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Preparation and quality control of a new porphyrin complex labeled with 45Ti for PET imaging. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 193:110650. [PMID: 36646031 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to produce and quality control of a new porphyrin complex labeled with 45Ti for PET imaging, so at the first step, the cross-section of 45Sc(p,n)45Ti was investigated by TALYS-1.6 and the optimal target thickness and theoretical yield were calculated by SRIM code. The purified 45Ti was labeled with the anticancer agent of tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) porphyrin (TFPP). The radiochemical purity and the percentage of labeling were evaluated by radiation layer chromatography then the division coefficient of [45Ti]-TFPP was calculated. The dual coincidence imaging system was used for imaging 1 and 2 h after injection [45Ti]-TFPP to rats. Immediately after imaging, the mean percent injected dose per gram and specific activity of different tissues including blood, heart, lungs, stomach, liver, bone, kidney, spleen, intestine, muscle, feces, and skin were measured. The yield of 45Ti production was measured 468 MBq/μAh and the labeling rate was observed more than 98%. The highest activity was observed in the liver (%ID/g = 2.27%, 1 h) and spleen (2.2%, 1 h), respectively, because of the high lipophilic of 45Ti-TFPP. SPECT images showed a significant uptake of radiopharmaceuticals in the abdomen. The labeling rate of 45Ti-TFPP was high and this compound has the potential for clinical application in different ways than PSMA, it can be joined with photodynamic therapy (Severin et al., 2015).
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2
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Alluri SR, Higashi Y, Kil KE. PET Imaging Radiotracers of Chemokine Receptors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175174. [PMID: 34500609 PMCID: PMC8434599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and chemokine receptors have been recognized as critical signal components that maintain the physiological functions of various cells, particularly the immune cells. The signals of chemokines/chemokine receptors guide various leukocytes to respond to inflammatory reactions and infectious agents. Many chemokine receptors play supportive roles in the differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis of diverse tumor cells. In addition, the signaling functions of a few chemokine receptors are associated with cardiac, pulmonary, and brain disorders. Over the years, numerous promising molecules ranging from small molecules to short peptides and antibodies have been developed to study the role of chemokine receptors in healthy states and diseased states. These drug-like candidates are in turn exploited as radiolabeled probes for the imaging of chemokine receptors using noninvasive in vivo imaging, such as positron emission tomography (PET). Recent advances in the development of radiotracers for various chemokine receptors, particularly of CXCR4, CCR2, and CCR5, shed new light on chemokine-related cancer and cardiovascular research and the subsequent drug development. Here, we present the recent progress in PET radiotracer development for imaging of various chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh R. Alluri
- University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Yusuke Higashi
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Kun-Eek Kil
- University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(573)-884-7885
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3
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Ovdiichuk O, Mallapura H, Pineda F, Hourtané V, Långström B, Halldin C, Nag S, Maskali F, Karcher G, Collet C. Implementation of iMiDEV™, a new fully automated microfluidic platform for radiopharmaceutical production. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2272-2282. [PMID: 33912890 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00148e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
iMiDEV™ microfluidic system is a new automated tool for a small-scale production of radiopharmaceuticals. This new radiochemistry module utilizes microfluidic cassettes capable of producing diversified radiopharmaceuticals in liquid phase reactions in an automated synthesizer. The user interface is intuitive and designed to give the operator all the information required and to allow driving the synthesis either manually or fully automatically. In this work, we have demonstrated liquid phase reaction and presented the first results of an efficient fully automated [18F]NaF radiosynthesis on the iMiDEV™ platform. Different parameters such as a type of cyclotron targets, initial activity, concentration and volume of the fluoride-18 targetry have been investigated in order to elaborate the optimised radiolabelling of the ligand. Single and double sodium [18F]fluoride synthesis procedures have been successfully developed using two chambers of the cassette. A single-dose of radiotracer was produced in an average radiochemical yield of 87% (decay corrected) within 8 min and quality control tests were performed as per European Pharmacopoeia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ovdiichuk
- Nancyclotep, Molecular Imaging Platform, 5 rue du Morvan, F-54500 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France.
| | - Hemantha Mallapura
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Florian Pineda
- PMB Alcen, Route des Michels CD56, F-13790 Peynier, France
| | | | | | - Christer Halldin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Sangram Nag
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Fatiha Maskali
- Nancyclotep, Molecular Imaging Platform, 5 rue du Morvan, F-54500 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France.
| | - Gilles Karcher
- Nancyclotep, Molecular Imaging Platform, 5 rue du Morvan, F-54500 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France. and CHRU-Nancy, Department of Nuclear Medicine, F-54000, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Charlotte Collet
- Nancyclotep, Molecular Imaging Platform, 5 rue du Morvan, F-54500 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France. and INSERM U1254 IADI, Université de Lorraine, F-54500 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
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4
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Alluri SR, Kim SW, Volkow ND, Kil KE. PET Radiotracers for CNS-Adrenergic Receptors: Developments and Perspectives. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25174017. [PMID: 32899124 PMCID: PMC7504810 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25174017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) play diverse roles in our body’s physiology. In addition to their role in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), E/NE systems including their receptors are critical to the central nervous system (CNS) and to mental health. Various antipsychotics, antidepressants, and psychostimulants exert their influence partially through different subtypes of adrenergic receptors (ARs). Despite the potential of pharmacological applications and long history of research related to E/NE systems, research efforts to identify the roles of ARs in the human brain taking advantage of imaging have been limited by the lack of subtype specific ligands for ARs and brain penetrability issues. This review provides an overview of the development of positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers for in vivo imaging of AR system in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Reddy Alluri
- University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-5110, USA;
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013, USA;
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013, USA;
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1013, USA
- Correspondence: (N.D.V.); (K.-E.K.); Tel.: +1-(301)-443-6480 (N.D.V.); +1-(573)-884-7885 (K.-E.K.)
| | - Kun-Eek Kil
- University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-5110, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Correspondence: (N.D.V.); (K.-E.K.); Tel.: +1-(301)-443-6480 (N.D.V.); +1-(573)-884-7885 (K.-E.K.)
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Goos JACM, Davydova M, Lengkeek N, Greguric I, Whittaker MR, Quinn JF, Baell JB, Lewis JS, Davis TP. pH-Responsive Polymers for Improving the Signal-to-Noise Ratio of Hypoxia PET Imaging with [ 18 F]Fluoromisonidazole. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000061. [PMID: 32250004 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To improve the signal-to-noise ratio of hypoxia positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, stimuli-responsive polymers are designed for the delivery of the hypoxia PET tracer fluorine-18 labeled fluoromisonidazole ([18 F]FMISO). Linear poly(N-(2-(hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide)) polymers are functionalized with hydrazide linkers that form pH-sensitive acyl hydrazone bonds after their conjugation to an [18 F]FMISO ketone analogue. The release of the [18 F]FMISO ketone analogue from the polymers is considerably faster at a lower pH and its uptake is significantly higher in cancer cells growing under acidic conditions. Additionally, the retention of the PET tracer is significantly higher in hypoxic cells compared to normoxic cells. The delivery of a PET tracer using stimuli-responsive polymers may be an attractive strategy to improve signal-to-noise ratios in PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen A C M Goos
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and MedTechLabs, Karolinska Institute, Solna, 17177, Sweden
| | - Maria Davydova
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Nigel Lengkeek
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Ivan Greguric
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Michael R Whittaker
- Department of Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - John F Quinn
- Department of Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Jonathan B Baell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Thomas P Davis
- Department of Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
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Drake LR, Hillmer AT, Cai Z. Approaches to PET Imaging of Glioblastoma. Molecules 2020; 25:E568. [PMID: 32012954 PMCID: PMC7037643 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the deadliest type of brain tumor, affecting approximately three in 100,000 adults annually. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging provides an important non-invasive method of measuring biochemically specific targets at GBM lesions. These powerful data can characterize tumors, predict treatment effectiveness, and monitor treatment. This review will discuss the PET imaging agents that have already been evaluated in GBM patients so far, and new imaging targets with promise for future use. Previously used PET imaging agents include the tracers for markers of proliferation ([11C]methionine; [18F]fluoro-ethyl-L-tyrosine, [18F]Fluorodopa,[18F]fluoro-thymidine, and [18F]clofarabine), hypoxia sensing ([18F]FMISO, [18F]FET-NIM, [18F]EF5, [18F]HX4, and [64Cu]ATSM), and ligands for inflammation. As cancer therapeutics evolve toward personalized medicine and therapies centered on tumor biomarkers, the development of complimentary selective PET agents can dramatically enhance these efforts. Newer biomarkers for GBM PET imaging are discussed, with some already in use for PET imaging other cancers and neurological disorders. These targets include Sigma 1, Sigma 2, programmed death ligand 1, poly-ADP-ribose polymerase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase. For GBM, these imaging agents come with additional considerations such as blood-brain barrier penetration, quantitative modeling approaches, and nonspecific binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey R. Drake
- Yale PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; (A.T.H.); (Z.C.)
- Department of Radiology and Bioimaging Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Ansel T. Hillmer
- Yale PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; (A.T.H.); (Z.C.)
- Department of Radiology and Bioimaging Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Zhengxin Cai
- Yale PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; (A.T.H.); (Z.C.)
- Department of Radiology and Bioimaging Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Zhao J, Zhang Z, Nie D, Ma H, Yuan G, Su S, Liu S, Liu S, Tang G. PET Imaging of Hepatocellular Carcinomas: 18F-Fluoropropionic Acid as a Complementary Radiotracer for 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose. Mol Imaging 2019; 18:1536012118821032. [PMID: 30799682 PMCID: PMC6322104 DOI: 10.1177/1536012118821032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the preclinical value of 18F-fluoropropionic acid (18F-FPA) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) for imaging HCCs. Methods: The 18F-FPA and 18F-FDG uptake patterns in 3 HCC cell lines (Hep3B, HepG2, and SK-Hep1) were assessed in vitro and in vivo. The 18F-FPA uptake mechanism was investigated using inhibition experiments with orlistat and 5-tetradecyloxy-2-furoic acid. The 18F-FPA PET imaging was performed in different tumor animal models and compared with 18F-FDG. We also evaluated the expressions of glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) in these cell lines. Results: In vitro experiments showed that the radiotracer uptake patterns were complementary in the HCC cell lines. Orlistat and 5-tetradecyloxy-2-furoic acid decreased the uptake of 18F-FPA. The tumor-to-liver ratio of 18F-FPA was superior to that of 18F-FDG in the SK-Hep1 and HepG2 tumors (P < .05). However, in the Hep3B tumors, the tumor-to-liver normalized uptake of 18F-FDG was higher than 18F-FPA (P < .01). FASN was highly expressed in cell lines with high 18F-FPA uptake, whereas GLUT1 was highly expressed in cell lines with high 18F-FDG uptake. The 18F-FPA uptake correlated with FASN (r = 0.89, P = .014) and MMP2 (r = 0.77, P = .002) expressions. Conclusions: PET imaging with 18F-FPA combined with 18F-FDG can be an alternative for detecting HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- 1 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, China.,2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,3 Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translational Application of Medical Radiopharmaceuticals, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanwen Zhang
- 3 Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translational Application of Medical Radiopharmaceuticals, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,4 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Imaging Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,5 Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dahong Nie
- 3 Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translational Application of Medical Radiopharmaceuticals, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,6 Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Ma
- 3 Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translational Application of Medical Radiopharmaceuticals, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,4 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Imaging Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gongjun Yuan
- 3 Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translational Application of Medical Radiopharmaceuticals, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,4 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Imaging Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Su
- 3 Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translational Application of Medical Radiopharmaceuticals, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,4 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Imaging Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoyu Liu
- 3 Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translational Application of Medical Radiopharmaceuticals, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,4 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Imaging Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- 1 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangzhou, China.,2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ganghua Tang
- 3 Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translational Application of Medical Radiopharmaceuticals, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,4 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Imaging Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Syed AK, Woodall R, Whisenant JG, Yankeelov TE, Sorace AG. Characterizing Trastuzumab-Induced Alterations in Intratumoral Heterogeneity with Quantitative Imaging and Immunohistochemistry in HER2+ Breast Cancer. Neoplasia 2019; 21:17-29. [PMID: 30472501 PMCID: PMC6260456 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate imaging and histology-based measurements of intratumoral heterogeneity to evaluate early treatment response to targeted therapy in a murine model of HER2+ breast cancer. BT474 tumor-bearing mice (N = 30) were treated with trastuzumab or saline and imaged longitudinally with either dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or 18F-fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) positron emission tomography (PET). At the imaging study end point (day 4 for MRI or 7 for PET), each tumor was excised for immunohistochemistry analysis. Voxel-based histogram analysis was performed on imaging-derived parametric maps (i.e., Ktrans and ve from DCE-MRI, SUV from 18F-FMISO-PET) of the tumor region of interest to measure heterogeneity. Image processing and histogram analysis of whole tumor slice immunohistochemistry data were performed to validate the in vivo imaging findings. Trastuzumab-treated tumors had increased heterogeneity in quantitative imaging measures of cellularity (ve), with a mean Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) distance of 0.32 (P = .05) between baseline and end point distributions. Trastuzumab-treated tumors had increased vascular heterogeneity (Ktrans) and decreased hypoxic heterogeneity (SUV), with a mean K-S distance of 0.42 (P < .01) and 0.46 (P = .047), respectively, between baseline and study end points. These observations were validated by whole-slice immunohistochemistry analysis with mean interquartile range of CD31 distributions of 1.72 for treated and 0.95 for control groups (P = .02). Quantitative longitudinal changes in tumor cellular and vascular heterogeneity in response to therapy may provide evidence for early prediction of response and guide therapy for patients with HER2+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum K Syed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Ryan Woodall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Jennifer G Whisenant
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Thomas E Yankeelov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712; Department of Diagnostic Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712; Department of Oncology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712; Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712; Livestrong Cancer Institutes, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Anna G Sorace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712; Department of Diagnostic Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712; Department of Oncology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712; Livestrong Cancer Institutes, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712.
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Xu M, Han Y, Liu G, Xu Y, Duan D, Liu H, Du F, Luo P, Liu Z. Preclinical Study of a Fully Human Anti-PD-L1 Antibody as a Theranostic Agent for Cancer Immunotherapy. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4426-4433. [PMID: 30133286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recently, inhibiting the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint pathway utilizing anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibodies has achieved great clinical success in cancer treatment. However, anti-PD-1 immunotherapy cannot be applied to all cancer patients, no more than 25% showed a positive response. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the gold standard to determine the PD-L1 expression level in malignant lesions, but a noninvasive imaging-meditated strategy is urgently required for clinical diagnosis to cover the shortcomings of invasive techniques. MX001, which is an anti-PD-L1 antibody, was labeled with Cu-64 ( t1/2 = 12.7 h) and purified by PD-10 chromatography. Comprehensive studies including positron emission tomography (PET), ex vivo biodistribution, IHC, and immunotherapy have been performed in mice bearing MC38 (PD-L1 positive (+)) and 4T1 (PD-L1 negative (-)) xenografts. PET imaging of [18F]FDG was taken before and after therapy to monitor the therapeutic efficacy. [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-MX001 exhibited 2.3 ± 1.2, 5.6 ± 2.1, 5.6 ± 1.2, 6.1 ± 1.1, 6.1 ± 0.5, and 10.2 ± 1.7%ID/g uptake in MC38 xenografts at 0.5, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 62 h post-injection (p.i.), respectively. Meanwhile, the uptake in the liver and muscle at corresponding time points was 17.5 ± 2.2, 8.4 ± 2.4, 11.3 ± 3.2, 7.2 ± 2.1, 7.9.1 ± 3.5, and 3.8 ± 1.8%ID/g, and 1.2 ± 0.5, 1.3 ± 0.4, 1.5 ± 0.5, 0.7 ± 0.1, 0.6 ± 0.2, and 0.2 ± 0.1%ID/g, respectively. The uptake of [18F]FDG in MC38 and 4T1 xenografts at 1-h p.i. was 5.3 ± 0.4 and 6.4 ± 0.6%ID/g, while the uptake of [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-MX001 was 5.6 ± 0.3 and 1.3 ± 0.4%ID/g at 12-h p.i. IHC analysis confirmed that the MC38 tumor exhibited high PD-L1 expression, and the 4T1 tumor, liver, and muscle exhibited low PD-L1 expression. In addition, MC38 xenografts were suppressed by MX001 about 88% in the immunotherapy study. MX001 was successfully developed as a fully human anti-PD-L1 antibody with a high binding affinity in mouse, monkey, and human. The in vivo pharmacokinetics of MX001 was evaluated with PET imaging after being radiolabeled with Cu-64. The uptake of [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-MX001 was clearly correlated to the PD-L1 expression on various types of cancer. Subsequent immunotherapy studies demonstrated that MX001 could effectively suppress tumor growth with positive PD-L1 expression, but had poor antitumor efficacy on tumors which exhibited low PD-L1 expression. Together with the above results, MX001 has the potential to be further developed as an antibody theranostic agent for both PET imaging and immunotherapy of cancers in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Xu
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Yuxiang Han
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Guizhong Liu
- Adagene (Suzhou) Limited , Suzhou 215000 , China
| | - Yang Xu
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Dongban Duan
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Hui Liu
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Felix Du
- Adagene (Suzhou) Limited , Suzhou 215000 , China
| | - Peter Luo
- Adagene (Suzhou) Limited , Suzhou 215000 , China
| | - Zhibo Liu
- Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,Peking University-Tsinghua University Center for Life Sciences , Beijing 100871 , China
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10
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Artun O. Calculation of productions of PET radioisotopes via phenomenological level density models. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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11
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Wang J, Chao PH, Hanet S, van Dam RM. Performing multi-step chemical reactions in microliter-sized droplets by leveraging a simple passive transport mechanism. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:4342-4355. [PMID: 29164208 PMCID: PMC6530551 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc01009e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing importance of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in research and clinical management of disease, access to myriad new radioactive tracers is severely limited due to their short half-lives (which requires daily production) and the high cost and complexity of tracer production. The application of droplet microfluidics based on electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) to the field of radiochemistry can significantly reduce the amount of radiation shielding necessary for safety and the amount of precursor and other reagents needed for the synthesis. Furthermore, significant improvements in the molar activity of the tracers have been observed. However, widespread use of this technology is currently hindered in part by the high cost of prototype chips and the operating complexity. To address these issues, we developed a novel microfluidic device based on patterned wettability for multi-step radiochemical reactions in microliter droplets and implemented automated systems for reagent loading and collection of the crude product after synthesis. In this paper, we describe a simple and inexpensive method for fabricating the chips, demonstrate the feasibility of prototype chips for performing multi-step radiochemical reactions to produce the PET tracers [18F]fallypride and [18F]FDG, and further show that synthesized [18F]fallypride can be used for in vivo mouse imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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12
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Brown OC, Baguña Torres J, Holt KB, Blower PJ, Went MJ. Copper complexes with dissymmetrically substituted bis(thiosemicarbazone) ligands as a basis for PET radiopharmaceuticals: control of redox potential and lipophilicity. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:14612-14630. [PMID: 28703233 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02008b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper(ii) bis(thiosemicarbazone) derivatives have been used extensively in positron emission tomography (PET) to image hypoxia and blood flow and to radiolabel cells for cell tracking. These applications depend on control of redox potentials and lipophilicity of the bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes, which can be adjusted by altering peripheral ligand substituents. This paper reports the synthesis of a library of new dissymmetrically substituted bis(thiosemicarbazone) ligands by controlling the condensation reactions between dicarbonyl compounds and 4-substituted-3-thiosemicarbazides or using acetal protection. Copper complexes of the new ligands have been prepared by reaction with copper acetate or via transmetallation of the corresponding zinc complexes, which are convenient precursors for the rapid synthesis of radio-copper complexes. Well-defined structure-activity relationships linking ligand alkylation patterns with redox potential and lipophilicity of the complexes are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C Brown
- University of Kent, School of Physical Sciences, Canterbury CT2 7NH, UK.
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13
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Tang J, Pérez-Medina C, Zhao Y, Sadique A, Mulder WJM, Reiner T. A Comprehensive Procedure to Evaluate the In Vivo Performance of Cancer Nanomedicines. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28287606 DOI: 10.3791/55271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspired by the success of previous cancer nanomedicines in the clinic, researchers have generated a large number of novel formulations in the past decade. However, only a small number of nanomedicines have been approved for clinical use, whereas the majority of nanomedicines under clinical development have produced disappointing results. One major obstacle to the successful clinical translation of new cancer nanomedicines is the lack of an accurate understanding of their in vivo performance. This article features a rigorous procedure to characterize the in vivo behavior of nanomedicines in tumor-bearing mice at systemic, tissue, single-cell, and subcellular levels via the integration of positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT), radioactivity quantification methods, flow cytometry, and fluorescence microscopy. Using this approach, researchers can accurately evaluate novel nanoscale formulations in relevant mouse models of cancer. These protocols may have the ability to identify the most promising cancer nanomedicines with high translational potential or to aid in the optimization of cancer nanomedicines for future translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tang
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center;
| | - Carlos Pérez-Medina
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Yiming Zhao
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Ahmad Sadique
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Willem J M Mulder
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
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14
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Abstract
Hybrid imaging systems have dramatically improved thoracic oncology patient care over the past 2 decades. PET-MR imaging systems have the potential to further improve imaging of thoracic neoplasms, resulting in diagnostic and therapeutic advantages compared with current MR imaging and PET-computed tomography systems. Increasing soft tissue contrast and lesion sensitivity, improved image registration, reduced radiation exposure, and improved patient convenience are immediate clinical advantages. Multiparametric quantitative imaging capabilities of PET-MR imaging have the potential to improve understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cancer and treatment effects, potentially guiding improvements in diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Rice
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, 660 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kent P Friedman
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, 660 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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15
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Valliant JF. A Bridge Not Too Far: Linking Disciplines Through Molecular Imaging Probes. J Nucl Med Technol 2016; 44:173-83. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.109.068312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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16
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Cosma S, Salgarello M, Ceccaroni M, Gorgoni G, Riboni F, La Paglia E, Danese S, Benedetto C. Accuracy of a new diagnostic tool in deep infiltrating endometriosis: Positron emission tomography-computed tomography with 16α-[18F]fluoro-17β-estradiol. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2016; 42:1724-1733. [PMID: 27558211 DOI: 10.1111/jog.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Preoperative workup of deep infiltrating endometriosis is limited in the evaluation of extragenital and extrapelvic disease and in distinguishing between the previous surgical scar and active lesion. Histological verification remains the gold standard for diagnosis. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) with an experimental estrogen receptor tracer (16α-[18F]fluoro-17β-estradiol; [18F]FES) for accurate staging and non-invasive diagnosis of the disease. The primary endpoint was the feasibility of this tool on comparison with histology. The secondary endpoint was the accuracy of PET/CT in comparison with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS Four eligible subjects with extragenital endometriosis underwent MRI, PET/CT with [18F]FES, and laparoscopic excision of endometriosis in the same month. Region-by-region analysis was used to compare the findings of the two diagnostic tools with surgical histological specimens obtained during laparoscopy. RESULTS A total of 40 anatomical regions were examined: seven were [18F]FES positive, four were positive on MRI and eight positive on histology. A total of nine regions were discordant. PET/CT agreed with histology in 9/9 of the discrepant findings. CONCLUSION PET/CT with [18F]FES was feasible and had greater accuracy than MRI, particularly in patients with previous surgery. Further studies are needed, however, to investigate its role in bowel endometriosis in sites other than recto-sigmoid junction, nerve localization, and subcentimetric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Cosma
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Matteo Salgarello
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sacred Heart Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | - Marcello Ceccaroni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gynecologic Oncology and Minimally Invasive Pelvic Surgery Unit, International School of Surgical Anatomy, Sacred Heart Hospital, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Gorgoni
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sacred Heart Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | - Francesca Riboni
- Department of Surgical Sciences, SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Ernesto La Paglia
- Department of Hospital Services, SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Saverio Danese
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Benedetto
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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17
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Dhingra VK, Mahajan A, Basu S. Emerging clinical applications of PET based molecular imaging in oncology: the promising future potential for evolving personalized cancer care. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2016; 25:332-41. [PMID: 26752813 PMCID: PMC4693380 DOI: 10.4103/0971-3026.169467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the potential of advanced applications of functional molecular imaging in assessing tumor biology and cellular characteristics with emphasis on positron emission tomography (PET) applications with both 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and non-FDG tracers. The inherent heterogeneity of cancer cells with their varied cellular biology and metabolic and receptor phenotypic expression in each individual patient and also intra-and inter-lesionally in the same individual mandates for transitioning from a generalized “same-size-fits-all” approach to personalized medicine in oncology. The past two decades have witnessed improvement of oncological imaging through CT, MR imaging, PET, subsequent movement through hybrid or fusion imaging with PET/CT and single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT-CT), and now toward the evolving PET/MR imaging. These recent developments have proven invaluable in enhancing oncology care and have the potential to help image the tumor biology at the cellular level, followed by providing a tailored treatment. Molecular imaging, integrated diagnostics or Radiomics, biology-driven interventional radiology and theranostics, all hold immense potential to serve as a guide to give “start and stop” treatment for a patient on an individual basis. This will likely have substantial impact on both treatment costs and outcomes. In this review, we bring forth the current trends in molecular imaging with established techniques (PET/CT), with particular emphasis on newer molecules (such as amino acid metabolism and hypoxia imaging, somatostatin receptor based imaging, and hormone receptor imaging) and further potential for FDG. An introductory discussion on the novel hybrid imaging techniques such as PET/MR is also made to understand the futuristic trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana K Dhingra
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Himalayan Institute Hospital Trust, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India; Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhishek Mahajan
- Department of Radiology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sandip Basu
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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18
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Utility of [18 F]FLT-PET to assess treatment response in trastuzumab-resistant and trastuzumab-sensitive HER2-overexpressing human breast cancer xenografts. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 17:119-28. [PMID: 25034624 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0770-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to evaluate 3'-deoxy-3'-[(18) F]fluorothymidine ([(18) F]FLT) positron emission tomography (PET) as an early marker of trastuzumab response in HER2-overexpressing xenografts. PROCEDURES Tumor-to-muscle ratios were compared between both trastuzumab-sensitive and trastuzumab-resistant cohorts prior to and after one and two treatments. RESULTS A significant difference (P = 0.03) was observed between treated and control trastuzumab-sensitive xenografts after one treatment, which preceded between-group differences in tumor volume. Reduced Ki67 (P = 0.02) and thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) (P = 0.35) immunoreactivity was observed in the treated xenografts. No significant differences in volume, tumor-to-muscle ratio, or immunoreactivity were observed between treated and control trastuzumab-resistant cohorts. A significant difference (P = 0.02) in tumor-to-muscle ratio was observed between trastuzumab-sensitive and trastuzumab-resistant cohorts after two treatments; however, tumor volumes were also different (P = 0.04). Ki67 (P = 0.04) and TK1 (P = 0.24) immunoreactivity was ~50 % less in trastuzumab-sensitive xenografts. CONCLUSIONS [(18) F]FLT-PET provided early response assessment in trastuzumab-sensitive xenografts but only differentiated between trastuzumab-resistant and trastuzumab-sensitive xenografts concurrent with differences in tumor size.
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19
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Kumar JSD, Mann JJ. PET tracers for serotonin receptors and their applications. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2015; 14:96-112. [PMID: 25360773 DOI: 10.2174/1871524914666141030124316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin receptors (5-HTRs) are implicated in the pathophysiology of a variety of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders and are also targets for drug therapy. In the CNS, most of these receptors are expressed in high abundance in specific brain regions reflecting their role in brain functions. Quantifying binding to 5-HTRs in vivo may permit assessment of physiologic and pathologic conditions, and monitoring disease progression, evaluating treatment response, and for investigating new treatment modalities. Positron emission tomography (PET) molecular imaging has the sensitivity to quantify binding of 5-HTRs in CNS disorders and to measure drug occupancy as part of a process of new drug development. Although research on PET imaging of 5-HTRs have been performed more than two decades, the successful radiotracers so far developed for human studies are limited to 5-HT₁AR, 5-HT₁BR, 5-HT₂AR, 5-HT₄R and 5-HT₆R. Herein we review the development and application of radioligands for PET imaging of 5-HTRs in living brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J John Mann
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Box: 42, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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20
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Anzellotti A, Bailey J, Ferguson D, McFarland A, Bochev P, Andreev G, Awasthi V, Brown-Proctor C. Automated production and quality testing of [18F]labeled radiotracers using the BG75 system. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Simões AVC, Pinto SMA, Calvete MJF, Gomes CMF, Ferreira NC, Castelo-Branco M, Llop J, Pereira MM, Abrunhosa AJ. Synthesis of a new 18F labeled porphyrin for potential application in positron emission tomography. In vivo imaging and cellular uptake. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16103g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis, labeling and initial biodistribution studies of a new [18F] radiolabeled meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (radiochemical purity >95%). Includes human bladder tumor cell uptake and biodistribution data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Célia M. F. Gomes
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
- IBILI - Faculty of Medicine
- University of Coimbra
- Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Nuno C. Ferreira
- CNC-IBILI Consortium
- University of Coimbra
- Coimbra
- Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS)
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- CNC-IBILI Consortium
- University of Coimbra
- Coimbra
- Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS)
| | | | | | - Antero J. Abrunhosa
- CNC-IBILI Consortium
- University of Coimbra
- Coimbra
- Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS)
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van der Zwan WA, Bodei L, Mueller-Brand J, de Herder WW, Kvols LK, Kwekkeboom DJ. GEPNETs update: Radionuclide therapy in neuroendocrine tumors. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 172:R1-8. [PMID: 25117465 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is a promising new treatment modality for inoperable or metastasized gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEPNETs) patients. Most studies report objective response rates in 15-35% of patients. Also, outcome in terms of progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival compares very favorably with that for somatostatin analogs, chemotherapy, or new, 'targeted' therapies. They also compare favorably to PFS data for liver-directed therapies. Two decades after the introduction of PRRT, there is a growing need for randomized controlled trials comparing PRRT to 'standard' treatment, that is treatment with agents that have proven benefit when tested in randomized trials. Combining PRRT with liver-directed therapies or with targeted therapies could improve treatment results. The question to be answered, however, is whether a combination of therapies performed within a limited time-span from one another results in a better PFS than a strategy in which other therapies are reserved until after (renewed) tumor progression. Randomized clinical trials comparing PRRT with other treatment modalities should be undertaken to determine the best treatment options and treatment sequelae for patients with GEPNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A van der Zwan
- Department of Nuclear MedicineErasmus MC, University Medical Center, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015CE Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Nuclear MedicineEuropean Institute of Oncology, Milan, ItalyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDepartment of GI OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Lisa Bodei
- Department of Nuclear MedicineErasmus MC, University Medical Center, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015CE Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Nuclear MedicineEuropean Institute of Oncology, Milan, ItalyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDepartment of GI OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jan Mueller-Brand
- Department of Nuclear MedicineErasmus MC, University Medical Center, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015CE Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Nuclear MedicineEuropean Institute of Oncology, Milan, ItalyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDepartment of GI OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Wouter W de Herder
- Department of Nuclear MedicineErasmus MC, University Medical Center, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015CE Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Nuclear MedicineEuropean Institute of Oncology, Milan, ItalyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDepartment of GI OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Larry K Kvols
- Department of Nuclear MedicineErasmus MC, University Medical Center, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015CE Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Nuclear MedicineEuropean Institute of Oncology, Milan, ItalyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDepartment of GI OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Dik J Kwekkeboom
- Department of Nuclear MedicineErasmus MC, University Medical Center, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015CE Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Nuclear MedicineEuropean Institute of Oncology, Milan, ItalyDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity Hospital Basel, Basel, SwitzerlandDepartment of GI OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Chapman DW, Jans HS, Ma I, Mercer JR, Wiebe LI, Wuest M, Moore RB. Detecting functional changes with [(18)F]FAZA in a renal cell carcinoma mouse model following sunitinib therapy. EJNMMI Res 2014; 4:27. [PMID: 26116107 PMCID: PMC4451188 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-014-0027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The multitargeting tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) sunitinib is currently the first-line drug therapy for metastasizing renal cell carcinoma (RCC). TKIs have profound effects on tumor angiogenesis, leading to modifications of the tumor microenvironment. The goal of this study was to determine whether these treatment-induced changes can be detected with [(18)F]FAZA. METHODS The present study utilized positron emission tomography (PET) to analyze tumor oxygenation status during and after sunitinib therapy in the murine Caki-1 RCC tumor model. Dynamic and static scans were performed, as well as ex vivo biodistributions at 3 h post injection (p.i.). Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor tissue was carried out for the quantification of pimonidazole binding and the hypoxia-associated factors CD-31, Ki-67, and Von Willebrand factor (VWF). In addition, in vitro cellular uptake studies were done to analyze the direct effects of sunitinib on the Caki-1 cells. RESULTS During therapy with sunitinib (40 mg/kg/day), uptake of [(18)F]FAZA into Caki-1 mice decreased by 46 ± 5% (n = 4; 5 days) at 3 h post injection (p.i.) during the first study and 22 ± 5% (n = 8; 9 days) during the long-term study, indicating a decrease in the tumor's hypoxia level. However, when drug therapy was stopped, this effect was reversed completely, and the tumor [(18)F]FAZA uptake increased to 126 ± 6% (n = 6) of the control tumor uptake, indicative of an even higher level of tumor hypoxia compared to the therapy starting point. Sunitinib had no direct effect on [(18)F]FAZA uptake into Caki-1 cells in vitro. CONCLUSION [(18)F]FAZA PET could be used to monitor drug response during sunitinib therapy in RCC and may guide combination therapies based on the tumor's hypoxia status.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Chapman
- />Department of Oncology Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, 11560 University Ave, Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 1Z2 Canada
- />Department of Surgery, Walter C Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, University of Alberta, 8440 112 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - Hans-Sonke Jans
- />Department of Oncology Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, 11560 University Ave, Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 1Z2 Canada
| | - Ivy Ma
- />Department of Surgery, Walter C Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, University of Alberta, 8440 112 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - John R Mercer
- />Department of Oncology Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, 11560 University Ave, Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 1Z2 Canada
| | - Leonard I Wiebe
- />Department of Oncology Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, 11560 University Ave, Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 1Z2 Canada
| | - Melinda Wuest
- />Department of Oncology Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, 11560 University Ave, Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 1Z2 Canada
| | - Ronald B Moore
- />Department of Oncology Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, 11560 University Ave, Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 1Z2 Canada
- />Department of Surgery, Walter C Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, University of Alberta, 8440 112 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7 Canada
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PET, MRI, and simultaneous PET/MRI in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for glioma. Drug Discov Today 2014; 20:306-17. [PMID: 25448762 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is the most aggressive brain tumour, resulting in death often within 1-2 years. Current treatment strategies involve surgical resection followed by chemoradiation therapy. Despite continuing improvements in the delivery of adjuvant therapies, there has not been a dramatic increase in survival for glioma. Molecular imaging techniques have become central in the development of new therapeutic strategies in recent years. The multimodal imaging technology of positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) has recently been realised on a preclinical scale and the effect of this technology is starting to be observed in preclinical drug development for glioma. Here, we propose that PET/MRI will play an integral part in the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for glioma.
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Improved Differentiation of Benign and Malignant Breast Tumors with Multiparametric 18Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Feasibility Study. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:3540-9. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Liu Z, Sun X, Liu H, Ma T, Shi J, Jia B, Zhao H, Wang F. Early assessment of tumor response to gefitinib treatment by noninvasive optical imaging of tumor vascular endothelial growth factor expression in animal models. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:818-23. [PMID: 24639458 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.133660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression is upregulated in many types of tumors, and the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib has high potential as an anticancer drug. However, accumulating clinical evidence has indicated that only a subset of patients benefit from gefitinib treatment. This study aimed to determine whether optical imaging of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression can be an early biomarker for tumor response to gefitinib therapy. METHODS A VEGF-targeting fluorescent probe Dye-BevF(ab')2 was prepared and tested in vivo. Longitudinal optical imaging studies using Dye-BevF(ab')2 were performed in both 22B (gefitinib-resistant) and A549 (gefitinib-responsive) tumor models at different times (days 0, 2, and 5) before and after gefitinib treatment. The imaging results were validated by ex vivo immunofluorescence staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Dye-BevF(ab')2 exhibited high specificity for VEGF in vivo. There was no significant change in the Dye-BevF(ab')2 uptake in gefitinib-treated 22B tumors, compared with the control group. In contrast, the A549 tumor uptake of Dye-BevF(ab')2 in the gefitinib-treated group was significantly lower on days 2 and 5 than that in the control group and at the baseline. An in vivo gefitinib treatment study confirmed that 22B tumors were gefitinib-resistant, whereas A549 tumors were gefitinib-responsive. Immunofluorescence staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed that changes in the Dye-BevF(ab')2 uptake were correlated with VEGF expression levels in tumors. CONCLUSION Optical imaging of VEGF expression with Dye-BevF(ab')2 can be used for the early assessment of tumor response to gefitinib therapy. This approach may also be valuable for preclinical high-throughput screening of novel antiangiogenic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofei Liu
- Medical Isotopes Research Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
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27
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Lai CH, Yen TC. When and how often should PET scans be performed in the management of cervical cancer? Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 10:983-6. [DOI: 10.1586/era.10.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Practical dynamic contrast enhanced MRI in small animal models of cancer: data acquisition, data analysis, and interpretation. Pharmaceutics 2013; 4:442-78. [PMID: 23105959 PMCID: PMC3480221 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics4030442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) consists of the continuous acquisition of images before, during, and after the injection of a contrast agent. DCE-MRI allows for noninvasive evaluation of tumor parameters related to vascular perfusion and permeability and tissue volume fractions, and is frequently employed in both preclinical and clinical investigations. However, the experimental and analytical subtleties of the technique are not frequently discussed in the literature, nor are its relationships to other commonly used quantitative imaging techniques. This review aims to provide practical information on the development, implementation, and validation of a DCE-MRI study in the context of a preclinical study (though we do frequently refer to clinical studies that are related to these topics).
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Co(salen)-mediated enantioselective radiofluorination of epoxides. Radiosynthesis of enantiomerically enriched [18F]F-MISO via kinetic resolution. J Fluor Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Whisenant JG, Peterson TE, Fluckiger JU, Tantawy MN, Ayers GD, Yankeelov TE. Reproducibility of static and dynamic (18)F-FDG, (18)F-FLT, and (18)F-FMISO MicroPET studies in a murine model of HER2+ breast cancer. Mol Imaging Biol 2013; 15:87-96. [PMID: 22644988 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-012-0564-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study is to determine the reproducibility of static 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose ((18)F-FDG), 3'-deoxy-3'-[(18)F]fluorothymidine ((18)F-FLT), and [(18)F]-fluoromisonidazole ((18)F-FMISO) microPET measurements, as well as kinetic parameters returned from analyses of dynamic (18)F-FLT and (18)F-FMISO data. PROCEDURES HER2+ xenografts were established in nude mice. Dynamic data were acquired for 60 min, followed by a repeat injection and second scan 6 h later. Reproducibility was assessed for the percent-injected dose per gram (%ID/g) for each radiotracer, and with kinetic parameters (K (1) -k (4) , K ( i )) for (18)F-FLT and (18)F-FMISO. RESULTS The value needed to reflect a change in tumor physiology is given by the 95 % confidence interval (CI), which is ±14, ±5, and ±6 % for (18)F-FDG (n = 12), (18)F-FLT (n = 11), and (18)F-FMISO (n = 11) %ID/g, respectively. V ( d ) (=K (1) /k (2)), k (3), and K (FLT) are the most reproducible (18)F-FLT (n = 9) kinetic parameters, with 95 % CIs of ±18, ±10, and ±18 %, respectively. V ( d ) and K (FMISO) are the most reproducible (18)F-FMISO kinetic parameters (n = 7) with 95 % CIs of ±16 and ±14 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Percent-injected dose per gram measurements are reproducible and appropriate for detecting treatment-induced changes. Kinetic parameters have larger threshold values, but are potentially sufficiently reproducible to detect treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer G Whisenant
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave. South, MCN AA-1105, Nashville, TN 37232-2675, USA
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Deford-Watts LM, Mintz A, Kridel SJ. The potential of ¹¹C-acetate PET for monitoring the Fatty acid synthesis pathway in Tumors. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2013; 14:300-12. [PMID: 23597406 DOI: 10.2174/1389201011314030006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a molecular imaging modality that provides the opportunity to rapidly and non-invasively visualize tumors derived from multiple organs. In order to do so, PET utilizes radiotracers, such as ¹⁸F-FDG and ¹¹C-acetate, whose uptake coincides with altered metabolic pathways within tumors. Increased expression and activity of enzymes in the fatty acid synthesis pathway is a frequent hallmark of cancer cells. As a result, this pathway has become a prime target for therapeutic intervention. Although multiple drugs have been developed that both directly and indirectly interfere with fatty acid synthesis, an optimal means to assess their efficacy is lacking. Given that ¹¹Cacetate is directly linked to the fatty acid synthesis pathway, this probe provides a unique opportunity to monitor lipogenic tumors by PET. Herein, we review the relevance of the fatty acid synthesis pathway in cancer. Furthermore, we address the potential utility of ¹¹C-acetate PET in imaging tumors, especially those that are not FDG-avid. Last, we discuss several therapeutic interventions that could benefit from ¹¹C-acetate PET to monitor therapeutic response in patients with certain types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Deford-Watts
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Cunha S, Gano L, Morais GR, Thiemann T, Oliveira MC. Progesterone receptor targeting with radiolabelled steroids: an approach in predicting breast cancer response to therapy. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:223-41. [PMID: 23669457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Steroid receptors have demonstrated to be potentially useful biological targets for the diagnosis and therapy follow-up of hormonally responsive cancers. The over-expression of these proteins in human cancer cells as well as their binding characteristics provides a favourable mechanism for the localization of malignant tumours. The need for newer and more selective probes to non-invasively assess steroid receptor expression in hormone-responsive tumours has encouraged the synthesis and the biological evaluation of several steroidal derivatives labelled with positron and gamma emitters. The physiological effects of the steroid hormone progesterone are mediated by the progesterone receptor (PR). Since PR expression is stimulated by the oestrogen receptor (ER), PR status has been considered as a biomarker of ER activity and its value for predicting and monitoring therapeutic efficacy of hormonal therapy has been studied. Imaging of PR-expressing breast cancer patients under hormonal therapy may be advantageous, since the response to therapy can be more accurately predicted after quantification of both ER and PR status. Thus, ligands for PR targeting, although much less explored than ER ligands, have gained some importance lately as potential PET and SPECT tumour imaging agents. In this review, we present a brief survey of explored approaches for progesterone targeting using radiolabelled progestins as potential clinical probes to predict responsiveness to breast cancer therapy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Synthesis and biological testing of steroid derivatives as inhibitors".
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cunha
- Unidade de Ciências Químicas e Radiofarmacêuticas, IST/ITN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686-953 Sacavém, Portugal
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Natarajan A, Gowrishankar G, Nielsen CH, Wang S, Iagaru A, Goris ML, Gambhir SS. Positron emission tomography of 64Cu-DOTA-Rituximab in a transgenic mouse model expressing human CD20 for clinical translation to image NHL. Mol Imaging Biol 2013; 14:608-16. [PMID: 22231277 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-011-0537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to evaluate (64)Cu-DOTA-rituximab (PETRIT) in a preclinical transgenic mouse model expressing human CD20 for potential clinical translation. PROCEDURES (64)Cu was chelated to DOTA-rituximab. Multiple radiolabeling, quality assurance, and imaging experiments were performed. The human CD20 antigen was expressed in B cells of transgenic mice (CD20TM). The mice groups studied were: (a) control (nude mice, n = 3) that received 7.4 MBq/dose, (b) with pre-dose (CD20TM, n = 6) received 2 mg/kg pre-dose of cold rituximab prior to PETRIT of 7.4 MBq/dose, and (c) without pre-dose (CD20TM, n = 6) PETRIT alone received 7.4 MBq/dose. Small animal PET was used to image mice at various time points (0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48, and 72 h). The OLINDA/EXM software was used to determine the human equivalent dose for individual organs. RESULTS PETRIT was obtained with a specific activity of 545 ± 38.91 MBq/nmole, radiochemical purity >95%, and immunoreactivity >75%. At 24 h, spleenic uptake of PETRIT%ID/g (mean ± STD) with and without pre-dose was 1.76 ± 0.43% and 16.5 ± 0.45%, respectively (P value = 0.01). Liver uptake with and without pre-dose was 0.41 ± 0.51% and 0.52 ± 0.17% (P value = 0.86), respectively. The human equivalents of highest dose organs with and without pre-dose are osteogenic cells at 30.8 ± 0.4 μSv/MBq and the spleen at 99 ± 4 μSv/MBq, respectively. CONCLUSIONS PET imaging with PETRIT in huCD20 transgenic mice provided human dosimetry data for eventual applications in non-Hodgkins lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arutselvan Natarajan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Cuaron J, Dunphy M, Rimner A. Role of FDG-PET scans in staging, response assessment, and follow-up care for non-small cell lung cancer. Front Oncol 2013; 2:208. [PMID: 23316478 PMCID: PMC3539654 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The integral role of positron-emission tomography (PET) using the glucose analog tracer fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in the staging of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is well established. Evidence is emerging for the role of PET in response assessment to neoadjuvant therapy, combined-modality therapy, and early detection of recurrence. Here, we review the current literature on these aspects of PET in the management of NSCLC. FDG-PET, particularly integrated (18)F-FDG-PET/CT, scans have become a standard test in the staging of local tumor extent, mediastinal lymph node involvement, and distant metastatic disease in NSCLC. (18)F-FDG-PET sensitivity is generally superior to computed tomography (CT) scans alone. Local tumor extent and T stage can be more accurately determined with FDG-PET in certain cases, especially in areas of post-obstructive atelectasis or low CT density variation. FDG-PET sensitivity is decreased in tumors <1 cm, at least in part due to respiratory motion. False-negative results can occur in areas of low tumor burden, e.g., small lymph nodes or ground-glass opacities. (18)F-FDG-PET-CT nodal staging is more accurate than CT alone, as hilar and mediastinal involvement is often detected first on (18)F-FDG-PET scan when CT criteria for malignant involvement are not met. (18)F-FDG-PET scans have widely replaced bone scintography for assessing distant metastases, except for the brain, which still warrants dedicated brain imaging. (18)F-FDG uptake has also been shown to vary between histologies, with adenocarcinomas generally being less FDG avid than squamous cell carcinomas. (18)F-FDG-PET scans are useful to detect recurrences, but are currently not recommended for routine follow-up. Typically, patients are followed with chest CT scans every 3-6 months, using (18)F-FDG-PET to evaluate equivocal CT findings. As high (18)F-FDG uptake can occur in infectious, inflammatory, and other non-neoplastic conditions, (18)F-FDG-PET-positive findings require pathological confirmation in most cases. There is increased interest in the prognostic and predictive role of FDG-PET scans. Studies show that absence of metabolic response to neoadjuvant therapy correlates with poor pathologic response, and a favorable (18)F-FDG-PET response appears to be associated with improved survival. Further work is underway to identify subsets of patients that might benefit individualized management based on FDG-PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Cuaron
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA
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van der Born D, Herscheid J(KDM, Orru RVA, Vugts DJ. Efficient synthesis of [18F]trifluoromethane and its application in the synthesis of PET tracers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:4018-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc37833k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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van Vliet EI, Teunissen JJM, Kam BLR, de Jong M, Krenning EP, Kwekkeboom DJ. Treatment of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors with peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. Neuroendocrinology 2013; 97:74-85. [PMID: 22237390 DOI: 10.1159/000335018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The primary treatment of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEPNETs) is surgery with curative intent or debulking of the tumor mass. In case of metastatic disease, cytoreductive options are limited. A relatively new therapeutic modality, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with radiolabeled somatostatin analogs, is currently available in a number of mostly European centers. Complete and partial responses obtained after treatment with [90Y-DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotide are in the same range as after treatment with [177Lu-DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotate (i.e. 10-30%). However, significant nephrotoxicity has been observed after treatment with [90Y-DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotide. Options to improve PRRT may include combinations of radioactive labeled somatostatin analogs, intra-arterial administration, and the use of radiosensitizing drugs combined with PRRT. Other therapeutic applications of PRRT may include additional therapy cycles in patients with progressive disease after benefit from initial therapy, PRRT in adjuvant or neoadjuvant setting, or PRRT combined with new targeted therapies, such as sunitinib or everolimus. Randomized clinical trials comparing PRRT with other treatment modalities, or comparing various radioactive labeled somatostatin analogs should be undertaken to determine the best treatment options and treatment sequelae for patients with GEPNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther I van Vliet
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Sharma B, Martin A, Stanway S, Johnston SRD, Constantinidou A. Imaging in oncology--over a century of advances. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2012; 9:728-37. [PMID: 23149892 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 120 years, the discipline of oncology has evolved so that a multitude of anatomical and increasingly complex functional imaging techniques are now applicable in both clinical and research platforms. This Timeline article revisits the achievements of the pioneer techniques in cancer imaging, discusses how these techniques have changed over time, provides some examples of clinical importance, and ventures to explain how imaging will remodel the future of modern oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuey Sharma
- Department of Imaging, Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London, UK
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PET imaging: implications for the future of therapy monitoring with PET/CT in oncology. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:569-75. [PMID: 22901680 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Among the methods based on molecular imaging, the measure of the tracer uptake variation between a baseline and follow-up scan with the SUV and [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT is a very powerful tool for assessing response to treatment in oncology. However, the development of new targeted therapeutics and tissue pharmacokinetic evaluation of existing ones are increasingly requiring therapy monitoring with alternative tracers and indicators. In parallel, the potential predictive and prognostic value of other image-derived parameters, such as tumour volume and textural features, relating to tumoral heterogeneity, has recently emerged from several works.
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Yang JJ, Kularatne SA, Chen X, Low PS, Wang E. Characterization of in vivo disulfide-reduction mediated drug release in mouse kidneys. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:310-7. [PMID: 22171616 DOI: 10.1021/mp200483t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Due to the overexpression of a folate receptor (FR) on many malignant cells, folate-targeted drugs have been developed to improve the cancer specificity of chemotherapeutic agents. Therapeutic index is further enhanced with the use of self-immolative linkers that efficiently release the attached drug upon cellular internalization of the folate-drug conjugate. Because FR is also abundant in normal kidney proximal tubule (PT) cells, we sought to examine in real time the trafficking and release of folate-targeted drugs in the kidney in vivo. Thus, we conducted two-photon kidney imaging studies in mice utilizing a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) based folate conjugate that undergoes a color shift from red to green upon reduction of the disulfide bond linking folate to a surrogate drug molecule. Following infusion via intravenous injection, folate-FRET reached the kidney in its intact unreduced form. The folate-FRET conjugate was then filtered into the lumen of PT, where it was efficiently captured by FR. As FR transcytosed across PT, some disulfide reduction occurred, with reduced folate-FRET detectable in PT vesicles 30 min postinjection. Prolonged monitoring of folate-FRET in mice showed modest progression of reduction in PT cells over time. Moreover, inhibition of FR trafficking in PT cells by colchicine did not significantly affect the rate or extent of folate-FRET reduction. Finally, the lack of cytosolic accumulation of released drug surrogate in the PT suggests that drug release via disulfide bond reduction should cause little kidney toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun J Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Corot C, Idée JM, Raynaud JS, Salazar JF, Catoen S. Applications de l’imagerie pour l’étude de la biodistribution et du métabolisme de nouvelles molécules. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2012; 70:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Han MW, Lee HJ, Cho KJ, Kim JS, Roh JL, Choi SH, Nam SY, Kim SY. Role of FDG-PET as a biological marker for predicting the hypoxic status of tongue cancer. Head Neck 2011; 34:1395-402. [PMID: 22052623 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine whether 2-[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) could serve as a useful technique predicting tumor hypoxia and prognosis in tongue cancer, we assessed the relationship between FDG uptake and the levels of hypoxia-related markers. METHODS Tumor uptake of FDG in 33 patients with T2 tongue cancer was assessed by measuring maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax). Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, carbonic anhydrase (CA)-9, glucose transporter (GLUT)-1, and erythropoietin receptor (EPOR), was determined by immunohistochemical staining. Correlation between SUVmax and the expression of hypoxia-related markers was assessed and multivariate analysis was performed to determine what parameters affected clinical outcomes. RESULTS We observed strong correlations between SUVmax and expression of HIF-1α (p < .05), CA-9 (p < .01), and GLUT-1 (p < .01). SUVmax, HIF-1α expression, and tumor grade were significant independent predictors of disease-free survival (DFS). CONCLUSION SUVmax may be a good noninvasive biomarker for prediction of hypoxic status and prognosis of patients with T2 tongue cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Woul Han
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Molecular imaging of the small renal mass. Urol Oncol 2011; 29:589-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Rice SL, Roney CA, Daumar P, Lewis JS. The next generation of positron emission tomography radiopharmaceuticals in oncology. Semin Nucl Med 2011; 41:265-82. [PMID: 21624561 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Although (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) is still the most widely used positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer, there are a few well-known limitations to its use. The last decade has seen the development of new PET probes for in vivo visualization of specific molecular targets, along with important technical advances in the production of positron-emitting radionuclides and their related labeling methods. As such, a broad range of new PET tracers are in preclinical development or have recently entered clinical trials. The topics covered in this review include labeling methods, biological targets, and the most recent preclinical or clinical data of some of the next generation of PET radiopharmaceuticals. This review, which is by no means exhaustive, has been separated into sections related to the PET radionuclide used for radiolabeling: fluorine-18, for the labeling of agents such as FACBC, FDHT, choline, and Galacto-RGD; carbon-11, for the labeling of choline; gallium-68, for the labeling of peptides such as DOTATOC and bombesin analogs; and the long-lived radionuclides iodine-124 and zirconium-89 for the labeling of monoclonal antibodies cG250, and J591 and trastuzumab, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Rice
- Radiochemistry Service, Department of Radiology and Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
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Ueda M, Kudo T, Mutou Y, Umeda IO, Miyano A, Ogawa K, Ono M, Fujii H, Kizaka-Kondoh S, Hiraoka M, Saji H. Evaluation of [125I]IPOS as a molecular imaging probe for hypoxia-inducible factor-1-active regions in a tumor: comparison among single-photon emission computed tomography/X-ray computed tomography imaging, autoradiography, and immunohistochemistry. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:2090-6. [PMID: 21824221 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To image hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1)-active tumors, we previously developed a chimeric protein probe ([(123/125) I]IPOS) that is degraded in the same manner as HIF-1α under normoxic conditions. In the present study, we aim to show that the accumulation of radioiodinated POS reflects the expression of HIF-1. In vivo single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/X-ray CT (CT) imaging, autoradiography, and double-fluorescent immunostaining for HIF-1α and pimonidazole (PIMO) were carried out 24 h after the injection of [(125) I]IPOS. Tumor metabolite analysis was also carried out. A tumor was clearly visualized by multi-pinhole, high-resolution SPECT/CT imaging with [(125) I]IPOS. The obtained images were in accordance with the corresponding autoradiograms and with the results of ex vivo biodistribution. A metabolite analysis revealed that 77% of the radioactivity was eluted in the macromolecular fraction, suggesting that the radioactivity mainly existed as [(125) I]IPOS in the tumors. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the HIF-1α-positive areas and PIMO-positive areas were not always identical, only some of the regions were positive for both markers. The areas showing [(125) I]IPOS accumulation were positively and significantly correlated with the HIF-1α-positive areas (R = 0.75, P < 0.0001). The correlation coefficient between [(125) I]IPOS-accumulated areas and HIF-1α-positive areas was significantly greater than that between the [(125) I]IPOS-accumulated areas and the PIMO-positive areas (P < 0.01). These findings indicate that [(125) I]IPOS accumulation reflects HIF-1 expression. Thus, [(123/125) I]IPOS can serve as a useful probe for the molecular imaging of HIF-1-active tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Ueda
- Radioisotopes Research Laboratory, Kyoto University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Vallabhajosula S, Solnes L, Vallabhajosula B. A Broad Overview of Positron Emission Tomography Radiopharmaceuticals and Clinical Applications: What Is New? Semin Nucl Med 2011; 41:246-64. [PMID: 21624560 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Zeglis BM, Lewis JS. A practical guide to the construction of radiometallated bioconjugates for positron emission tomography. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:6168-95. [PMID: 21442098 PMCID: PMC3773488 DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01595d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) has become a vital imaging modality in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, most notably cancer. A wide array of small molecule PET radiotracers have been developed that employ the short half-life radionuclides (11)C, (13)N, (15)O, and (18)F. However, PET radiopharmaceuticals based on biomolecular targeting vectors have been the subject of dramatically increased research in both the laboratory and the clinic. Typically based on antibodies, oligopeptides, or oligonucleotides, these tracers have longer biological half-lives than their small molecule counterparts and thus require labeling with radionuclides with longer, complementary radioactive half-lives, such as the metallic isotopes (64)Cu, (68)Ga, (86)Y, and (89)Zr. Each bioconjugate radiopharmaceutical has four component parts: biomolecular vector, radiometal, chelator, and covalent link between chelator and biomolecule. With the exception of the radiometal, a tremendous variety of choices exists for each of these pieces, and a plethora of different chelation, conjugation, and radiometallation strategies have been utilized to create agents ranging from (68)Ga-labeled pentapeptides to (89)Zr-labeled monoclonal antibodies. Herein, the authors present a practical guide to the construction of radiometal-based PET bioconjugates, in which the design choices and synthetic details of a wide range of biomolecular tracers from the literature are collected in a single reference. In assembling this information, the authors hope both to illuminate the diverse methods employed in the synthesis of these agents and also to create a useful reference for molecular imaging researchers both experienced and new to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Zeglis
- Department of Radiology and Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. Fax: (646)-888-3039; Tel: (646)-888-3038
| | - Jason S. Lewis
- Department of Radiology and Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. Fax: (646)-888-3039; Tel: (646)-888-3038
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47
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Lippert TH, Ruoff HJ, Volm M. Current status of methods to assess cancer drug resistance. Int J Med Sci 2011; 8:245-53. [PMID: 21487568 PMCID: PMC3074090 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.8.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is the main cause of the failure of chemotherapy of malignant tumors, resistance being either preexisting (intrinsic resistance) or induced by the drugs (acquired resistance). At present, resistance is usually diagnosed during treatment after a long period of drug administration.In the present paper, methods for a rapid assessment of drug resistance are described. Three main classes of test procedures can be found in the literature, i.e. fresh tumor cell culture tests, cancer biomarker tests and positron emission tomography (PET) tests. The methods are based on the evaluation of molecular processes, i.e. metabolic activities of cancer cells. Drug resistance can be diagnosed before treatment in-vitro with fresh tumor cell culture tests, and after a short time of treatment in-vivo with PET tests. Cancer biomarker tests, for which great potential has been predicted, are largely still in the development stage. Individual resistance surveillance with tests delivering rapid results signifies progress in cancer therapy management, by providing the possibility to avoid drug therapies that are ineffective and only harmful.
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Abstract
Imaging has become an indispensable tool in the study of cancer biology and in clinical prognosis and treatment. The rapid advances in high resolution fluorescent imaging at single cell level and MR/PET/CT image registration, combined with new molecular probes of cell types and metabolic states, will allow the physical scales imaged by each to be bridged. This holds the promise of translation of basic science insights at the single cell level to clinical application. In this article, we describe the recent advances in imaging at the macro- and micro-scale and how these advances are synergistic with new imaging agents, reporters, and labeling schemes. Examples of new insights derived from the different scales of imaging and relevant probes are discussed in the context of cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Condeelis
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Program in Microenvironment and Metastasis, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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Pysz MA, Gambhir SS, Willmann JK. Molecular imaging: current status and emerging strategies. Clin Radiol 2010; 65:500-16. [PMID: 20541650 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In vivo molecular imaging has a great potential to impact medicine by detecting diseases in early stages (screening), identifying extent of disease, selecting disease- and patient-specific treatment (personalized medicine), applying a directed or targeted therapy, and measuring molecular-specific effects of treatment. Current clinical molecular imaging approaches primarily use positron-emission tomography (PET) or single photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT)-based techniques. In ongoing preclinical research, novel molecular targets of different diseases are identified and, sophisticated and multifunctional contrast agents for imaging these molecular targets are developed along with new technologies and instrumentation for multi-modality molecular imaging. Contrast-enhanced molecular ultrasound (US) with molecularly-targeted contrast microbubbles is explored as a clinically translatable molecular imaging strategy for screening, diagnosing, and monitoring diseases at the molecular level. Optical imaging with fluorescent molecular probes and US imaging with molecularly-targeted microbubbles are attractive strategies as they provide real-time imaging, are relatively inexpensive, produce images with high spatial resolution, and do not involve exposure to ionizing irradiation. Raman spectroscopy/microscopy has emerged as a molecular optical imaging strategy for ultrasensitive detection of multiple biomolecules/biochemicals with both in vivo and ex vivo versatility. Photoacoustic imaging is a hybrid of optical and US techniques involving optically-excitable molecularly-targeted contrast agents and quantitative detection of resulting oscillatory contrast agent movement with US. Current preclinical findings and advances in instrumentation, such as endoscopes and microcatheters, suggest that these molecular imaging methods have numerous potential clinical applications and will be translated into clinical use in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Pysz
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5424, USA
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Kudo T, Ueda M, Konishi H, Kawashima H, Kuge Y, Mukai T, Miyano A, Tanaka S, Kizaka-Kondoh S, Hiraoka M, Saji H. PET Imaging of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1-Active Tumor Cells with Pretargeted Oxygen-Dependent Degradable Streptavidin and a Novel 18F-Labeled Biotin Derivative. Mol Imaging Biol 2010; 13:1003-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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