NA enzyme activity, an increased K(m) for 3'-sialylactose or 6'-sialylactose, and decreased infectivity in mucin-secreting human airway epithelial cells compared to the oseltamivir-sensitive wild-type counterparts. Attenuated pathogenicity in both RG-CA04(NA-H275Y) and RG-CA04 × Brisbane(NA-H275Y) viruses was observed in ferrets compared to RG-CA04 virus, although the transmissibility was minimally affected. In parallel experiments using recombinant Brisbane viruses differing by hemagglutinin and NA, comparable direct contact and respiratory droplet transmissibilities were observed among RG-NewCal(HA,NA), RG-NewCal(HA,NA-H275Y), RG-Brisbane(HA,NA-H275Y), and RG-NewCal(HA) × Brisbane(NA-H275Y) viruses. Our results demonstrate that, despite the H275Y mutation leading to a minor reduction in viral fitness, the transmission potentials of three different antigenic strains carrying this mutation were comparable in the naïve ferret model.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zu M, Yang F, Zhou W, Liu A, Du G, Zheng L. In vitro anti-influenza virus and anti-inflammatory activities of theaflavin derivatives. Antiviral Res 2012; 94:217-24. [PMID: 22521753 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The theaflavins fraction (TF80%, with a purity of 80%) and three theaflavin (TF) derivatives from black tea have been found to exhibit potent inhibitory effects against influenza virus in vitro. They were evaluated with a neuraminidase (NA) activity assay, a hemagglutination (HA) inhibition assay, a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for gene expression of hemagglutinin (HA) and a cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay. The experimental results showed that they all exerted significant inhibitory effects on the NA of three different subtypes of influenza virus strains [A/PR/8/34(H1N1), A/Sydney/5/97(H3N2) and B/Jiangsu/10/2003] with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values ranging from 9.27 to 36.55 μg/mL, and they also displayed an inhibitory effect on HA; these inhibitory effects might constitute two major mechanisms of their antiviral activity. Time-of-addition studies demonstrated that TF derivatives might have a direct effect on viral particle infectivity, which was consistent with the inhibitory effect on HA. Subsequently, the inhibitory effect of TF derivatives on the replication of the viral HA gene as assayed by qPCR and on the nuclear localization of the influenza virus vRNP further demonstrated that they may primarily act during the early stage of infection. Interestingly, besides the activity against functional viral proteins, TF derivatives also decreased the expression level of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 during viral infection, expression of which may result in serious tissue injury and apoptosis. Our results indicated that TF derivatives are potential compounds with anti-influenza viral replication and anti-inflammatory properties. These findings will provide important information for new drug design and development for the treatment of influenza virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mian Zu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cheng VCC, To KKW, Tse H, Hung IFN, Yuen KY. Two years after pandemic influenza A/2009/H1N1: what have we learned? Clin Microbiol Rev 2012; 25:223-63. [PMID: 22491771 PMCID: PMC3346300 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.05012-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The world had been anticipating another influenza pandemic since the last one in 1968. The pandemic influenza A H1N1 2009 virus (A/2009/H1N1) finally arrived, causing the first pandemic influenza of the new millennium, which has affected over 214 countries and caused over 18,449 deaths. Because of the persistent threat from the A/H5N1 virus since 1997 and the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus in 2003, medical and scientific communities have been more prepared in mindset and infrastructure. This preparedness has allowed for rapid and effective research on the epidemiological, clinical, pathological, immunological, virological, and other basic scientific aspects of the disease, with impacts on its control. A PubMed search using the keywords "pandemic influenza virus H1N1 2009" yielded over 2,500 publications, which markedly exceeded the number published on previous pandemics. Only representative works with relevance to clinical microbiology and infectious diseases are reviewed in this article. A significant increase in the understanding of this virus and the disease within such a short amount of time has allowed for the timely development of diagnostic tests, treatments, and preventive measures. These findings could prove useful for future randomized controlled clinical trials and the epidemiological control of future pandemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent C C Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Calatayud L, Lackenby A, Reynolds A, McMenamin J, Phin NF, Zambon M, Pebody R. Oseltamivir-resistant pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection in England and Scotland, 2009-2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 17:1807-15. [PMID: 22000349 PMCID: PMC3310668 DOI: 10.3201/eid1710.110117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oseltamivir has been widely used for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection, and by April 30, 2010, a total of 285 resistant cases were reported worldwide, including 45 in the United Kingdom. To determine risk factors for emergence of oseltamivir resistance and severe infection, a case-control study was conducted in the United Kingdom. Study participants were hospitalized in England or Scotland during January 4, 2009-April 30, 2010. Controls had confirmed oseltamivir-sensitive pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infections, and case-patients had confirmed oseltamivir-resistant infections. Of 28 case-patients with available information, 21 (75%) were immunocompromised; 31 of 33 case-patients (94%) received antiviral drugs before a sample was obtained. After adjusting for confounders, case-patients remained significantly more likely than controls to be immunocompromised and at higher risk for showing development of respiratory complications. Selective drug pressure likely explains the development of oseltamivir resistance, especially among immunocompromised patients. Monitoring of antiviral resistance is strongly recommended in this group.
Collapse
|
23
|
Miller HB, Gose RB, Nagata MT, Sciulli RH, Whelen AC. Pacific region influenza surveillance for oseltamivir resistance. J Clin Virol 2012; 54:73-5. [PMID: 22296793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hawaii and the United States-affiliated Pacific islands (USAPI) host over 8 million travelers annually, most of whom originate in Asia, Australia, and the Americas where prevalence of oseltamivir resistance in 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) has been reported to be 2.5-3.5%. OBJECTIVE To survey a collection of samples from Hawaii and the USAPI that had tested positive for the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus by RTI-PCR to assess whether antiviral resistance emerged in these island communities during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. STUDY DESIGN We examined RNA extracted from Hawaiian and USAPI cases for the neuraminidase H275Y mutation associated with oseltamivir resistance by pyrosequencing. RESULTS Two hundred and sixty-three (263) 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) positive specimens were tested and 263/263 (100%) were shown to lack the mutation most commonly associated with oseltamivir resistance. CONCLUSIONS There was no evidence of oseltamivir resistant A(H1N1)pdm09 virus during the 2009 pandemic in the Pacific islands despite considerable travel exposure. Geographic isolation, the lack of a "second wave" of pandemic influenza, judicious antiviral use, aggressive vaccination, and below average tourism due to the global economic crisis may have been contributing factors. Continued surveillance and vigilance is necessary to monitor unpredictable influenza activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather B Miller
- State Laboratories Division, Hawaii Department of Health, Pearl City, HI 96782, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gripe A, ¿seguirá mutando? Med Intensiva 2012; 36:64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medin.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
25
|
Hurt AC, Chotpitayasunondh T, Cox NJ, Daniels R, Fry AM, Gubareva LV, Hayden FG, Hui DS, Hungnes O, Lackenby A, Lim W, Meijer A, Penn C, Tashiro M, Uyeki TM, Zambon M. Antiviral resistance during the 2009 influenza A H1N1 pandemic: public health, laboratory, and clinical perspectives. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2011; 12:240-8. [PMID: 22186145 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A H1N1 2009 virus caused the first pandemic in an era when neuraminidase inhibitor antiviral drugs were available in many countries. The experiences of detecting and responding to resistance during the pandemic provided important lessons for public health, laboratory testing, and clinical management. We propose recommendations for antiviral susceptibility testing, reporting results, and management of patients infected with 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1. Sustained global monitoring for antiviral resistance among circulating influenza viruses is crucial to inform public health and clinical recommendations for antiviral use, especially since community spread of oseltamivir-resistant A H1N1 2009 virus remains a concern. Further studies are needed to better understand influenza management in specific patient groups, such as severely immunocompromised hosts, including optimisation of antiviral treatment, rapid sample testing, and timely reporting of susceptibility results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aeron C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, North Melbourne, VIC, Australia. aeron.hurt@infl uenzacentre.org
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
The 2008-2009 H1N1 influenza virus exhibits reduced susceptibility to antibody inhibition: Implications for the prevalence of oseltamivir resistant variant viruses. Antiviral Res 2011; 93:144-53. [PMID: 22138712 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A naturally-occurring H275Y oseltamivir resistant variant of influenza A (H1N1) virus emerged in 2007, subsequently becoming prevalent worldwide, via an undetermined mechanism. To understand the antigenic properties of the H275Y variant, oseltamivir resistant and susceptible strains of H1N1 viruses were analyzed by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization assays. HI analysis with H1-positive sera obtained from seasonal flu vaccine immunized and non-immunized individuals, and H1-specific monoclonal antibodies, revealed that resistant strains exhibited a reduced reactivity to these antisera and antibodies in the HI assay, as compared to susceptible strains. Neutralization assay testing demonstrated that oseltamivir resistant H1N1 strains are also less susceptible to antibody inhibition during infection. Mice inoculated with a resistant clinical isolate exhibit 4-fold lower virus-specific antibody titers than mice infected with a susceptible strain under the same conditions. Resistant and sensitive variants of 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus did not exhibit such differences. While HA1 and NA phylogenetic trees show that both oseltamivir resistant and susceptible strains belong to clade 2B, NA D354G and HA A189T substitutions were found exclusively, and universally, in oseltamivir resistant variants. Our results suggest that the reduced susceptibility to antibody inhibition and lesser in vivo immunogenicity of the oseltamivir resistant 2008-2009 H1N1 influenza A virus is conferred by coupled NA and HA mutations, and may contribute to the prevalence of this H1N1 variant.
Collapse
|
27
|
Bao JR, Huard TK, Piscitelli AE, Tummala PR, Aleemi VE, Coon SL, Master RN, Lewinski MA, Clark RB. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction/pyrosequencing to characterize neuraminidase H275 residue of influenza A 2009 H1N1 virus for rapid and specific detection of the viral oseltamivir resistance marker in a clinical laboratory. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 71:396-402. [PMID: 22000086 PMCID: PMC7125974 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pandemic 2009 H1N1 is normally susceptible to oseltamivir, but variants harboring the H275Y (CAC → TAC) mutation exhibit resistance. We describe the use of a combined reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)/pyrosequencing approach to identify the H275 residue. A total of 223 specimens were tested with this method: 216 randomly selected clinical specimens positive for 2009 H1N1 and 7 cell-culture supernatants from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC; 4 resistant, 3 susceptible 2009 H1N1 strains). The assay detected H275Y in 1 clinical respiratory sample (0.5%) and all 4 oseltamivir-resistant strains from the CDC; the remaining 215 clinical and 3 susceptible CDC specimens were wild-type. Sanger sequencing confirmed the results for 50 of 50 selected isolates. The RT-PCR/pyrosequencing method was highly specific, producing no amplicons or valid sequences from samples containing non-H1N1 viruses or bacteria. Our findings suggest that this method provides a rapid tool for H275Y detection, with high sensitivity and potential benefit for patient care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian R Bao
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, Chantilly, VA 20151, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Droebner K, Pleschka S, Ludwig S, Planz O. Antiviral activity of the MEK-inhibitor U0126 against pandemic H1N1v and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:195-203. [PMID: 21854809 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic swine influenza A virus is a good example of how this viral infection can impact health systems around the world in a very short time. The continuous zoonotic circulation and reassortment potential of influenza A viruses (IAV) in nature represents an enormous public health threat to humans. Beside vaccination antivirals are needed to efficiently control spreading of the disease. In the present work we investigated whether the MEK inhibitor U0126, targeting the intracellular Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, is able to suppress propagation of the 2009 pandemic IV H1N1v (v=variant) as well as highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) in cell culture and also in vivo in the mouse lung. U0126 showed antiviral activity in cell culture against all tested IAV strains including oseltamivir resistant variants. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate that treatment of mice with U0126 via the aerosol route led to (i) inhibition of MEK activation in the lung (ii) reduction of progeny IAV titers compared to untreated controls (iii) protection of IAV infected mice against a 100× lethal viral challenge. Moreover, no adverse effects of U0126 were found in cell culture or in the mouse. Thus, we conclude that U0126, by inhibiting the cellular target MEK, has an antiviral potential not only in vitro in cell culture, but also in vivo in the mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Droebner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Novel genotyping and quantitative analysis of neuraminidase inhibitor resistance-associated mutations in influenza a viruses by single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:4718-27. [PMID: 21730113 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00316-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are among the first line of defense against influenza virus infection. With the increased worldwide use of the drugs, antiviral susceptibility surveillance is increasingly important for effective clinical management and for public health epidemiology. Effective monitoring requires effective resistance detection methods. We have developed and validated a novel genotyping method for rapid detection of established NA inhibitor resistance markers in influenza viruses by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. The multi- or monoplex SNP analysis based on single nucleotide extension assays was developed to detect NA mutations H275Y and I223R/V in pandemic H1N1 viruses, H275Y in seasonal H1N1 viruses, E119V and R292K in seasonal H3N2 viruses, and H275Y and N295S in H5N1 viruses. The SNP analysis demonstrated high sensitivity for low-content NA amplicons (0.1 to 1 ng/μl) and showed 100% accordant results against a panel of defined clinical isolates. The monoplex assays for the H275Y NA mutation allowed precise and accurate quantification of the proportions of wild-type and mutant genotypes in virus mixtures (5% to 10% discrimination), with results comparable to those of pyrosequencing. The SNP analysis revealed the lower growth fitness of an H275Y mutant compared to the wild-type pandemic H1N1 virus by quantitatively genotyping progeny viruses grown in normal human bronchial epithelial cells. This novel method offers high-throughput screening capacity, relatively low costs, and the wide availability of the necessary equipment, and thus it could provide a much-needed approach for genotypic screening of NA inhibitor resistance in influenza viruses.
Collapse
|