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Pacheco-Colón I, Lopez-Quintero C, Coxe S, Limia JM, Pulido W, Granja K, Paula DC, Gonzalez I, Ross JM, Duperrouzel JC, Hawes SW, Gonzalez R. Risky decision-making as an antecedent or consequence of adolescent cannabis use: findings from a 2-year longitudinal study. Addiction 2022; 117:392-410. [PMID: 34184776 PMCID: PMC8714869 DOI: 10.1111/add.15626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although poor decision-making (DM) has been correlated with problematic cannabis use (CU), cross-sectional designs make it difficult to determine whether poor DM represents an antecedent and/or consequence of CU. The current study measured bidirectional associations between CU and DM among adolescents over 2 years and compared these findings to those observed with episodic memory, which is consistently reported as a consequence of CU. We also measured the role of DM as a risk factor for cannabis use disorder (CUD) onset. DESIGN Two-year longitudinal study with five bi-annual assessments. PARTICIPANTS Participants were 401 adolescents aged 14-17 years at baseline. SETTING Miami, Florida, USA. MEASUREMENTS CU frequency and CUDs were assessed at each time-point through the Drug Use History Questionnaire and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, respectively. Neurocognition was assessed at odd time-points throughout the Iowa Gambling Task, Game of Dice Task and Cups Task [decision-making (DM)] and the Wechsler Memory Scale IV and California Verbal Learning Test II (episodic memory). We used latent growth curve modeling to examine bidirectional influences between CU and neurocognition over time. We applied discrete time survival analyses to determine whether baseline DM predicted CUD onset. FINDINGS Greater lifetime CU frequency was associated with poorer episodic memory at baseline (bs = -14.84, -16.44, Ps = 0.038, 0.021). Greater CU escalation predicted lesser gains in immediate episodic memory (b = -0.05, P = 0.020). Baseline DM did not predict CU escalation (b = 0.07, P = 0.421), nor did escalation in CU predict changes in DM (b = 0.02, P = 0.352). Baseline DM also did not predict CUD onset (adjusted OR = 1.01, 95% confidence interval = 0.98-1.06). CONCLUSIONS This study replicates findings that poorer episodic memory in adolescents appears to be a consequence of cannabis use, even among adolescents at earlier stages of use. Poor decision-making does not appear to be either a consequence of or a risk factor for escalating cannabis use or onset of cannabis use disorder among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Pacheco-Colón
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Catalina Lopez-Quintero
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stefany Coxe
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jorge M. Limia
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - William Pulido
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Karen Granja
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dayana C. Paula
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ingrid Gonzalez
- Department of Biostatistics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - J. Megan Ross
- Division of Addiction Sciences, Prevention and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Samuel W. Hawes
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Raul Gonzalez
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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Weller JA, Parker AM, Reynolds M, Kirisci L. Developmental trajectory classes in psychological dysregulation predict later decision-making competence. Addict Behav 2021; 112:106650. [PMID: 32979690 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence and emerging adulthood are developmental periods associated with increased risk taking, including alcohol and substance use and antisocial behaviors. Typical psychological growth from adolescence into early adulthood reflects increases in traits related to psychological regulation (e.g., greater emotional stability and less impulsivity), which are typically considered protective factors against risk behaviors. However, individuals may vary greatly in their development of these characteristics. This study examines the degree to which heterogeneity in developmental trajectories of psychological regulation are associated with later performance on decision-making skills battery. In this study, psychological regulation was assessed at age 10-12, with follow-up assessments at 14, 16, and 19 years. At age 19, we administered the Youth Decision-Making Competence (DMC; Parker & Fischhoff, 2005) measure. Correlational analyses revealed that lower psychological regulation, as early as age 10, was associated with lower DMC scores. A latent class growth mixture model yielded three distinct developmental trajectory classes of psychological dysregulation: (a) a Moderate-Stable group, a modal class that demonstrated stable and average regulative tendencies throughout adolescence, (b) a Low-Decreasing group, which demonstrated greater self-regulation throughout childhood, and a (c) High-Increasing group, which demonstrated low self-regulative tendencies (higher dysregulation) at age 10 that became increasingly dysregulated throughout adolescence. Individuals in the High-Increasing group demonstrated lower DMC performance than those in the Moderate-Stable and Low-Decreasing groups. Our findings also reinforce past work that indicates considerable individual differences in intra-individual change across adolescence, and that early patterns of psychological dysregulation development can impact later decision-making tendencies.
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Tarter RE, Kirisci L, Cochran G, Seybert A, Reynolds M, Vanyukov M. Forecasting Opioid Use Disorder at 25 Years of Age in 16-Year-Old Adolescents. J Pediatr 2020; 225:207-213.e1. [PMID: 32652077 PMCID: PMC7530099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the accuracy of detecting 16-year-old male (n = 465) and female (n = 162) youths who subsequently manifest opioid use disorder (OUD) at 25 years of age. We hypothesized that the combined measures of 2 components of etiology, heritable risk, and substance use, accurately detect youths who develop OUD. STUDY DESIGN Heritable risk was measured by the transmissible liability index (TLI). Severity of the prodrome presaging OUD was quantified by the revised Drug Use Screening Inventory containing the consumption frequency index (CFI) documenting substance use events during the past month and the overall problem density (OPD) score indicating co-occurring biopsychosocial problems. Diagnosis of OUD was formulated by a clinical committee based on results of the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition in conjunction with medical and social history records. RESULTS Bivariate analysis shows that the TLI, CFI, and OPD scores at 16 years of age predict OUD at 25 years. Multivariate modeling indicates that the TLI combined with the CFI predict OUD with 86% accuracy (sensitivity = 87%; specificity = 62%). The TLI and CFI at 16 years of age mediate the association between parental substance use disorder and OUD in offspring at 25 years of age, indicating that these measures respectively evaluate risk and prodrome. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the feasibility of identifying youths requiring intervention to prevent OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph E Tarter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
| | - Levent Kirisci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Gerald Cochran
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Amy Seybert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Maureen Reynolds
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Michael Vanyukov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Leung J, Chan GCK, Hides L, Hall WD. What is the prevalence and risk of cannabis use disorders among people who use cannabis? a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addict Behav 2020; 109:106479. [PMID: 32485547 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We aim to quantify the prevalence and risk of having a cannabis use disorder (CUD), cannabis abuse (CA) or cannabis dependence (CD) among people in the general population who have used cannabis. METHOD We conducted a systematic review of epidemiological cross-sectional and longitudinal studies on the prevalence and risks of CUDs among cannabis users. We identified studies published between 2009 and 2019 through PubMed, the Global Burden Disease (GBD) Database, and supplementary searches up to 2020. The outcomes of interest were CUDs based on DSM or ICD criteria. Estimates were synthesized using random-effects meta-analyses, followed by meta-regression of study characteristics on effect sizes. RESULTS From 1383 records identified, 21 studies were included. Meta-analyses showed that among people who used cannabis, 22% (18-26%) have CUD, 13% (8-18%) have CA, and 13% (10-15%) have CD. Estimates from cohort studies, showed that the risk of developing CD increased to 33% (22-44%) among young people who engaged in regular (weekly or daily) use of cannabis. There was a lack of data from cohort studies to estimate the risk of CUD or CA among regular cannabis users. CONCLUSIONS Cannabis users need to be informed about the risks of developing CUDs and the higher risks among those who initiate early and use frequently during adolescence. Future studies are needed to examine how changes in cannabis policies may affect the risks of CUDs in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janni Leung
- School of Psychology, Lives Lived Well Group, The University of Queensland, Australia; Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Australia.
| | - Gary C K Chan
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Australia.
| | - Leanne Hides
- School of Psychology, Lives Lived Well Group, The University of Queensland, Australia; Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Australia.
| | - Wayne D Hall
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Australia.
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Lee JY, Pahl K, Kim W. Correlates of Cannabis Use Disorders among urban women of color: childhood abuse, relationship with spouse/partner, and media exposure. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2020; 26:132-137. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2020.1784301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kerstin Pahl
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Nathan Kline Institute, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | - Wonkuk Kim
- Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the literature to date that has capitalized on the longitudinal research study framework in order to elucidate the etiology of cannabis use disorders (CUDs). RECENT FINDINGS The studies are mixed with respect to reliable predictors of CUD development. Of the studies outlined, the most consistently indicated risk factors for CUD development include: male sex, past cannabis and other substance use (especially tobacco), and the presence of pre/comorbid psychopathology (especially mood disorders). Social motives and peer involvement may also play a role in this transition. Many of these CUD risk factors appear to be distinct from other factors linked with overall cannabis use. SUMMARY CUD development is likely the product of interactions between biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors. However, many more well-planned and developmentally sensitive prospective studies are needed to identify specific and reliable risk factors for CUD development.
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Lee JY, Brook JS, De La Rosa M, Kim Y, Brook DW. The association between alcohol use trajectories from adolescence to adulthood and cannabis use disorder in adulthood: a 22-year longitudinal study. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2017. [PMID: 28635349 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2017.1288734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the increasing prevalence of cannabis use disorder (CUD), the impact of cannabis use on public health may be significant. OBJECTIVE The present study seeks the possible precursors (e.g., alcohol use) of CUD in order to minimize the potential negative consequences of CUD such as impaired coordination and performance. METHOD The Harlem Longitudinal Development Study included 674 participants (53% African Americans, 47% Puerto Ricans), with 60% females (n=405) from a six wave survey. We used a growth mixture model to obtain the trajectories of alcohol use from the mean ages of 14 to 36. To examine the associations between alcohol use trajectories and CUD, we used logistic regression analyses with the indicator of CUD as the dependent variable and the indicator of membership in each trajectory group as the independent variables. RESULTS A three alcohol use trajectory group model was selected. Male gender, higher frequency of cannabis use in adolescence, and a lower educational level were associated with an increased likelihood of having CUD. Membership in the increasing alcohol use group (OR=27.44, p < .01; AOR=15.54, p < .01) and the moderate alcohol use group (OR=10.40, p < .05; AOR=8.63, p < .05) were associated with an increased likelihood of having CUD compared with the membership in the no or low alcohol use group. CONCLUSIONS The findings of our study support the hypothesis that addressing alcohol use at an early age could impact later CUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yeon Lee
- a Department of Psychiatry , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Judith S Brook
- a Department of Psychiatry , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Mario De La Rosa
- b Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse , Florida International University , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Youngjin Kim
- a Department of Psychiatry , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - David W Brook
- a Department of Psychiatry , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
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MacDonald K, Pappas K. WHY NOT POT?: A Review of the Brain-based Risks of Cannabis. INNOVATIONS IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 13:13-22. [PMID: 27354924 PMCID: PMC4911936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we provide a historical perspective on marijuana, and survey contemporary research investigating its potential negative effects on the brain. We discuss the evidence regarding cannabis dependence, driving under the influence of cannabis, underachievement, inducing (or worsening) certain psychiatric conditions, and the potential for progression to use of more dangerous drugs-summarized by the acronym DDUMB, a cognitive tool that may help healthcare providers in their risk/benefit discussions with patients who use cannabis. We also review and discuss the impact of marijuana use on target populations, including adolescents (who are at increased risk of harm); heavy users; and people suffering from-or at high risk of- mental illness. While cannabis presents certain subjective, healthrelated, and pecuniary benefits to users, growers, and other entities, it is also associated with several brainbased risks. Understanding these risks aids clinicians and their patients in making informed and balanced decisions regarding the initiation or continuance of marijuana use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai MacDonald
- Dr. MacDonald and Ms. Pappas are with UC San Diego Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Pappas
- Dr. MacDonald and Ms. Pappas are with UC San Diego Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA
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Tarter R, Kirisci L, Reynolds M. A new approach to researching the etiology of cannabis use disorder: integrating transmissible and nontransmissible risk within a developmental framework. Subst Abus 2015; 35:336-43. [PMID: 25157645 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2014.956918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly occurring changes in law enforcement and licensing of retail outlets to sell marijuana raises the prospect that the population of consumers will expand and accordingly the prevalence of cannabis use disorder (CUD) will increase. This report presents a novel approach to researching CUD etiology joining multivariate and ontogenetic perspectives. CUD is conceptualized as a developmental outcome consisting of transmissible (intergenerational) and nontransmissible components. Partitioning the liability for CUD into these 2 dimensions enables implementing interventions targeted at the particular source and severity of risk. In addition, results showing that infant temperament disturbances predict transmissible risk leading to CUD 2 decades later underscore the importance of implementing early prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Tarter
- a Center for Education and Drug Abuse Research , University of Pittsburgh, School of Pharmacy , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
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Longitudinal Modeling of the Association Between Transmissible Risk, Affect During Drug Use and Development of Substance Use Disorder. J Addict Med 2015; 9:464-9. [PMID: 26441401 DOI: 10.1097/adm.0000000000000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This longitudinal investigation examined the hypothesis that subjective experience during consumption of preferred drugs mediates the association of transmissible risk for substance use disorder (SUD) measured in childhood and adolescence, and SUD diagnosis in adulthood. Transmissible risk denotes the psychological characteristics having intergenerational continuity between parents and their biological children. METHODS The transmissible liability index (TLI) was administered to four hundred eighty-three 10 to 12-year-old boys (baseline). Follow-up evaluations were conducted when the boys attained 12-14, 16, 19, and 22 years of age, using age-specific versions of the TLI. Frequency of consumption of the participants' three most preferred drugs, affect on an ordinary day, affect while under influence of the preferred substances, and presence/absence of current SUD were assessed at 22 years of age. RESULTS Consumption frequency of preferred drugs among boys mediates the association of transmissible risk during childhood, and adolescence and SUD diagnosis in adulthood. Severity of negative affect on a drug-free day predicts frequency of consumption of preferred drugs, which, in turn, predicts severity of negative affect during the drug use event. Neither affect on a drug-free day nor affect during the drug use event mediates the association of transmissible risk and SUD. CONCLUSIONS Affect on drug-free days, and while under influence of preferred substances, covary with consumption frequency; however, affect is not related to transmissible SUD risk or SUD outcome.
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Gonzalez R, Schuster RM, Mermelstein RM, Diviak KR. The role of decision-making in cannabis-related problems among young adults. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015. [PMID: 26199058 PMCID: PMC4536096 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in decision-making and episodic memory are often reported among heavy cannabis users, yet little is known on how they influence negative consequences from cannabis use. Individual differences in decision-making may explain, in part, why some individuals experience significant problems from their cannabis use whereas others do not. We hypothesized that poor decision-making would moderate relationships between amount of cannabis use and problems from cannabis use whereas episodic memory performance would not. METHOD Young adult cannabis users (n=52) with cannabis as their drug of choice and with minimal comorbidities completed semi-structured interviews, self-report questionnaires, and measures of neurocognitive functioning, with decision-making accessed via the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), episodic memory via the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test - Revised (HVLT) and problems from cannabis use with the Marijuana Problems Scale. RESULTS Strong relationships were observed between amount of cannabis use (lifetime, 12-month, and 30-day) and problems reported from use, but only among participants with low (impaired) decision-making (R(2)=.39 to .51; p<.01). No significant relationships were observed among those with better (low average to high average) decision-making performance (p>.05). In contrast, episodic memory performance was not a significant moderator of the relationship between amount of cannabis use and cannabis problems (p>.05). CONCLUSIONS Cannabis users with poor decision-making may be at greater risk for experiencing significant negative consequences from their cannabis use. Our results lend further support to emerging evidence of decision-making as a risk factor for addiction and extend these findings to cannabis users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199, United States; Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199, United States.
| | - Randi M. Schuster
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Robin M. Mermelstein
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, 1200 W Harrison St, Chicago, IL 60607,Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, 1747 W Roosevelt Rd, Chicago, IL 60608
| | - Kathleen R. Diviak
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, 1747 W Roosevelt Rd, Chicago, IL 60608
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Integrative Model of the Relationship Between Sleep Problems and Risk for Youth Substance Use. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-015-0052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cornelius JR, Kirisci L, Reynolds M, Vanyukov M, Tarter R. Does the Transmissible Liability Index (TLI) assessed in late childhood predict suicidal symptoms at young adulthood? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2015; 41:264-8. [PMID: 25699562 PMCID: PMC4435565 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2015.1011744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our previous work demonstrated that the Transmissible Liability Index (TLI), an instrument designed as an index of liability for substance use disorder (SUD), is associated with risk of substance use disorder. This longitudinal study assessed whether TLI measured in 10-12-year-olds (late childhood) predicts suicidal behavior from age 12-14 (preadolescence) to age 25 (young adulthood). We hypothesized that TLI would predict number and severity of suicide attempts. METHODS Subjects were sons of men who had lifetime history of SUD (n = 250), called the High Average Risk (HAR) group, and sons of men with no lifetime history of a SUD (n = 250), called the Low Average Risk (LAR) group. The TLI was delineated at baseline (age 10-12), and age-specific versions were administered at 12-14, 16, 19, 22, and 25 years of age. RESULTS TLI was significantly associated with number and severity of lifetime suicide attempts. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm the hypothesis that TLI assessed at late childhood is a predictor of frequency and severity of suicidal behavior from preadolescence to young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack R. Cornelius
- Center for Education and Drug Abuse Research (CEDAR), University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara Street, PAARC Suite, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Levent Kirisci
- Center for Education and Drug Abuse Research (CEDAR), University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara Street, PAARC Suite, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Maureen Reynolds
- Center for Education and Drug Abuse Research (CEDAR), University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara Street, PAARC Suite, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael Vanyukov
- Center for Education and Drug Abuse Research (CEDAR), University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara Street, PAARC Suite, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ralph Tarter
- Center for Education and Drug Abuse Research (CEDAR), University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara Street, PAARC Suite, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Kirisci L, Tarter R, Ridenour T, Reynolds M, Horner M, Vanyukov M. Externalizing behavior and emotion dysregulation are indicators of transmissible risk for substance use disorder. Addict Behav 2015; 42:57-62. [PMID: 25462655 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological items discriminating children of fathers diagnosed with an illicit drug-related substance use disorder and normal controls are indicators of a unidimensional construct termed transmissible liability index (TLI) (Vanyukov et al., 2009). TLI is a highly heritable (Vanyukov et al., 2009; Hicks, Iacono, McGue, 2012) and valid (Vanyukov et al., 2009; Hicks et al., 2009; Kirisci et al., 2013a) measure of childhood liability to substance use disorders (SUDs). AIMS This longitudinal study determined whether TLI has incremental validity for predicting SUD beyond commonly measured psychological indicators of risk. METHODS TLI and measures of executive cognitive capacity, emotion dysregulation and externalizing disturbance were administered to boys at ages 10-12 and 16. SUD outcome determined at age 22 was assessed as (1) any SUD, (2) the number of drug-specific SUDs, and (3) SUD severity. RESULTS TLI predicted SUD beyond the contribution of measures of emotion dysregulation, executive cognitive capacity and externalizing disturbance. The association of emotion dysregulation and externalizing behavior at ages 10-12 and 16 with SUD at age 22 was also reduced to non-significance after controlling for transmissible risk measured by TLI. CONCLUSIONS TLI's incremental validity beyond these latter indicators of risk points to its utility for identifying vulnerable youths requiring intervention.
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Cornelius J, Kirisci L, Reynolds M, Tarter R. Does stress mediate the development of substance use disorders among youth transitioning to young adulthood? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2014; 40:225-9. [PMID: 24735415 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2014.895833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress is a well-documented factor in the development of addiction. However, no longitudinal studies to date have assessed the role of stress in mediating the development of substance use disorders (SUD). Our previous results have demonstrated that a measure called Transmissible Liability Index (TLI) assessed during pre-adolescent years serves as a significant predictor of risk for substance use disorder among young adults. However, it remains unclear whether life stress mediates the relationship between TLI and SUD, or whether stress predicts SUD. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal study involving 191 male subjects to assess whether life stress mediates the relationship between TLI as assessed at age 10-12 and subsequent development of SUD at age 22, after controlling for other relevant factors. RESULTS Logistic regression demonstrated that the development of SUD at age 22 was associated with stress at age 19. A path analysis demonstrated that stress at age 19 significantly predicted SUD at age 22. However, stress did not mediate the relationship between the TLI assessed at age 10-12 and SUD in young adulthood. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE These findings confirm that stress plays a role in the development of SUD, but also shows that stress does not mediate the development of SUD. Further studies are warranted to clarify the role of stress in the etiology of SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Cornelius
- Center for Education and Drug Abuse Research (CEDAR), University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA 15213 , USA
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Moss HB, Chen CM, Yi HY. Early adolescent patterns of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana polysubstance use and young adult substance use outcomes in a nationally representative sample. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 136:51-62. [PMID: 24434016 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol, tobacco and marijuana are the most commonly used drugs by adolescents in the U.S. However, little is known about the patterning of early adolescent substance use, and its implications for problematic involvement with substances in young adulthood. We examined patterns of substance use prior to age 16, and their associations with young adult substance use behaviors and substance use disorders in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adolescents. METHOD Using data from Wave 4 of the Add Health Survey (n=4245), we estimated the prevalence of various patterns of early adolescent use of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana use individually and in combination. Then we examined the effects of patterns of early use of these substances on subsequent young adult substance use behaviors and DSM-IV substance use disorders. RESULTS While 34.4% of individuals reported no substance use prior to age 16, 34.1% reported either early use of both alcohol and marijuana or alcohol, marijuana and cigarettes, indicating the relatively high prevalence of this type of polysubstance use behavior among U.S. adolescents. Early adolescent use of all three substances was most strongly associated with a spectrum of young adult substance use problems, as well as DSM-IV substance use disorder diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS This research confirms the elevated prevalence and importance of polysubstance use behavior among adolescents prior to age 16, and puts early onset of alcohol, marijuana and cigarette use into the context of use patterns rather than single drug exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiung M Chen
- Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System, CSR, Incorporated, United States
| | - Hsiao-Ye Yi
- Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System, CSR, Incorporated, United States
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Tarter RE, Kirisci L, Ridenour T, Bogen D. Application of person-centered medicine in addiction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PERSON CENTERED MEDICINE 2012; 2:240-249. [PMID: 23243492 PMCID: PMC3520496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses human individuality within a lifespan developmental perspective. The practical application of an individual differences framework for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of addiction is described. A brief overview of the methods conducive to knowledge development within the rubric of person-centered medicine that are available to practitioners working in office and clinic settings concludes the discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph E Tarter
- Professor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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