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Miner MWG, Liljenbäck H, Virta J, Kärnä S, Viitanen R, Elo P, Gardberg M, Teuho J, Saipa P, Rajander J, Mansour HMA, Cleveland NA, Low PS, Li XG, Roivainen A. High folate receptor expression in gliomas can be detected in vivo using folate-based positron emission tomography with high tumor-to-brain uptake ratio divulging potential future targeting possibilities. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1145473. [PMID: 37275898 PMCID: PMC10232737 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1145473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Non-invasive imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) are extremely important for cancer detection and characterization especially for difficult to biopsy or extremely delicate organs such as the brain. The folate analogue 1,4,7-triazacylononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid-conjugated folate radiolabeled with aluminum fluoride-18 ([18F]FOL) has been previously shown to accumulate preferentially in tumor cells with an overexpression of folate receptors (FRs) and here was investigated for its ability to detect orthotopic gliomas in a rat model. In addition, we studied the expression of FRs in human glioblastoma samples to investigate if an analogous relationship may exist. Methods Nine BDIX rats were injected with BT4C rat glioma cells into the right hemisphere of the brain. Animals were imaged with gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging at on days prior to PET/computed tomography (CT) imaging. Animals were divided into two groups, and were PET/CT imaged with either [18F]FOL or 2-deoxy-2-18F-fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) on 19 and 32-days post glioma grafting. Two subjects were also PET/CT imaged with [18F]FOL on day 16. Biodistribution was studied and brains were cryosectioned for autoradiography, immunofluorescence, and histological studies. Patient-derived paraffin-embedded glioblastomas were sectioned and stained with similar methods. Results PET imaging showed an increase of [18F]FOL tumor-to-brain uptake ratio (TBR) over the study duration from day 16/19 (3.3 ± 0.9) increasing to 5.7 ± 1.0 by day 32. [18F]FDG PET-imaged rats had a consistent TBR of 1.6 ± 0.1 throughout the study. Ex vivo autoradiography results revealed an exceptionally high TBR of 116.1 ± 26.9 for [18F]FOL while the [18F]FDG values were significantly lower giving 2.9 ± 0.6 (P<0.0001). Immunostaining demonstrated an increased presence of FR-α in the BT4C gliomas versus the contralateral brain tissue, while FR-β was present only on glioma periphery. Human sections assayed showed similar FRs expression characteristics. Conclusion This study shows upregulation of FR-α inside glioma regions in both human and animal tissue, providing a biochemical basis for the observed increased [18F]FOL uptake in animal PET images. These results suggest that FRs targeting imaging and therapeutic compounds may possess clinically relevant translational abilities for the detection and treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidi Liljenbäck
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jenni Virta
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Salli Kärnä
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Petri Elo
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Gardberg
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jarmo Teuho
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Piritta Saipa
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johan Rajander
- Accelerator Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Nathan A. Cleveland
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Philip S. Low
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Xiang-Guo Li
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Roivainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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2
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Tahara T, Takatani S, Tsuji M, Shibata N, Hosaka N, Inoue M, Ohno M, Ozaki D, Mawatari A, Watanabe Y, Doi H, Onoe H. Characteristic Evaluation of a 11C-Labeled Leucine Analog, l-α-[5- 11C]methylleucine, as a Tracer for Brain Tumor Imaging by Positron Emission Tomography. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1842-1849. [PMID: 36802622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters are upregulated in many cancer cells, and system L amino acid transporters (LAT1-4), in particular, LAT1, which preferentially transports large, neutral, and branched side-chain amino acids, are considered a primary target for cancer positron emission tomography (PET) tracer development. Recently, we developed a 11C-labeled leucine analog, l-α-[5-11C]methylleucine ([5-11C]MeLeu), via a continuous two-step reaction of Pd0-mediated 11C-methylation and microfluidic hydrogenation. In this study, we evaluated the characteristics of [5-11C]MeLeu and also compared the sensitivity to brain tumors and inflammation with l-[11C]methionine ([11C]Met) to determine its potential for brain tumor imaging. Competitive inhibition experiments, protein incorporation, and cytotoxicity experiments of [5-11C]MeLeu were performed in vitro. Further, metabolic analyses of [5-11C]MeLeu were performed using a thin-layer chromatogram. The accumulation of [5-11C]MeLeu in tumor and inflamed regions of the brain was compared with [11C]Met and 11C-labeled (S)-ketoprofen methyl ester by PET imaging, respectively. Transporter assay with various inhibitors revealed that [5-11C]MeLeu is mainly transported via system L amino acid transporters, especially LAT1, into A431 cells. The protein incorporation assay and metabolic assay in vivo demonstrated that [5-11C]MeLeu was neither used for protein synthesis nor metabolized. These results indicate that MeLeu is very stable in vivo. Furthermore, the treatment of A431 cells with various concentrations of MeLeu did not change their viability, even at high concentrations (∼10 mM). In brain tumors, the tumor-to-normal ratio of [5-11C]MeLeu was more elevated than that of [11C]Met. However, the accumulation levels of [5-11C]MeLeu were lower than those of [11C]Met (the standardized uptake value (SUV) of [5-11C]MeLeu and [11C]Met was 0.48 ± 0.08 and 0.63 ± 0.06, respectively). In brain inflammation, no significant accumulation of [5-11C]MeLeu was observed at the inflamed brain area. These data suggested that [5-11C]MeLeu was identified as a stable and safe agent for PET tracers and could help detect brain tumors, which overexpress the LAT1 transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Tahara
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Department of In Vivo Imaging, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shuhei Takatani
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Mieko Tsuji
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Nina Shibata
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Nami Hosaka
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Michiko Inoue
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohno
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Daiki Ozaki
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Aya Mawatari
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Watanabe
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hisashi Doi
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Onoe
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-Cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Nader M, Oberdorfer F, Herrmann K. Production of [11C]Formaldehyde by the XeF2 mediated oxidation of [11C]Methanol and its application in the labeling of α-(N-[11C]Methylamino)isobutyric acid. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 148:178-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Rosenberg T, Aaberg-Jessen C, Petterson SA, Kristensen BW. Heterogenic expression of stem cell markers in patient-derived glioblastoma spheroid cultures exposed to long-term hypoxia. CNS Oncol 2018; 7:CNS15. [PMID: 29708435 PMCID: PMC5977272 DOI: 10.2217/cns-2017-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the time profile of hypoxia and stem cell markers in glioblastoma spheroids of known molecular subtype. Materials & methods: Patient-derived glioblastoma spheroids were cultured up to 7 days in either 2% or 21% oxygen. Levels of proliferation (Ki-67), hypoxia (HIF-1α, CA9 and VEGF) and stem cell markers (CD133, nestin and musashi-1) were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Results: Hypoxia markers as well as CD133 and partially nestin increased in long-term hypoxia. The proliferation rate and spheroid size were highest in normoxia. Conclusion: We found differences in hypoxia and stem cell marker profiles between the patient-derived glioblastoma cultures. This heterogeneity should be taken into consideration in development of future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark.,Department of ORL - Head & Neck Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Aaberg-Jessen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Stine Asferg Petterson
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Winther Kristensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark
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Jensen SS, Petterson SA, Halle B, Aaberg-Jessen C, Kristensen BW. Effects of the lysosomal destabilizing drug siramesine on glioblastoma in vitro and in vivo. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:178. [PMID: 28270132 PMCID: PMC5341392 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma is the most frequent and most malignant brain tumor with the patients having a median survival of only 14.6 months. Although glioblastoma patients are treated with surgery, radiation and chemotherapy recurrence is inevitable. A stem-like population of radio- and chemoresistant brain tumor-initiating cells combined with the invasive properties of the tumors is believed to be critical for treatment resistance. In the present study, the aim was to investigate the effect of a novel therapeutic strategy using the lysosomotropic detergent siramesine on glioblastomas. Methods Standard glioma cell lines and patient-derived spheroids cultures with tumor-initiating stem-like cells were used to investigate effects of siramesine on proliferation and cell death. Responsible mechanisms were investigated by inhibitors of caspases and cathepsins. Effects of siramesine on migrating tumor cells were investigated by a flat surface migration assay and by implanting spheroids into organotypic rat brain slice cultures followed by confocal time-lapse imaging. Finally the effect of siramesine was investigated in an orthotopic mouse glioblastoma model. Results obtained in vitro and in vivo were confirmed by immunohistochemical staining of histological sections of spheroids, spheroids in brain slice cultures and tumors in mice brains. Results The results showed that siramesine killed standard glioma cell lines in vitro, and loss of acridine orange staining suggested a compromised lysosomal membrane. Co-treatment of the cell lines with inhibitors of caspases and cathepsins suggested differential involvement in cell death. Siramesine caused tumor cell death and reduced secondary spheroid formation of patient-derived spheroid cultures. In the flat surface migration model siramesine caused tumor cell death and inhibited tumor cell migration. This could not be reproduced in the organotypic three dimensional spheroid-brain slice culture model or in the mice xenograft model. Conclusions In conclusion the in vitro results obtained with tumor cells and spheroids suggest a potential of lysosomal destabilizing drugs in killing glioblastoma cells, but siramesine was without effect in the organotypic spheroid-brain slice culture model and the in vivo xenograft model. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3162-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine S Jensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Winsløwparken 15, 3. floor, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 19.3, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Stine A Petterson
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Winsløwparken 15, 3. floor, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 19.3, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Bo Halle
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Winsløwparken 15, 3. floor, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 19.3, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.,Department of Neurosurgery, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Aaberg-Jessen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Winsløwparken 15, 3. floor, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 19.3, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Bjarne W Kristensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Winsløwparken 15, 3. floor, 5000, Odense C, Denmark. .,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 19.3, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
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Shift of microRNA profile upon glioma cell migration using patient-derived spheroids and serum-free conditions. J Neurooncol 2017; 132:45-54. [PMID: 28091986 PMCID: PMC5352785 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-016-2356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent malignant primary brain tumor. A major reason for the overall median survival being only 14.6 months is migrating tumor cells left behind after surgery. Another major reason is tumor cells having a so-called cancer stem cell phenotype being therefore resistant towards traditional chemo- and radiotherapy. A group of novel molecular targets are microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs are small non-coding RNAs exerting post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed miRNAs in migrating GBM cells using serum-free stem cell conditions. We used patient-derived GBM spheroid cultures for a novel serum-free migration assay. MiRNA expression of migrating tumor cells isolated at maximum migration speed was compared with corresponding spheroids using an OpenArray Real-Time PCR System. The miRNA profiling revealed 30 miRNAs to be differentially expressed. In total 13 miRNAs were upregulated and 17 downregulated in migrating cells compared to corresponding spheroids. The three most deregulated miRNAs, miR-1227 (up-regulated), miR-32 (down-regulated) and miR-222 (down-regulated), were experimentally overexpressed. A non-significantly increased migration rate was observed after miR-1227 overexpression. A significantly reduced migration rate was observed after miR-32 and miR-222 overexpression. In conclusion a shift in microRNA profile upon glioma cell migration was identified using an assay avoiding serum-induced migration. Both the miRNA profiling and the functional validation suggested that miR-1227 may be associated with increased migration and miR-32 and miR-222 with decreased migration. These miRNAs may represent potential novel targets in migrating glioma cells.
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7
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Thisgaard H, Halle B, Aaberg-Jessen C, Olsen BB, Therkelsen ASN, Dam JH, Langkjær N, Munthe S, Någren K, Høilund-Carlsen PF, Kristensen BW. Highly Effective Auger-Electron Therapy in an Orthotopic Glioblastoma Xenograft Model using Convection-Enhanced Delivery. Theranostics 2016; 6:2278-2291. [PMID: 27924163 PMCID: PMC5135448 DOI: 10.7150/thno.15898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most common and malignant primary brain tumor, always recurs after standard treatment. Therefore, promising new therapeutic approaches are needed. Short-range Auger-electron-emitters carry the ability of causing highly damaging radiation effects in cells. The aim of this study was to test the effect of [125I]5-Iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (125I-UdR, a radioactive Auger-electron-emitting thymidine analogue) Auger-therapy on immature glioblastoma spheroid cultures and orthotopic xenografted glioblastoma-bearing rats, the latter by means of convection-enhanced delivery (CED). Moreover, we aimed to determine if the therapeutic effect could be enhanced when combining 125I-UdR therapy with the currently used first-line chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide. 125I-UdR significantly decreased glioblastoma cell viability and migration in vitro and the cell viability was further decreased by co-treatment with methotrexate and/or temozolomide. Intratumoral CED of methotrexate and 125I-UdR with and without concomitant systemic temozolomide chemotherapy significantly reduced the tumor burden in orthotopically xenografted glioblastoma-bearing nude rats. Thus, 100% (8/8) of the animals survived the entire observation period of 180 days when subjected to the combined Auger-chemotherapy while 57% (4/7) survived after the Auger-therapy alone. No animals (0/8) treated with temozolomide alone survived longer than 50 days. Blood samples and post-mortem histology showed no signs of dose-limiting adverse effects. In conclusion, the multidrug approach consisting of CED of methotrexate and 125I-UdR with concomitant systemic temozolomide was safe and very effective leading to 100% survival in an orthotopic xenograft glioblastoma model. Therefore, this therapeutic strategy may be a promising option for future glioblastoma therapy.
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Munthe S, Sørensen MD, Thomassen M, Burton M, Kruse TA, Lathia JD, Poulsen FR, Kristensen BW. Migrating glioma cells express stem cell markers and give rise to new tumors upon xenografting. J Neurooncol 2016; 130:53-62. [PMID: 27510953 PMCID: PMC5069331 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-016-2221-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and malignant brain tumor with an overall survival of only 14.6 months. Although these tumors are treated with surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, recurrence is inevitable. A critical population of tumor cells in terms of therapy, the so-called cancer stem cells (CSCs), has been identified in gliomas and many other cancers. These tumor cells have a stem cell-like phenotype and are suggested to be responsible for tumor growth, chemo- and radio-resistance as well as recurrence. However, functional evidence for migrating glioma cells having a stem cell-like phenotype is currently lacking. In the present study, the aim was to characterize the phenotype of migrating tumor cells using a novel migration assay based on serum-free stem cell medium and patient-derived spheroid cultures. The results showed pronounced migration of five different GBM spheroid cultures, but not of the commercial cell line U87MG. An in vitro limiting dilution assay showed preserved but reduced spheroid formation capacity of migrating cells. Orthotopic xenografting in mice showed preserved but reduced tumorigenic capacity. Profiling of mRNAs revealed no significant deregulation of 16 predefined CSC-related genes and the HOX-gene list in migrating cells compared to spheroids. Determination of GBM molecular subtypes revealed that subtypes of spheroids and migrating cells were identical. In conclusion, migrating tumor cells preserve expression of stem cell markers and functional CSC characteristics. Since CSCs are reported to be highly resistant to therapy, these results emphasize that the CSC phenotype should be taken into consideration in future treatment of GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sune Munthe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000, Odense, Denmark. .,Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Winsloew parken 15, 5000, Odense, Denmark. .,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Mia D Sørensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Winsloew parken 15, 5000, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mads Thomassen
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mark Burton
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Torben A Kruse
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Frantz Rom Poulsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Winther Kristensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Winsloew parken 15, 5000, Odense, Denmark. .,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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Holzgreve A, Brendel M, Gu S, Carlsen J, Mille E, Böning G, Mastrella G, Unterrainer M, Gildehaus FJ, Rominger A, Bartenstein P, Kälin RE, Glass R, Albert NL. Monitoring of Tumor Growth with [(18)F]-FET PET in a Mouse Model of Glioblastoma: SUV Measurements and Volumetric Approaches. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:260. [PMID: 27378835 PMCID: PMC4906232 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive tumor growth monitoring is of particular interest for the evaluation of experimental glioma therapies. This study investigates the potential of positron emission tomography (PET) using O-(2-18F-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine ([18F]-FET) to determine tumor growth in a murine glioblastoma (GBM) model—including estimation of the biological tumor volume (BTV), which has hitherto not been investigated in the pre-clinical context. Fifteen GBM-bearing mice (GL261) and six control mice (shams) were investigated during 5 weeks by PET followed by autoradiographic and histological assessments. [18F]-FET PET was quantitated by calculation of maximum and mean standardized uptake values within a universal volume-of-interest (VOI) corrected for healthy background (SUVmax/BG, SUVmean/BG). A partial volume effect correction (PVEC) was applied in comparison to ex vivo autoradiography. BTVs obtained by predefined thresholds for VOI definition (SUV/BG: ≥1.4; ≥1.6; ≥1.8; ≥2.0) were compared to the histologically assessed tumor volume (n = 8). Finally, individual “optimal” thresholds for BTV definition best reflecting the histology were determined. In GBM mice SUVmax/BG and SUVmean/BG clearly increased with time, however at high inter-animal variability. No relevant [18F]-FET uptake was observed in shams. PVEC recovered signal loss of SUVmean/BG assessment in relation to autoradiography. BTV as estimated by predefined thresholds strongly differed from the histology volume. Strikingly, the individual “optimal” thresholds for BTV assessment correlated highly with SUVmax/BG (ρ = 0.97, p < 0.001), allowing SUVmax/BG-based calculation of individual thresholds. The method was verified by a subsequent validation study (n = 15, ρ = 0.88, p < 0.01) leading to extensively higher agreement of BTV estimations when compared to histology in contrast to predefined thresholds. [18F]-FET PET with standard SUV measurements is feasible for glioma imaging in the GBM mouse model. PVEC is beneficial to improve accuracy of [18F]-FET PET SUV quantification. Although SUVmax/BG and SUVmean/BG increase during the disease course, these parameters do not correlate with the respective tumor size. For the first time, we propose a histology-verified method allowing appropriate individual BTV estimation for volumetric in vivo monitoring of tumor growth with [18F]-FET PET and show that standardized thresholds from routine clinical practice seem to be inappropriate for BTV estimation in the GBM mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Holzgreve
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University of MunichMunich, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University of MunichMunich, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Song Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Janette Carlsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Erik Mille
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Guido Böning
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Giorgia Mastrella
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Unterrainer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Franz J Gildehaus
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Rominger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Roland E Kälin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer Glass
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Nathalie L Albert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich Munich, Germany
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