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Mu Y, Lindenmayer D, Zheng S, Yang Y, Wang D, Liu J. Size-focused conservation may fail to protect the world's oldest trees. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4641-4649.e3. [PMID: 37820721 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Old trees are irreplaceable natural resources that provide multifaceted benefits to humans. Current conservation strategies focus primarily on large-sized trees that were often considered old. However, some studies have demonstrated that small trees can be more than thousands of years old, suggesting that conventional size-focused perceptions may hamper the efficiency of current conservation strategies for old trees. Here, we compiled paired age and diameter data using tree-ring records sampled from 121,918 trees from 269 species around the world to detect whether tree size is a strong predictor of age for old trees and whether the spatial distribution of small old trees differs from that of large old trees. We found that tree size was a weak predictor of age for old trees, and diameter explained only 10% of the total age variance of old trees. Unlike large-sized trees that are mainly in warm, wet environments and protected, small old trees are predominantly in cold, dry environments and mostly unprotected, indicating that size-focused conservation failed to protect some of the oldest trees. To conserve old trees, comprehensive old-tree recognition systems are needed that consider not only tree size but also age and external characteristics. Protected areas designed for small old trees are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Mu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - David Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Shilu Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yongchuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Deyi Wang
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jiajia Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 202183, China.
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2
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Colangelo M, Camarero JJ, Gazol A, Piovesan G, Borghetti M, Baliva M, Gentilesca T, Rita A, Schettino A, Ripullone F. Mediterranean old-growth forests exhibit resistance to climate warming. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149684. [PMID: 34467901 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Old-growth mountain forests represent an ideal setting for studying long-term impacts of climate change. We studied the few remnants of old-growth forests located within the Pollino massif (southern Italy) to evaluate how the growth of conspecific young and old trees responded to climate change. We investigated two conifer species (Abies alba and Pinus leucodermis) and two hardwood species (Fagus sylvatica and Quercus cerris). We sampled one stand per species along an altitudinal gradient, ranging from a drought-limited low-elevation hardwood forest to a cold-limited subalpine pine forest. We used a dendrochronological approach to characterize the long-term growth dynamics of old (age > 120 years) versus young (age < 120 years) trees. Younger trees grew faster than their older conspecifics during their juvenile stage, regardless of species. Linear mixed effect models were used to quantify recent growth trends (1950-2015) and responses to climate for old and young trees. Climate sensitivity, expressed as radial growth responses to climate during the last three decades, partially differed between species because high spring temperatures enhanced conifer growth, whereas F. sylvatica growth was negatively affected by warmer spring conditions. Furthermore, tree growth was negatively impacted by summer drought in all species. Climate sensitivity differed between young and old trees, with younger trees tending to be more sensitive in P. leucodermis and A. alba, whereas older F. sylvatica trees were more sensitive. In low-elevation Q. cerris stands, limitation of growth due to drought was not related to tree age, suggesting symmetric water competition. We found evidence for a fast-growth trend in young individuals compared with that in their older conspecifics. Notably, old trees tended to have relatively stable growth rates, showing remarkable resistance to climate warming. These responses to climate change should be recognized when forecasting the future dynamics of old-growth forests for their sustainable management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Colangelo
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), 50192 Zaragoza, Spain; School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), 50192 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), 50192 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Gianluca Piovesan
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Marco Borghetti
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Michele Baliva
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Gentilesca
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Angelo Rita
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, via Università 100, IT-80055 Portici (Napoli), Italy.
| | | | - Francesco Ripullone
- School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
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3
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Piovesan G, Biondi F. On tree longevity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1318-1337. [PMID: 33305422 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Large, majestic trees are iconic symbols of great age among living organisms. Published evidence suggests that trees do not die because of genetically programmed senescence in their meristems, but rather are killed by an external agent or a disturbance event. Long tree lifespans are therefore allowed by specific combinations of life history traits within realized niches that support resistance to, or avoidance of, extrinsic mortality. Another requirement for trees to achieve their maximum longevity is either sustained growth over extended periods of time or at least the capacity to increase their growth rates when conditions allow it. The growth plasticity and modularity of trees can then be viewed as an evolutionary advantage that allows them to survive and reproduce for centuries and millennia. As more and more scientific information is systematically collected on tree ages under various ecological settings, it is becoming clear that tree longevity is a key trait for global syntheses of life history strategies, especially in connection with disturbance regimes and their possible future modifications. In addition, we challenge the long-held notion that shade-tolerant, late-successional species have longer lifespans than early-successional species by pointing out that tree species with extreme longevity do not fit this paradigm. Identifying extremely old trees is therefore the groundwork not only for protecting and/or restoring entire landscapes, but also to revisit and update classic ecological theories that shape our understanding of environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Piovesan
- Dendrology Lab, Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Franco Biondi
- DendroLab, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
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4
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Aoyagi Blue Y, Kusumi J, Satake A. Copy number analyses of DNA repair genes reveal the role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in tree longevity. iScience 2021; 24:102779. [PMID: 34278274 PMCID: PMC8271160 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-lived organisms are exposed to the risk of accumulating mutations due to DNA damage. Previous studies in animals have revealed the positive relationship between the copy number of DNA repair genes and longevity. However, the role of DNA repair in the lifespan of plants remains poorly understood. Using the recent accumulation of the complete genome sequences of diverse plant species, we performed systematic comparative analyses of the copy number variations of DNA repair genes in 61 plant species with different lifespans. Among 121 DNA repair gene families, PARP gene family was identified as a unique gene that exhibits significant expansion in trees compared to annual and perennial herbs. Among three paralogs of plant PARPs, PARP1 showed a close association with growth rate. PARPs catalyze poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and play pivotal roles in DNA repair and antipathogen defense. Our study suggests the conserved role of PARPs in longevity between plants and animals. Comparing the copy number variations of DNA repair genes in diverse plant species PARP gene family showed higher copy number in trees compared to herbs There was negative correlation between copy number of PARP1 and growth rate in trees Increased copy number of PARP would be evolutionary favored in plant longevity
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Aoyagi Blue
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Junko Kusumi
- Department of Environmental Changes, Faculty of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka819-0395, Japan
| | - Akiko Satake
- Department of Biology, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka819-0395, Japan
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5
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Brienen RJW, Caldwell L, Duchesne L, Voelker S, Barichivich J, Baliva M, Ceccantini G, Di Filippo A, Helama S, Locosselli GM, Lopez L, Piovesan G, Schöngart J, Villalba R, Gloor E. Forest carbon sink neutralized by pervasive growth-lifespan trade-offs. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4241. [PMID: 32901006 PMCID: PMC7479146 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17966-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Land vegetation is currently taking up large amounts of atmospheric CO2, possibly due to tree growth stimulation. Extant models predict that this growth stimulation will continue to cause a net carbon uptake this century. However, there are indications that increased growth rates may shorten trees' lifespan and thus recent increases in forest carbon stocks may be transient due to lagged increases in mortality. Here we show that growth-lifespan trade-offs are indeed near universal, occurring across almost all species and climates. This trade-off is directly linked to faster growth reducing tree lifespan, and not due to covariance with climate or environment. Thus, current tree growth stimulation will, inevitably, result in a lagged increase in canopy tree mortality, as is indeed widely observed, and eventually neutralise carbon gains due to growth stimulation. Results from a strongly data-based forest simulator confirm these expectations. Extant Earth system model projections of global forest carbon sink persistence are likely too optimistic, increasing the need to curb greenhouse gas emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J W Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - L Caldwell
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - L Duchesne
- Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, Direction de la recherche forestière, 2700 Einstein Street, Quebec, QC, G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - S Voelker
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY-ESF, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - J Barichivich
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, IPSL, CNRS/CEA/UVSQ, 91191, Gif sur Yvette, France.,Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - M Baliva
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, 01100, Viterbo, Via SC de Lellis, Italy
| | - G Ceccantini
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Biosciences, Department of Botany, Rua do Matão, 277, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - A Di Filippo
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, 01100, Viterbo, Via SC de Lellis, Italy
| | - S Helama
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Ounasjoentie 6, 96200, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - G M Locosselli
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Biosciences, Department of Botany, Rua do Matão, 277, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - L Lopez
- Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), CONICET-Mendoza, C.C. 330, (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - G Piovesan
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, 01100, Viterbo, Via SC de Lellis, Italy
| | - J Schöngart
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Da Amazônia (INPA), Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental (CODAM), Av. André Araújo 2936, 69067-375, Manaus, Brazil
| | - R Villalba
- Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), CONICET-Mendoza, C.C. 330, (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - E Gloor
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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6
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Avanzi C, Heer K, Büntgen U, Labriola M, Leonardi S, Opgenoorth L, Piermattei A, Urbinati C, Vendramin GG, Piotti A. Individual reproductive success in Norway spruce natural populations depends on growth rate, age and sensitivity to temperature. Heredity (Edinb) 2020; 124:685-698. [PMID: 32203247 PMCID: PMC7239854 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-0305-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the individual reproductive success and understanding its determinants is a central issue in evolutionary research for the major consequences that the transmission of genetic variation from parents to offspring has on the adaptive potential of populations. Here, we propose to distil the myriad of information embedded in tree-ring time series into a set of tree-ring-based phenotypic traits to be investigated as potential drivers of reproductive success in forest trees. By using a cross-disciplinary approach that combines parentage analysis and a thorough dendrophenotypic characterisation of putative parents, we assessed sex-specific relationships between such dendrophenotypic traits (i.e., age, growth rate and parameters describing sensitivity to climate and to extreme climatic events) and reproductive success in Norway spruce. We applied a full probability method for reconstructing parent-offspring relationships between 604 seedlings and 518 adult trees sampled within five populations from southern and central Europe. We found that individual female and male reproductive success was positively associated with tree growth rate and age. Female reproductive success was also positively influenced by the correlation between growth and the mean temperature of the previous vegetative season. Overall, our results showed that Norway spruce individuals with the highest fitness are those who are able to keep high-growth rates despite potential growth limitations caused by reproductive costs and climatic limiting conditions. Identifying such functional links between the individual ecophysiological behaviour and its evolutionary gain would increase our understanding on how natural selection shapes the genetic composition of forest tree populations over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Avanzi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy.
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - Katrin Heer
- Conservation Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, CB2 3EN, Cambridge, UK
- Swiss Federal Research Institute, WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Czech Globe, Global Change Research Institute CAS and Masaryk University, Kotlárská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mariaceleste Labriola
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Stefano Leonardi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Lars Opgenoorth
- Swiss Federal Research Institute, WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Ecology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alma Piermattei
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, CB2 3EN, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carlo Urbinati
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche 10, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Andrea Piotti
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
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7
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Huber N, Bugmann H, Lafond V. Capturing ecological processes in dynamic forest models: why there is no silver bullet to cope with complexity. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nica Huber
- Forest Ecology Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Forest Ecology Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Valentine Lafond
- Forest Ecology Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Faculty of Forestry Department of Forest Resources Management University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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8
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Conflicting functional effects of xylem pit structure relate to the growth-longevity trade-off in a conifer species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15282-15287. [PMID: 31209057 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900734116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Consistent with a ubiquitous life history trade-off, trees exhibit a negative relationship between growth and longevity both among and within species. However, the mechanistic basis of this life history trade-off is not well understood. In addition to resource allocation conflicts among multiple traits, functional conflicts arising from individual morphological traits may also contribute to life history trade-offs. We hypothesized that conflicting functional effects of xylem structural traits contribute to the growth-longevity trade-off in trees. We tested this hypothesis by examining the extent to which xylem morphological traits (i.e., wood density, tracheid diameters, and pit structure) relate to growth rates and longevity in two natural populations of the conifer species Pinus ponderosa Hydraulic constraints arise as trees grow larger and xylem anatomical traits adjust to compensate. We disentangled the effects of size through ontogeny in individual trees and growth rates among trees on xylem traits by sampling each tree at multiple trunk diameters. We found that the oldest trees had slower lifetime growth rates compared with younger trees in the studied populations, indicating a growth-longevity trade-off. We further provide evidence that a single xylem trait, pit structure, with conflicting effects on xylem function (hydraulic safety and efficiency) relates to the growth-longevity trade-off in a conifer species. This study highlights that, in addition to trade-offs among multiple traits, functional constraints based on individual morphological traits like that of pit structure provide mechanistic insight into how and when life history trade-offs arise.
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9
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Piovesan G, Biondi F, Baliva M, De Vivo G, Marchianò V, Schettino A, Di Filippo A. Lessons from the wild: slow but increasing long-term growth allows for maximum longevity in European beech. Ecology 2019; 100:e02737. [PMID: 31135954 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Piovesan
- DendrologyLab, Department of Agriculture and Forestry Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Franco Biondi
- DendroLab, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, Nevada, USA
| | - Michele Baliva
- DendrologyLab, Department of Agriculture and Forestry Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Alfredo Di Filippo
- DendrologyLab, Department of Agriculture and Forestry Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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10
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Ebert TA. Negative senescence in sea urchins. Exp Gerontol 2019; 122:92-98. [PMID: 31063808 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Negative senescence, a decrease in size-specific mortality of large individuals, is shown by sea urchins. Sea urchins have indeterminate growth and size-specific gamete production increases throughout life. These characteristics are present in short-lived species, Lytechinus pictus and L. variegatus as well as ones that are long-lived: Mesocentrotus franciscanus, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Echinometra mathaei, and Stomopneustes variolaris. Both short and long-lived species have cellular mechanisms that counter senescence. Many groups of organisms have species that are short-lived as well species with individuals that may attain ages of many hundreds of years. Generally it is assumed that short-lived species show senescence but results for sea urchins indicate that lack senescence may be present even when mortality is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Ebert
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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11
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Ferrenberg S, Langenhan JM, Loskot SA, Rozal LM, Mitton JB. Resin monoterpene defenses decline within three widespread species of pine (Pinus) along a 1530-m elevational gradient. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Ferrenberg
- Department of Biology; New Mexico State University; Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
| | | | - Steven A. Loskot
- Department of Chemistry; Seattle University; Seattle Washington 98122 USA
| | - Leonardo M. Rozal
- Department of Chemistry; Seattle University; Seattle Washington 98122 USA
| | - Jeffry B. Mitton
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
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12
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Cailleret M, Jansen S, Robert EMR, Desoto L, Aakala T, Antos JA, Beikircher B, Bigler C, Bugmann H, Caccianiga M, Čada V, Camarero JJ, Cherubini P, Cochard H, Coyea MR, Čufar K, Das AJ, Davi H, Delzon S, Dorman M, Gea-Izquierdo G, Gillner S, Haavik LJ, Hartmann H, Hereş AM, Hultine KR, Janda P, Kane JM, Kharuk VI, Kitzberger T, Klein T, Kramer K, Lens F, Levanic T, Linares Calderon JC, Lloret F, Lobo-Do-Vale R, Lombardi F, López Rodríguez R, Mäkinen H, Mayr S, Mészáros I, Metsaranta JM, Minunno F, Oberhuber W, Papadopoulos A, Peltoniemi M, Petritan AM, Rohner B, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Sarris D, Smith JM, Stan AB, Sterck F, Stojanović DB, Suarez ML, Svoboda M, Tognetti R, Torres-Ruiz JM, Trotsiuk V, Villalba R, Vodde F, Westwood AR, Wyckoff PH, Zafirov N, Martínez-Vilalta J. A synthesis of radial growth patterns preceding tree mortality. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:1675-1690. [PMID: 27759919 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tree mortality is a key factor influencing forest functions and dynamics, but our understanding of the mechanisms leading to mortality and the associated changes in tree growth rates are still limited. We compiled a new pan-continental tree-ring width database from sites where both dead and living trees were sampled (2970 dead and 4224 living trees from 190 sites, including 36 species), and compared early and recent growth rates between trees that died and those that survived a given mortality event. We observed a decrease in radial growth before death in ca. 84% of the mortality events. The extent and duration of these reductions were highly variable (1-100 years in 96% of events) due to the complex interactions among study species and the source(s) of mortality. Strong and long-lasting declines were found for gymnosperms, shade- and drought-tolerant species, and trees that died from competition. Angiosperms and trees that died due to biotic attacks (especially bark-beetles) typically showed relatively small and short-term growth reductions. Our analysis did not highlight any universal trade-off between early growth and tree longevity within a species, although this result may also reflect high variability in sampling design among sites. The intersite and interspecific variability in growth patterns before mortality provides valuable information on the nature of the mortality process, which is consistent with our understanding of the physiological mechanisms leading to mortality. Abrupt changes in growth immediately before death can be associated with generalized hydraulic failure and/or bark-beetle attack, while long-term decrease in growth may be associated with a gradual decline in hydraulic performance coupled with depletion in carbon reserves. Our results imply that growth-based mortality algorithms may be a powerful tool for predicting gymnosperm mortality induced by chronic stress, but not necessarily so for angiosperms and in case of intense drought or bark-beetle outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Cailleret
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 22, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elisabeth M R Robert
- CREAF, Campus UAB, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management (APNA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA), Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Lucía Desoto
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tuomas Aakala
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 7), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joseph A Antos
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, PO Box 3020, STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 3N5, Canada
| | - Barbara Beikircher
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christof Bigler
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 22, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 22, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Caccianiga
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Vojtěch Čada
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 961/129, 165 21, Praha 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jesus J Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avenida Montañana 1005, 50192, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paolo Cherubini
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research - WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Cochard
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 547 PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie R Coyea
- Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Centre for Forest Research, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, 2405 rue de la Terrasse, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Katarina Čufar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Adrian J Das
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, 47050 Generals Highway, Three Rivers, CA, 93271, USA
| | - Hendrik Davi
- Ecologie des Forest Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914, Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1202 BIOGECO, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, 33615, Pessac, France
| | - Michael Dorman
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Guillermo Gea-Izquierdo
- Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera La Coruña km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sten Gillner
- Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Fachgebiet Vegetationstechnik und Pflanzenverwendung, Institut für Landschaftsarchitektur und Umweltplanung, TU Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laurel J Haavik
- Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 1450 Jayhawk Boulevard, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knöll Strasse 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ana-Maria Hereş
- CREAF, Campus UAB, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, National Museum of Natural History (MNCN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/Serrano 115bis, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kevin R Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, 1201 N Galvin Parkway, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Pavel Janda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 961/129, 165 21, Praha 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jeffrey M Kane
- Department of Forestry and Wildland Resources, Humboldt State University, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, CA, 95521, USA
| | - Vyacheslav I Kharuk
- Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Sukachev Institute of Forest, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Thomas Kitzberger
- Department of Ecology, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral S/N, Barrio Jardín Botánico, 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente (INIBOMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Quintral 1250, 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Tamir Klein
- Institute of Soil, Water, and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), PO Box 6, 50250, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Koen Kramer
- Alterra - Green World Research, Wageningen University, Droevendaalse steeg 1, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, PO Box 9517, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Levanic
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Juan C Linares Calderon
- Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Pablo de Olavide University, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco Lloret
- CREAF, Campus UAB, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Raquel Lobo-Do-Vale
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fabio Lombardi
- Department of Agricultural Science, Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria, loc. Feo di Vito, 89060, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Rosana López Rodríguez
- Forest Genetics and Physiology Research Group, Technical University of Madrid, Calle Ramiro de Maeztu 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Science Road, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Harri Mäkinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Viikinkaari 4, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ilona Mészáros
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Juha M Metsaranta
- Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 5320-122nd Street, Edmonton, AB, T6H 3S5, Canada
| | - Francesco Minunno
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 7), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Walter Oberhuber
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Papadopoulos
- Department of Forestry and Natural Environment Management, Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Stereas Elladas, Ag Georgiou 1, 36100, Karpenissi, Greece
| | - Mikko Peltoniemi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), PO Box 18 (Jokiniemenkuja 1), 01301, Vantaa, Finland
| | - Any M Petritan
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research - WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- National Institute for Research-Development in Forestry ''Marin Dracea'', Eroilor 128, 077190, Voluntari, Romania
| | - Brigitte Rohner
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 22, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research - WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Dimitrios Sarris
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Open University of Cyprus, Latsia, 2252, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, PO Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26500, Patras, Greece
| | - Jeremy M Smith
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0260, USA
| | - Amanda B Stan
- Department of Geography, Planning and Recreation, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 15016, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dejan B Stojanović
- Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, Antona Cehova 13, PO Box 117, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Maria L Suarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente (INIBOMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Quintral 1250, 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 961/129, 165 21, Praha 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Roberto Tognetti
- Dipartimenti di Bioscienze e Territorio, Università del Molise, C. da Fonte Lappone, 86090, Pesche, Italy
- European Forest Institute (EFI) Project Centre on Mountain Forests (MOUNTFOR), Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - José M Torres-Ruiz
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1202 BIOGECO, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, 33615, Pessac, France
| | - Volodymyr Trotsiuk
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 961/129, 165 21, Praha 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Ricardo Villalba
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología e Historia Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), CCT CONICET Mendoza, Av. Ruiz Leal s/n, Parque General San Martín, Mendoza, CP 5500, Argentina
| | - Floor Vodde
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alana R Westwood
- Boreal Avian Modelling Project, Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 751 General Services Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - Peter H Wyckoff
- University of Minnesota, 600 East 4th Street, Morris, MN, 56267, USA
| | - Nikolay Zafirov
- University of Forestry, Kliment Ohridski Street 10, 1756, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Campus UAB, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Brienen RJW, Gloor M, Ziv G. Tree demography dominates long-term growth trends inferred from tree rings. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:474-484. [PMID: 27387088 PMCID: PMC6849721 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding responses of forests to increasing CO2 and temperature is an important challenge, but no easy task. Tree rings are increasingly used to study such responses. In a recent study, van der Sleen et al. (2014) Nature Geoscience, 8, 4 used tree rings from 12 tropical tree species and find that despite increases in intrinsic water use efficiency, no growth stimulation is observed. This challenges the idea that increasing CO2 would stimulate growth. Unfortunately, tree ring analysis can be plagued by biases, resulting in spurious growth trends. While their study evaluated several biases, it does not account for all. In particular, one bias may have seriously affected their results. Several of the species have recruitment patterns, which are not uniform, but clustered around one specific year. This results in spurious negative growth trends if growth rates are calculated in fixed size classes, as 'fast-growing' trees reach the sampling diameter earlier compared to slow growers and thus fast growth rates tend to have earlier calendar dates. We assessed the effect of this 'nonuniform age bias' on observed growth trends and find that van der Sleen's conclusions of a lack of growth stimulation do not hold. Growth trends are - at least partially - driven by underlying recruitment or age distributions. Species with more clustered age distributions show more negative growth trends, and simulations to estimate the effect of species' age distributions show growth trends close to those observed. Re-evaluation of the growth data and correction for the bias result in significant positive growth trends of 1-2% per decade for the full period, and 3-7% since 1950. These observations, however, should be taken cautiously as multiple biases affect these trend estimates. In all, our results highlight that tree ring studies of long-term growth trends can be strongly influenced by biases if demographic processes are not carefully accounted for.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Gloor
- School of GeographyUniversity of LeedsWoodhouse LaneLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Guy Ziv
- School of GeographyUniversity of LeedsWoodhouse LaneLeedsLS2 9JTUK
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14
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Black BA, Griffin D, van der Sleen P, Wanamaker AD, Speer JH, Frank DC, Stahle DW, Pederson N, Copenheaver CA, Trouet V, Griffin S, Gillanders BM. The value of crossdating to retain high-frequency variability, climate signals, and extreme events in environmental proxies. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:2582-2595. [PMID: 26910504 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution biogenic and geologic proxies in which one increment or layer is formed per year are crucial to describing natural ranges of environmental variability in Earth's physical and biological systems. However, dating controls are necessary to ensure temporal precision and accuracy; simple counts cannot ensure that all layers are placed correctly in time. Originally developed for tree-ring data, crossdating is the only such procedure that ensures all increments have been assigned the correct calendar year of formation. Here, we use growth-increment data from two tree species, two marine bivalve species, and a marine fish species to illustrate sensitivity of environmental signals to modest dating error rates. When falsely added or missed increments are induced at one and five percent rates, errors propagate back through time and eliminate high-frequency variability, climate signals, and evidence of extreme events while incorrectly dating and distorting major disturbances or other low-frequency processes. Our consecutive Monte Carlo experiments show that inaccuracies begin to accumulate in as little as two decades and can remove all but decadal-scale processes after as little as two centuries. Real-world scenarios may have even greater consequence in the absence of crossdating. Given this sensitivity to signal loss, the fundamental tenets of crossdating must be applied to fully resolve environmental signals, a point we underscore as the frontiers of growth-increment analysis continue to expand into tropical, freshwater, and marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Black
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA
| | - Daniel Griffin
- Department of Geography, Environment, and Society, University of Minnesota, Geography Room 414, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Peter van der Sleen
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA
| | - Alan D Wanamaker
- Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, 12 Science I, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - James H Speer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Systems, Indiana State University, Science 159E, Terre Haute, IN, 47809, USA
| | - David C Frank
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Zähringerstrasse 25, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David W Stahle
- Department of Geosciences, University of Arkansas, 216 Ozark Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Neil Pederson
- Harvard Forest, 324 N Main St., Petersham, MA, 10366, USA
| | - Carolyn A Copenheaver
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, 228C Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Valerie Trouet
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Shelly Griffin
- Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, 12 Science I, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Bronwyn M Gillanders
- School of Biological Sciences & Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Darling Building, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
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15
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Bigler C. Trade-Offs between Growth Rate, Tree Size and Lifespan of Mountain Pine (Pinus montana) in the Swiss National Park. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150402. [PMID: 26930294 PMCID: PMC4773076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A within-species trade-off between growth rates and lifespan has been observed across different taxa of trees, however, there is some uncertainty whether this trade-off also applies to shade-intolerant tree species. The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between radial growth, tree size and lifespan of shade-intolerant mountain pines. For 200 dead standing mountain pines (Pinus montana) located along gradients of aspect, slope steepness and elevation in the Swiss National Park, radial annual growth rates and lifespan were reconstructed. While early growth (i.e. mean tree-ring width over the first 50 years) correlated positively with diameter at the time of tree death, a negative correlation resulted with lifespan, i.e. rapidly growing mountain pines face a trade-off between reaching a large diameter at the cost of early tree death. Slowly growing mountain pines may reach a large diameter and a long lifespan, but risk to die young at a small size. Early growth was not correlated with temperature or precipitation over the growing period. Variability in lifespan was further contingent on aspect, slope steepness and elevation. The shade-intolerant mountain pines follow diverging growth trajectories that are imposed by extrinsic environmental influences. The resulting trade-offs between growth rate, tree size and lifespan advance our understanding of tree population dynamics, which may ultimately improve projections of forest dynamics under changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Bigler
- Forest Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Di Filippo A, Pederson N, Baliva M, Brunetti M, Dinella A, Kitamura K, Knapp HD, Schirone B, Piovesan G. The longevity of broadleaf deciduous trees in Northern Hemisphere temperate forests: insights from tree-ring series. Front Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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17
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Sillett SC, Van Pelt R, Carroll AL, Kramer RD, Ambrose AR, Trask D. How do tree structure and old age affect growth potential of California redwoods? ECOL MONOGR 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/14-1016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Nehrbass-Ahles C, Babst F, Klesse S, Nötzli M, Bouriaud O, Neukom R, Dobbertin M, Frank D. The influence of sampling design on tree-ring-based quantification of forest growth. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2014; 20:2867-2885. [PMID: 24729489 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tree-rings offer one of the few possibilities to empirically quantify and reconstruct forest growth dynamics over years to millennia. Contemporaneously with the growing scientific community employing tree-ring parameters, recent research has suggested that commonly applied sampling designs (i.e. how and which trees are selected for dendrochronological sampling) may introduce considerable biases in quantifications of forest responses to environmental change. To date, a systematic assessment of the consequences of sampling design on dendroecological and-climatological conclusions has not yet been performed. Here, we investigate potential biases by sampling a large population of trees and replicating diverse sampling designs. This is achieved by retroactively subsetting the population and specifically testing for biases emerging for climate reconstruction, growth response to climate variability, long-term growth trends, and quantification of forest productivity. We find that commonly applied sampling designs can impart systematic biases of varying magnitude to any type of tree-ring-based investigations, independent of the total number of samples considered. Quantifications of forest growth and productivity are particularly susceptible to biases, whereas growth responses to short-term climate variability are less affected by the choice of sampling design. The world's most frequently applied sampling design, focusing on dominant trees only, can bias absolute growth rates by up to 459% and trends in excess of 200%. Our findings challenge paradigms, where a subset of samples is typically considered to be representative for the entire population. The only two sampling strategies meeting the requirements for all types of investigations are the (i) sampling of all individuals within a fixed area; and (ii) fully randomized selection of trees. This result advertises the consistent implementation of a widely applicable sampling design to simultaneously reduce uncertainties in tree-ring-based quantifications of forest growth and increase the comparability of datasets beyond individual studies, investigators, laboratories, and geographical boundaries.
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Ireland KB, Moore MM, Fulé PZ, Zegler TJ, Keane RE. Slow lifelong growth predisposes Populus tremuloides trees to mortality. Oecologia 2014; 175:847-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-2951-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Tree mortality in dynamic vegetation models – A key feature for accurately simulating forest properties. Ecol Modell 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Rozendaal DMA, Brienen RJW, Soliz-Gamboa CC, Zuidema PA. Tropical tree rings reveal preferential survival of fast-growing juveniles and increased juvenile growth rates over time. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 185:759-769. [PMID: 19968798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Long-term juvenile growth patterns of tropical trees were studied to test two hypotheses: fast-growing juvenile trees have a higher chance of reaching the canopy ('juvenile selection effect'); and tree growth has increased over time ('historical growth increase'). Tree-ring analysis was applied to test these hypotheses for five tree species from three moist forest sites in Bolivia, using samples from 459 individuals. Basal area increment was calculated from ring widths, for trees < 30 cm in diameter. For three out of five species, a juvenile selection effect was found in rings formed by small juveniles. Thus, extant adult trees in these species have had higher juvenile growth rates than extant juvenile trees. By contrast, rings formed by somewhat larger juveniles in four species showed the opposite pattern: a historical growth increase. For most size classes of > 10 cm diameter none of the patterns was found. Fast juvenile growth may be essential to enable tropical trees to reach the forest canopy, especially for small juvenile trees in the dark forest understorey. The historical growth increase requires cautious interpretation, but may be partially attributable to CO(2) fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danaë M A Rozendaal
- Section of Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80084, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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22
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Zuidema PA, Brienen RJW, During HJ, Güneralp B. Do persistently fast-growing juveniles contribute disproportionately to population growth? A new analysis tool for matrix models and its application to rainforest trees. Am Nat 2009; 174:709-19. [PMID: 19778168 DOI: 10.1086/605981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Plants and animals often exhibit strong and persistent growth variation among individuals within a species. Persistently fast-growing individuals have a higher chance of reaching reproductive size, do so at a younger age, and therefore contribute disproportionately to population growth (lambda). Here we introduce a new approach to quantify this "fast-growth effect." We propose using age-size-structured matrix models in which persistently fast and slow growers are distinguished as they occur in relatively young and old age classes for a given size category. Life-cycle pathways involving fast growth can then be identified, and their contribution to lambda is quantified through loop analysis. We applied this approach to an example species, the tropical rainforest tree Cedrela odorata, that shows persistent growth variation among individuals. Loop analysis showed that juvenile trees reaching the 10-cm diameter class at below-median age contributed twice as much to lambda as slow juvenile growers. Fast growth to larger-diameter categories also contributed disproportionately to lambda. The results were robust to changes in parameter values and life-history trade-offs. These results show that the fast-growth effect can be strong in long-lived species. Persistent growth differences among individuals should therefore be accommodated for in demographic models and life-history studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter A Zuidema
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80084, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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23
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Johnson SE, Abrams MD. Age class, longevity and growth rate relationships: protracted growth increases in old trees in the eastern United States. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 29:1317-1328. [PMID: 19734547 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpp068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study uses data from the International Tree-Ring Data Bank website and tree cores collected in the field to explore growth rate (basal area increment, BAI) relationships across age classes (from young to old) for eight tree species in the eastern US. These species represent a variety of ecological traits and include those in the genera Populus, Quercus, Pinus, Tsuga and Nyssa. We found that most trees in all age classes and species exhibit an increasing BAI throughout their lives. This is particularly unusual for trees in the older age classes that we expected to have declining growth in the later years, as predicted by physiological growth models. There exists an inverse relationship between growth rate and increasing age class. The oldest trees within each species have consistently slow growth throughout their lives, implying an inverse relationship between growth rate and longevity. Younger trees (< 60 years of age) within each species are consistently growing faster than the older trees when they are of the same age resulting from a higher proportion of fast-growing trees in these young age classes. Slow, but increasing, BAI in the oldest trees in recent decades is a continuation of their growth pattern established in previous centuries. The fact that they have not shown a decreasing growth rate in their old age contradicts physiological growth models and may be related to the stimulatory effects of global change phenomenon (climate and land-use history).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Johnson
- School of Forest Resources, Forest Resources Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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