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Piotrowska-Kempisty H, Nowicki M, Jodynis-Liebert J, Kurpik M, Ewertowska M, Adamska T, Oszmiański J, Kujawska M. Assessment of Hepatoprotective Effect of Chokeberry Juice in Rats Treated Chronically with Carbon Tetrachloride. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061268. [PMID: 32168847 PMCID: PMC7144002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the protective effects of chokeberry juice and silymarin against chemical-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Liver fibrosis was induced by CCl4 administered two days a week for six weeks. Two groups of rats were co-treated with chokeberry juice, 10 mL/kg/day. or silymarin as a positive control, 100 mg/kg/day for six weeks. Hepatic lipid peroxidation was suppressed by 50% and the activity of hepatic antioxidant enzymes was increased by 19%–173% in rats co-treated with CCl4 and substances tested as compared to rats administered CCl4 alone. Hepatic hydroxyproline was decreased by 24% only in rats treated with silymarin. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of fibrosis-related molecules, procollagen I, α-SMA, TIMP-1, TGFβ, and TNFα, which were significantly increased in the liver of CCl4-treated rats, were not modulated by substances tested. Histological evaluation revealed a slight protective effect of silymarin against fibrosis. However, in CCl4 + chokeberry-treated rats, the density of vacuolated hepatocytes was significantly lower than that in silymarin administered animals. Chokeberry juice did not demonstrate an antifibrotic effect in the applied experimental model of fibrosis, and the effect of the known antifibrotic agent, silymarin, was very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Piotrowska-Kempisty
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznań, Poland; (H.P.-K.); (J.J.-L.); (M.K.); (M.E.); (T.A.)
| | - Michał Nowicki
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Jadwiga Jodynis-Liebert
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznań, Poland; (H.P.-K.); (J.J.-L.); (M.K.); (M.E.); (T.A.)
| | - Monika Kurpik
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznań, Poland; (H.P.-K.); (J.J.-L.); (M.K.); (M.E.); (T.A.)
| | - Małgorzata Ewertowska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznań, Poland; (H.P.-K.); (J.J.-L.); (M.K.); (M.E.); (T.A.)
| | - Teresa Adamska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznań, Poland; (H.P.-K.); (J.J.-L.); (M.K.); (M.E.); (T.A.)
| | - Jan Oszmiański
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Cereal Technology, Environmental and Life Science University, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Kujawska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznań, Poland; (H.P.-K.); (J.J.-L.); (M.K.); (M.E.); (T.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-847-20-81 (ext. 156)
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Liau PR, Wu MS, Lee CK. Inhibitory Effects of Scutellaria baicalensis Root Extract on Linoleic Acid Hydroperoxide-induced Lung Mitochondrial Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Activities. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112143. [PMID: 31174346 PMCID: PMC6600317 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the ability of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi to protect lipid-peroxidation (LPO) in lung tissue after free radical-induced injury. We prepared S. baicalensis root (SBR) extracts using different solvents. The total flavonoid and total phenol contents of each extract were measured, and the ROS damage protection was evaluated by analyzing linoleic acid hydroperoxide (LHP)-induced LPO in rat lung mitochondria. Moreover, evaluating diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion radical, and hydroxyl radical scavenging abilities and using metal chelating assays were used to determine in vitro antioxidant activity. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract showed high ROS scavenging ability, and four compounds were subsequently isolated and purified from this extract: baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, and oroxylin A. Baicalein in rat lung mitochondria the most significant LHP-induced LPO inhibition was shown and extracted with EtOAc that contained the highest amount of baicalein. Thus, baicalein and the EtOAc extract of SBR may be efficient in conferring ROS damage protection and inhibiting LHP-induced LPO in rat lung mitochondria. Additional studies are warranted to investigate their use as antioxidant therapy for respiration infections, nutrition supplements, and lead compounds in pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Ru Liau
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Ming Shun Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei 11661, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Ching Kuo Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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Induction of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in hepatocytes by beta-naphthoflavone: Time-dependent changes in activities, protein and mRNA levels. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA 2018; 68:75-85. [PMID: 29453911 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2018-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, time-dependency of the induction effect of a selective inducer on the activity, protein and mRNA levels of cytochromes P450 1A1/2 (CYP1A1/2), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTA), in primary culture of rat hepatocytes was tested and evaluated. To show the differences in responses of tested enzymes, the common aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligand agonist, beta-naphthoflavone (BNF), was used. Induction of CYP1A1/2 by BNF was detected at all time intervals and at all levels (i.e., mRNA, protein, enzyme activity). Different responses of NQO1 and GSTA upon BNF treatment were observed. Our results demonstrate that the responses of different xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes to the inducer vary in time and depend on the measured parameter. For these reasons, an induction study featuring only one-time interval treatment and/ or one parameter testing could produce misleading information.
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Peluso I, Serafini M. Antioxidants from black and green tea: from dietary modulation of oxidative stress to pharmacological mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1195-1208. [PMID: 27747873 PMCID: PMC5429329 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of tea (Camellia sinensis) has been correlated with a low incidence of chronic pathologies, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer, in which oxidative stress plays a critical role. Tea catechins and theaflavins are, respectively, the bioactive phytochemicals responsible for the antioxidant activity of green tea (GT) and black tea (BT). In addition to their redox properties, tea catechins and theaflavins could have also pharmacological activities, such as the ability to lower glucose, lipid and uric acid (UA) levels. These activities are mediated by pharmacological mechanisms such as enzymatic inhibition and interaction with transporters. Epigallocatechin gallate is the most active compound at inhibiting the enzymes involved in cholesterol and UA metabolism (hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase and xanthine oxidase respectively) and affecting glucose transporters. The structural features of catechins that significantly contribute to their pharmacological effect are the presence/absence of the galloyl moiety and the number and positions of the hydroxyl groups on the rings. Although the inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase, maltase, amylase and lipase, multidrug resistance 1, organic anion transporters and proton-coupled folate transport occur at higher concentrations than those apparent in the circulation, these effects could be relevant in the gut. In conclusion, despite the urgent need for further research in humans, the regular consumption of moderate quantities of GT and BT can effectively modulate their antioxidant capacity, mainly in people subjected to oxidative stress, and could improve the metabolism of glucose, lipid and UA. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Peluso
- Functional Foods and Metabolic Stress Prevention Laboratory, Centre for Food and NutritionCouncil for Agricultural Research and EconomicsRomeItaly
| | - Mauro Serafini
- Functional Foods and Metabolic Stress Prevention Laboratory, Centre for Food and NutritionCouncil for Agricultural Research and EconomicsRomeItaly
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Balyan R, Kudugunti SK, Hamad HA, Yousef MS, Moridani MY. Bioactivation of luteolin by tyrosinase selectively inhibits glutathione S-transferase. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 240:208-18. [PMID: 26279214 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase (GST) plays a significant role in the metabolism and detoxification of drugs used in treatment of melanoma, resulting in a decrease in drug efficacy. Tyrosinase is an abundant enzyme found in melanoma. In this study, we used a tyrosinase targeted approach to selectively inhibit GST. In the presence of tyrosinase, luteolin (10 μM) showed 87% GST inhibition; whereas in the absence of tyrosinase, luteolin led to negligible GST inhibition. With respect to GSH, both luteolin-SG conjugate and luteolin-quinone inhibited ≥90% of GST activity via competitive reversible and irreversible mixed mechanisms with Ki of 0.74 μM and 0.02 μM, respectively. With respect to CDNB, the luteolin-SG conjugate inhibited GST activity via competitive reversible mechanism and competitively with Ki of 0.58 μM, whereas luteolin-quinone showed irreversible mixed inhibition of GST activity with Ki of 0.039 μM. Luteolin (100 μM) inhibited GST in mixed manner with Ki of 53 μM with respect to GSH and non-competitively with respect to CDNB with Ki of 38 μM. Luteolin, at a concentration range of 5-80 μM, exhibited 78-99% GST inhibition in human SK-MEL-28 cell homogenate. Among the 3 species of intact luteolin, luteolin-SG conjugate, and luteoline-quinone, only the latter two have potential as drugs with Ki < 1 μM, which is potentially achievable in-vivo as therapeutic agents. The order of GST inhibition was luteolin-quinone >> luteolin-SG conjugate >>> luteolin. In summary, our results suggest that luteolin was bioactivated by tyrosinase to form a luteolin-quinone and luteolin-glutathione conjugate, which inhibited GST. For the first time, in addition to intracellular GSH depletion, we demonstrate that luteolin acts as a selective inhibitor of GST in the presence of tyrosinase. Such strategy could potentially be used to selectively inhibit GST, a drug detoxifying enzyme, in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Balyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Shashi K Kudugunti
- Repligen Corporation, 41 Seyon St, Bldg 1, Suite 100, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Hamzah A Hamad
- Department of Physics, College of Arts & Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL 62025, USA
| | - Mohammad S Yousef
- Department of Physics, College of Arts & Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL 62025, USA; Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Majid Y Moridani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 5322, USA.
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Gocer H, Topal F, Topal M, Küçük M, Teke D, Gülçin İ, Alwasel SH, Supuran CT. Acetylcholinesterase and carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I and II inhibition profiles of taxifolin. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:441-7. [PMID: 25893707 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1036051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxifolin, also known as dihydroquercetin, is a flavonoid commonly found in plants. Carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) plays an important role in many critical physiological events including carbon dioxide (CO2)/bicarbonate (HCO3(-)) respiration and pH regulation. There are 16 known CA isoforms in humans, of which human hCA isoenzymes I and II (hCA I and II) are ubiquitous cytosolic isoforms. In this study, the inhibition properties of taxifolin against the slow cytosolic isoenzyme hCA I, and the ubiquitous and dominant rapid cytosolic isoenzyme hCA II were studied. Taxifolin, as a naturally bioactive flavonoid, has a K(i) of 29.2 nM against hCA I, and 24.2 nM against hCA II. For acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) inhibition, K(i) parameter of taxifolin was determined to be 16.7 nM. These results clearly show that taxifolin inhibited both CA isoenzymes and AChE at the nM levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hulya Gocer
- a Central Researching Laboratory, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University , Agri , Turkey
| | - Fevzi Topal
- b Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Gumushane University , Gumushane , Turkey
| | - Meryem Topal
- b Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Gumushane University , Gumushane , Turkey
| | - Murat Küçük
- c Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Dilek Teke
- c Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - İlhami Gülçin
- c Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University , Erzurum , Turkey .,d Zoology Department, College of Science, Fetal Programming of Diseases Research Chair, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh H Alwasel
- d Zoology Department, College of Science, Fetal Programming of Diseases Research Chair, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- e Dipartimento di Chimica Ugo Schiff, Universita degli Studi di Firenze , Sesto Fiorentino , Firenze , Italy , and.,f Neurofarba Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutriceutical Sciences, Universita degli Studi di Firenze , Sesto Fiorentino , Florence , Italy
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Boušová I, Matoušková P, Bártíková H, Szotáková B, Hanušová V, Tománková V, Anzenbacherová E, Lišková B, Anzenbacher P, Skálová L. Influence of diet supplementation with green tea extract on drug-metabolizing enzymes in a mouse model of monosodium glutamate-induced obesity. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:361-71. [PMID: 25663641 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0856-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Consumption of dietary supplements with green tea extract (GTE) is popular for weight management, but it may be accompanied by various side effects, including interactions with drugs. The aim of the present in vivo study was to evaluate the effect of defined GTE (Polyphenon 60) in three dosage schemes on insulin, leptin and drug-metabolizing enzymes in obese mice. METHODS Experimental obesity was induced by repeated s.c. application of monosodium glutamate to newborn mice. Green tea extract was administered in three dosage schemes in chow diet. The plasmatic levels of insulin and leptin were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Enzyme activities and mRNA expressions of drug-metabolizing enzymes (totally 13) were analyzed in liver and small intestine using spectrophotometric and HPLC assays and RT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS GTE-treatment decreased insulin and leptin levels. Eleven enzymes were significantly affected by GTE-treatment. Long-term administration of 0.01% GTE caused increase in the activity and mRNA level of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) ortholog in the liver as well as in the small intestine. Interestingly, short-term overdose by GTE (0.1%) had more pronounced effects on enzyme activities and mRNA expressions than long-term overdose. CONCLUSIONS GTE-mediated induction of CYP3A4 ortholog, the main drug-metabolizing enzyme, could result in decreased efficacy of simultaneously or subsequently administered drug in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Boušová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Bártíková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Szotáková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Hanušová
- Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Šimkova 870, 500 38, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Tománková
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Anzenbacherová
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Lišková
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Anzenbacher
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Matoušková P, Bártíková H, Boušová I, Szotáková B, Martin J, Skorkovská J, Hanušová V, Tománková V, Anzenbacherová E, Lišková B, Anzenbacher P, Skálová L. Effect of defined green tea extract in various dosage schemes on drug-metabolizing enzymes in mice in vivo. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Valentová K, Vidlář A, Zatloukalová M, Stuchlík M, Vacek J, Šimánek V, Ulrichová J. Biosafety and antioxidant effects of a beverage containing silymarin and arginine. A pilot, human intervention cross-over trial. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 56:178-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gupta VK, Bhalla Y, Jaitak V. Impact of ABC transporters, glutathione conjugates in MDR and their modulation by flavonoids: an overview. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Çelik H, Koşar M, Arinç E. In vitro effects of myricetin, morin, apigenin, (+)-taxifolin, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, naringenin and naringin on cytochrome b5 reduction by purified NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase. Toxicology 2013; 308:34-40. [PMID: 23567315 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The microsomal NADH-dependent electron transport system consisting of cytochrome b5 reductase and cytochrome b5 participates in a number of physiologically important processes including lipid metabolism as well as is involved in the metabolism of various drug and xenobiotics. In the present study, we assessed the inhibitory effects of eight dietary flavonoids representing five distinct chemical classes on cytochrome b5 reduction by purified cytochrome b5 reductase. From the flavonoids tested, myricetin was the most potent in inhibiting cytochrome b5 reduction with an IC50 value of 0.35μM. Myricetin inhibited b5 reductase noncompetitively with a Ki of 0.21μM with respect to cofactor NADH, and exhibited a non-linear relationship indicating non-Michaelis-Menten kinetic binding with respect to cytochrome b5. In contrast to the potent inhibitory activity of myricetin, (+)-taxifolin was found to be a weak inhibitor (IC50=9.8μM). The remaining flavonoids were inactive within the concentration range tested (1-50μM). Analysis of structure-activity data suggested that simultaneous presence of three OH groups in ring B is a primary structural determinant for a potent enzyme inhibition. Our results suggest that inhibition of the activity of this system by myricetin or myricetin containing diets may influence the metabolism of therapeutic drugs as well as detoxification of xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haydar Çelik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey.
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Szotáková B, Bártíková H, Hlaváčová J, Boušová I, Skálová L. Inhibitory effect of anthocyanidins on hepatic glutathione S-transferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and carbonyl reductase activities in rat and human. Xenobiotica 2013; 43:679-85. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.756557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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