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Majumdar CG, ElSohly MA, Ibrahim EA, Elhendawy MA, Stanford D, Chandra S, Wanas AS, Radwan MM. Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Cannabinoid, Terpene, and Moisture Content of Cannabis Biomass. Molecules 2023; 28:7710. [PMID: 38067441 PMCID: PMC10707833 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cannabis has been proposed and promoted not only as a medicine for the treatment of a variety of illnesses, but also as an industrial crop for different purposes. Being an agricultural product, cannabis inflorescences may be contaminated by environmental pathogens at high concentrations, which might cause health problems if not controlled. Therefore, limits have to be placed on the levels of aerobic bacteria as well as yeast and mold. To ensure the safety of cannabis plant material and related products, a remediation process has to be put in place. Gamma irradiation is a sterilization process mainly used for pharmaceuticals, foods, cosmetics, agricultural, and herbal products including cannabis plant material. This study was designed to determine the effect of irradiation on the microbial count as well as on the chemical and physical profiles of the cannabis biomass, particularly cannabinoids, terpenes, and moisture content. The full cannabinoid profile was measured by GC/FID and HPLC analysis, while terpene profile and moisture content were determined using GC/MS and Loss on Drying (LoD) methods, respectively. Analyses were conducted on the samples before and after gamma irradiation. The results showed that the minimum and maximum doses were 15 and 20.8 KiloGray (KGY), respectively. Total Aerobic Microbial Count (TAMC) and Total Yeast and Mold Count (TYMC) were determined. The study showed that irradiation has no effect on the cannabinoids and little effect on terpenes and moisture content, but it did result in the virtual sterilization of the plant material, as evidenced by the low levels of bacterial and fungal colony-forming units (CFUs) < 10 after gamma irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrani G. Majumdar
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; (C.G.M.); (M.A.E.); (E.A.I.); (S.C.); (A.S.W.)
| | - Mahmoud A. ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; (C.G.M.); (M.A.E.); (E.A.I.); (S.C.); (A.S.W.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Elsayed A. Ibrahim
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; (C.G.M.); (M.A.E.); (E.A.I.); (S.C.); (A.S.W.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Mostafa A. Elhendawy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA;
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta 34511, Egypt
| | - Donald Stanford
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; (C.G.M.); (M.A.E.); (E.A.I.); (S.C.); (A.S.W.)
| | - Suman Chandra
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; (C.G.M.); (M.A.E.); (E.A.I.); (S.C.); (A.S.W.)
| | - Amira S. Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; (C.G.M.); (M.A.E.); (E.A.I.); (S.C.); (A.S.W.)
| | - Mohamed M. Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; (C.G.M.); (M.A.E.); (E.A.I.); (S.C.); (A.S.W.)
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McKernan K, Helbert Y, Kane L, Houde N, Zhang L, McLaughlin S. Whole genome sequencing of colonies derived from cannabis flowers and the impact of media selection on benchmarking total yeast and mold detection tools. F1000Res 2021; 10:624. [PMID: 34484691 PMCID: PMC8383127 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.53467.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis products are subjected to microbial testing for pathogenic fungi and bacteria. These testing requirements often rely on non-specific colony forming unit (CFU/g) specifications without clarity on which medium, selection or growth times are required. We performed whole genome sequencing to assess the specificity of colony forming units (CFU) derived from three different plating media: Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), PDA with chloramphenicol and Dichloran Rose Bengal with chloramphenicol (DRBC). METHODS Colonies were isolated from each medium type and their whole genomes sequenced to identify the diversity of microbes present on each medium selection. Fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS3) and Bacterial 16S RNA(16S) quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCR) were performed, to correlate these CFUs with fungi- and bacterial- specific qPCR. RESULTS Each plating medium displayed a ten-fold difference in CFU counts. PDA with chloramphenicol showed the highest diversity and the highest concordance with whole genome sequencing. According to ITS3 and 16S qPCR confirmed with whole genome sequencing, DRBC under counted yeast and mold while PDA without chloramphenicol over counted CFUs due to bacterial growth without selection. CONCLUSIONS Colony Forming Unit regulations lack specificity. Each medium produces significant differences in CFU counts. These are further dependent on subjective interpretation, failure to culture most microbes, and poor selection between bacteria and fungi. Given the most pathogenic microbes found on cannabis are endophytes which culture fails to detect, molecular methods offer a solution to this long-standing quantification problem in the cannabis testing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin McKernan
- Research and Development, Medicinal Genomics, Beverly, Mass, 01915, USA
| | - Yvonne Helbert
- Research and Development, Medicinal Genomics, Beverly, Mass, 01915, USA
| | - Liam Kane
- Research and Development, Medicinal Genomics, Beverly, Mass, 01915, USA
| | - Nathan Houde
- Research and Development, Medicinal Genomics, Beverly, Mass, 01915, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Research and Development, Medicinal Genomics, Beverly, Mass, 01915, USA
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McKernan K, Helbert Y, Kane L, Houde N, Zhang L, McLaughlin S. Whole genome sequencing of colonies derived from cannabis flowers and the impact of media selection on benchmarking total yeast and mold detection tools. F1000Res 2021; 10:624. [PMID: 34484691 PMCID: PMC8383127 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.53467.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis products are subjected to microbial testing for human pathogenic fungi and bacteria. These testing requirements often rely on non-specific colony forming unit (CFU/g) specifications without clarity on which medium, selection or growth times are required. We performed whole genome sequencing to assess the specificity of colony forming units (CFU) derived from three different plating media: Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), PDA with chloramphenicol and Dichloran Rose Bengal with chloramphenicol (DRBC). METHODS Colonies were isolated from each medium type and their whole genomes sequenced to identify the diversity of microbes present on each medium selection. Fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS3) and Bacterial 16S RNA(16S) quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCR) were performed, to correlate these CFUs with fungi- and bacterial- specific qPCR. RESULTS Each plating medium displayed a ten-fold difference in CFU counts. PDA with chloramphenicol showed the highest diversity and the highest concordance with whole genome sequencing. According to ITS3 and 16S qPCR confirmed with whole genome sequencing, DRBC under counted yeast and mold while PDA without chloramphenicol over counted CFUs due to bacterial growth without selection. CONCLUSIONS Colony Forming Unit regulations lack specificity. Each medium produces significant differences in CFU counts. These are further dependent on subjective interpretation, failure to culture most microbes, and poor selection between bacteria and fungi. Given the most human pathogenic microbes found on cannabis are endophytes which culture fails to detect, molecular methods offer a solution to this long-standing quantification problem in the cannabis testing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin McKernan
- Research and Development, Medicinal Genomics, Beverly, Mass, 01915, USA
| | - Yvonne Helbert
- Research and Development, Medicinal Genomics, Beverly, Mass, 01915, USA
| | - Liam Kane
- Research and Development, Medicinal Genomics, Beverly, Mass, 01915, USA
| | - Nathan Houde
- Research and Development, Medicinal Genomics, Beverly, Mass, 01915, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Research and Development, Medicinal Genomics, Beverly, Mass, 01915, USA
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Deshayes S, Aouba A, Grateau G, Georgin-Lavialle S. Infections and AA amyloidosis: An overview. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e13966. [PMID: 33368925 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloidoses are a heterogeneous group of systemic diseases characterised by extracellular accumulation of insoluble amyloid fibrils derived from unfolded proteins. Inflammatory (AA) amyloidosis can complicate various inflammatory disorders that are associated with a sustained acute phase response and serum amyloid A (SAA) protein overproduction. Chronic infections were the first recognised cause of amyloidoses. However, with the better management of underlying diseases, the frequency of AA amyloidosis is decreasing. PURPOSE The aim of this overview was to discuss the several infections associated with AA amyloidosis and the relative frequency of infections as aetiological factors. METHODS A search of the literature was performed using the PubMed database using the MeSH terms "Amyloidosis" and "Infections," from inception to December 31st, 2019. Articles written in other languages than English or French were excluded. RESULTS The frequency of AA amyloidosis secondary to infections decreased from more than 50% to less than 20% after the 2000s, with a parallel increase in the frequency of AA amyloidosis secondary to inflammatory diseases and to an unknown cause. CONCLUSION Whereas new antibiotics have been developed and sanitary conditions are better, infections still represent 5%-30% of the causes of AA amyloidosis, including in developed countries. These data argue for better screening of chronic infections to prevent AA amyloidosis and the development of new strategies to manage recurrent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Deshayes
- Service de médecine interne, Normandie University, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Achille Aouba
- Service de médecine interne, Normandie University, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Gilles Grateau
- Sorbonne Université, Service de médecine interne, GRC-28 (GRAASU), Centre national de référence des maladies autoinflammatoires et des amyloses inflammatoires (CEREMAIA), hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Georgin-Lavialle
- Sorbonne Université, Service de médecine interne, GRC-28 (GRAASU), Centre national de référence des maladies autoinflammatoires et des amyloses inflammatoires (CEREMAIA), hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, Paris, France
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The effect of cannabis dry flower irradiation on the level of cannabinoids, terpenes and anti-cancer properties of the extracts. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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6
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Amyloidosis secondary to chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: Case report and a systematic review of literature. J Mycol Med 2019; 29:372-374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.100898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Craven CB, Wawryk N, Jiang P, Liu Z, Li XF. Pesticides and trace elements in cannabis: Analytical and environmental challenges and opportunities. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 85:82-93. [PMID: 31471034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is increasingly used for both medicinal and recreational purposes with an estimate of over 180 million users annually. Canada has recently legalized cannabis use in October 2018, joining several states in the United States of America (e.g., Colorado, California, and Oregon) and a few other countries. A variety of cannabis products including dry flowers, edibles, and oil products are widely consumed. With high demand for cannabis products worldwide, the quality of cannabis and its related products has become a major concern for consumer safety. Various guidelines have been set by different countries to ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy of cannabis products. In general, these guidelines require control of contaminants including pesticides, toxic elements, mycotoxins, and pathogens, as well as residual solvents in regard to cannabis oil. Accordingly, appropriate analytical methods are required to determine these contaminants in cannabis products for quality control. In this review, we focus on the current analytical challenges and method development for detection of pesticides and toxic elements in cannabis to meet various guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caley B Craven
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Nicholas Wawryk
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Ping Jiang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada.
| | - Zhongshan Liu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada.
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Agarwal R, Bhogal S, Choudhary H, Aggarwal AN, Sehgal IS, Dhooria S, Behera D, Chakrabarti A. Aspergillus
sensitisation in bidi smokers with and without chronic obstructive lung disease. Mycoses 2017; 60:381-386. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Agarwal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER); Chandigarh India
| | - Sumita Bhogal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER); Chandigarh India
| | - Hansraj Choudhary
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER); Chandigarh India
| | - Ashutosh N. Aggarwal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER); Chandigarh India
| | - Inderpaul S. Sehgal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER); Chandigarh India
| | - Sahajal Dhooria
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER); Chandigarh India
| | - Digambar Behera
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER); Chandigarh India
| | - Arunaloke Chakrabarti
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER); Chandigarh India
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McKernan K, Spangler J, Helbert Y, Lynch RC, Devitt-Lee A, Zhang L, Orphe W, Warner J, Foss T, Hudalla CJ, Silva M, Smith DR. Metagenomic analysis of medicinal Cannabis samples; pathogenic bacteria, toxigenic fungi, and beneficial microbes grow in culture-based yeast and mold tests. F1000Res 2016; 5:2471. [PMID: 27853518 PMCID: PMC5089129 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9662.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The presence of bacteria and fungi in medicinal or recreational
Cannabis poses a potential threat to consumers if those microbes include pathogenic or toxigenic species. This study evaluated two widely used culture-based platforms for total yeast and mold (TYM) testing marketed by 3M Corporation and Biomérieux, in comparison with a quantitative PCR (qPCR) approach marketed by Medicinal Genomics Corporation. Methods: A set of 15 medicinal
Cannabis samples were analyzed using 3M and Biomérieux culture-based platforms and by qPCR to quantify microbial DNA. All samples were then subjected to next-generation sequencing and metagenomics analysis to enumerate the bacteria and fungi present before and after growth on culture-based media. Results: Several pathogenic or toxigenic bacterial and fungal species were identified in proportions of >5% of classified reads on the samples, including
Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ralstonia pickettii, Salmonella enterica, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Aspergillus ostianus, Aspergillus sydowii, Penicillium citrinum and
Penicillium steckii. Samples subjected to culture showed substantial shifts in the number and diversity of species present, including the failure of
Aspergillus species to grow well on either platform. Substantial growth of
Clostridium botulinum and other bacteria were frequently observed on one or both of the culture-based TYM platforms. The presence of plant growth promoting (beneficial) fungal species further influenced the differential growth of species in the microbiome of each sample. Conclusions: These findings have important implications for the
Cannabis and food safety testing industries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ryan C Lynch
- Medicinal Genomics Corporation, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA
| | | | - Lei Zhang
- Medicinal Genomics Corporation, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA
| | - Wendell Orphe
- Medicinal Genomics Corporation, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA
| | - Jason Warner
- Medicinal Genomics Corporation, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA
| | - Theodore Foss
- Medicinal Genomics Corporation, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA
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Hazekamp A. Evaluating the Effects of Gamma-Irradiation for Decontamination of Medicinal Cannabis. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:108. [PMID: 27199751 PMCID: PMC4847121 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In several countries with a National medicinal cannabis program, pharmaceutical regulations specify that herbal cannabis products must adhere to strict safety standards regarding microbial contamination. Treatment by gamma irradiation currently seems the only method available to meet these requirements. We evaluated the effects of irradiation treatment of four different cannabis varieties covering different chemical compositions. Samples were compared before and after standard gamma-irradiation treatment by performing quantitative UPLC analysis of major cannabinoids, as well as qualitative GC analysis of full cannabinoid and terpene profiles. In addition, water content and microscopic appearance of the cannabis flowers was evaluated. This study found that treatment did not cause changes in the content of THC and CBD, generally considered as the most important therapeutically active components of medicinal cannabis. Likewise, the water content and the microscopic structure of the dried cannabis flowers were not altered by standard irradiation protocol in the cannabis varieties studied. The effect of gamma-irradiation was limited to a reduction of some terpenes present in the cannabis, but keeping the terpene profile qualitatively the same. Based on the results presented in this report, gamma irradiation of herbal cannabis remains the recommended method of decontamination, at least until other more generally accepted methods have been developed and validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Hazekamp
- Head of Research and Education, Bedrocan International BV Veendam, Netherlands
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McKernan K, Spangler J, Zhang L, Tadigotla V, Helbert Y, Foss T, Smith D. Cannabis microbiome sequencing reveals several mycotoxic fungi native to dispensary grade Cannabis flowers. F1000Res 2015; 4:1422. [PMID: 27303623 PMCID: PMC4897766 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7507.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Center for Disease Control estimates 128,000 people in the U.S. are hospitalized annually due to food borne illnesses. This has created a demand for food safety testing targeting the detection of pathogenic mold and bacteria on agricultural products. This risk extends to medical Cannabis and is of particular concern with inhaled, vaporized and even concentrated Cannabis products . As a result, third party microbial testing has become a regulatory requirement in the medical and recreational Cannabis markets, yet knowledge of the Cannabis microbiome is limited. Here we describe the first next generation sequencing survey of the fungal communities found in dispensary based Cannabis flowers by ITS2 sequencing, and demonstrate the sensitive detection of several toxigenic Penicillium and Aspergillus species, including P. citrinum and P. paxilli, that were not detected by one or more culture-based methods currently in use for safety testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lei Zhang
- Medicinal Genomics Corporation, Woburn, MA, USA
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Remington TL, Fuller J, Chiu I. Chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with diabetes and marijuana use. CMAJ 2015; 187:1305-1308. [PMID: 26100839 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.141412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Leah Remington
- Division of Infectious Diseases (Remington, Chiu), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta; Provincial Laboratory (Fuller), Alberta Health Services; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (Fuller), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
| | - Jeffrey Fuller
- Division of Infectious Diseases (Remington, Chiu), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta; Provincial Laboratory (Fuller), Alberta Health Services; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (Fuller), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Isabelle Chiu
- Division of Infectious Diseases (Remington, Chiu), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta; Provincial Laboratory (Fuller), Alberta Health Services; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (Fuller), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
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Greydanus DE, Kaplan G, Baxter LE, Patel DR, Feucht CL. Cannabis: The never-ending, nefarious nepenthe of the 21st century: What should the clinician know? Dis Mon 2015; 61:118-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Too many mouldy joints - marijuana and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2011; 3:e2011005. [PMID: 21625309 PMCID: PMC3103256 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2011.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis is a progressive debilitating disease with multiple underlying pulmonary diseases described. Here we report the association of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and long term marijuana smoking in 2 patients and review the literature related to invasive and allergic aspergillosis.
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