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Zhou J, Schutzman R, Shi NQ, Ackermann R, Olsen K, Wang Y, Schwendeman SP. Influence of encapsulation variables on formation of leuprolide-loaded PLGA microspheres. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 636:401-412. [PMID: 36640551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Emulsion-based solvent evaporation microencapsulation methods for producing PLGA microspheres are complex often leading to empirical optimization. This study aimed to develop a more detailed understanding of the effects of process variables on the complex emulsification processes during encapsulation of leuprolide in PLGA microspheres using a high-shear rotor-stator mixer. Following extensive analysis of previously developed formulation conditions that yield microspheres of equivalent composition to the commercial 1-month Lupron Depot, multiple variables during the formation of primary and secondary emulsion were investigated with the aid of dimensional analysis, including: rotor speed (ω) and time (t), dispersed phase fraction (Φ) and continuous phase viscosity (µc). The dimensionless Sauter mean diameter (d3,2) of primary emulsion was observed to be proportional to the product of several key dimensionless groups (Φ1,We,Re,ω1t1) raised to the appropriate power indices. A new dimensionless group (Θ ) (surface energy/energy input) was used to rationalize insertion of a proportionate time dependence in the scaling of the d3,2. The dimensionless d3,2 of secondary emulsion was found proportional to the product of three dimensionless groups ( [Formula: see text] ) raised to the appropriate power indices. The increased viscosity of the primary emulsion, decreased secondary water phase volume and reduced second homogenization time each elevated encapsulation efficiency of peptide by reducing drug leakage to the outer water phase. These results could be useful for dimensional analysis and improving manufacturing of PLGA microspheres by the solvent evaporation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Richard Schutzman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nian-Qiu Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rose Ackermann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Karl Olsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Steven P Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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2
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Yenying A, Tangamatakul K, Supanchart C, Jenvoraphot T, Manokruang K, Worajittiphon P, Punyodom W, Daranarong D. Preparation and Characterization of PLG Microparticles by the Multiple Emulsion Method for the Sustained Release of Proteins. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1761. [PMID: 36296114 PMCID: PMC9607503 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rapid release and diminished stability are two of the limitations associated with the growth factors that are essentially used in dental applications. These growth factors are employed to enhance the quality and quantity of tissue or bone matter during regeneration. Therefore, drug delivery devices and systems have been developed to address these limitations. In this study, bovine serum albumin (BSA), as a representative growth factor, was successfully sustained by encapsulation with the medium-absorbable copolymer, poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) 70:30% mol, via the multiple emulsion method. Different PLG, PVA, and BSA concentrations were used to investigate their effects on the BSA encapsulation efficiency. The suitable ratios leading to a better characterization of microparticles and a higher encapsulation efficiency in producing encapsulated PLG microparticles were 8% (w/v) of PLG, 0.25% (w/v) of PVA, and 8% (w/v) of BSA. Furthermore, an in vitro release study revealed a bursting release of BSA from the encapsulated PLG microsphere in the early phase of development. Subsequently, a gradual release was observed over a period of eight weeks. Furthermore, to encapsulate LL-37, different proteins were used in conjunction with PLG under identical conditions with regard to the loading efficiency and morphology, thereby indicating high variations and poor reproducibility. In conclusion, the encapsulated PLG microparticles could effectively protect the protein during encapsulation and could facilitate sustainable protein release over a period of 60 days. Importantly, an optimal method must be employed in order to achieve a high degree of encapsulation efficiency for all of the protein or growth factors. Accordingly, the outcomes of this study will be useful in the manufacture of drug delivery devices that require medium-sustained release growth factors, particularly in dental treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arphaphat Yenying
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Krissana Tangamatakul
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chayarop Supanchart
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thannaphat Jenvoraphot
- Bioplastic Production Laboratory for Medical Application, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kiattikhun Manokruang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Patnarin Worajittiphon
- Bioplastic Production Laboratory for Medical Application, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Winita Punyodom
- Bioplastic Production Laboratory for Medical Application, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Donraporn Daranarong
- Bioplastic Production Laboratory for Medical Application, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Sutthapitaksakul L, Thanawuth K, Dass CR, Sriamornsak P. Optimized Taste-Masked Microparticles for Orally Disintegrating Tablets as a Promising Dosage Form for Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1046. [PMID: 34371737 PMCID: PMC8309182 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this research was to optimize the tasted-masked microparticles for orally disintegrating tablets containing donepezil hydrochloride using quality risk assessment and design of experiment approaches. The double emulsion solvent evaporation technique using aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer (AMC) was used to prepare taste-masked microparticles. Factors affecting the quality of the taste-masked microparticles were analyzed using an Ishikawa diagram. A risk-ranking approach was used to rank the formulation and process risks. Furthermore, the effect of AMC quantity, stirring time, and volume of outer water phase on various responses, such as particle size, the amount of drug dissolved at 5 min (Q5) in simulated saliva fluid, and mean dissolution time (MDT) in simulated gastric fluid, was investigated using the Box-Behnken design. The optimized microparticles were then used to prepare orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) and evaluated by in vitro and in vivo testing. The results demonstrated that particle size was influenced by the AMC amount and stirring time. Q5 was significantly affected by the amount of AMC and the volume of the outer water phase. On the other hand, these two factors had a positive effect on MDT. The optimized microparticles had a particle size of 174.45 ± 18.19 µm, Q5 of 5.04%, and MDT of 5.97 min. The ODTs with taste-masked microparticles showed acceptable in vitro dissolution with an MDT of 5 min. According to the results of a panel of six human volunteers, they greatly improved palatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalinthip Sutthapitaksakul
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand; (L.S.); (K.T.)
- Pharmaceutical Biopolymer Group (PBiG), Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Kasitpong Thanawuth
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand; (L.S.); (K.T.)
- Pharmaceutical Biopolymer Group (PBiG), Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Crispin R. Dass
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia;
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Pornsak Sriamornsak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand; (L.S.); (K.T.)
- Pharmaceutical Biopolymer Group (PBiG), Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
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4
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Verma C, Quraishi M, Rhee KY. Present and emerging trends in using pharmaceutically active compounds as aqueous phase corrosion inhibitors. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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5
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Poly (Lactic- co-Glycolic Acid) Nanoparticles and Nanoliposomes for Protein Delivery in Targeted Therapy: A Comparative In Vitro Study. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112566. [PMID: 33139610 PMCID: PMC7692461 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the previous years, the design, development, and potential application of nanocarriers in the medical field have been intensively studied for their ability to preserve drug properties, especially their pharmacological activity, and to improve their bioavailability. This work is a comparative study between two different types of nanocarriers, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)-based nanoparticles and phosphatidylcholine-based nanoliposomes, both prepared for the encapsulation of bovine serum albumin as a model protein. Polymeric nanoparticles were produced using the double emulsion water-oil-water evaporation method, whereas nanoliposomes were obtained by the thin-film hydration method. Both nanocarriers were characterized by morphological analysis, particle mean size, particle size distribution, and protein entrapment efficiency. Invitro release studies were performed for 12 days at 37 °C. In order to explore a possible application of these nanocarriers for a targeted therapy in the cardiovascular field, hemolytic activity and biocompatibility, in terms of cell viability, were performed by using human red blood cells and EA.hy926 human endothelial cell line, respectively.
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Palma-Chavez JA, Kim W, Serafino M, Jo JA, Charoenphol P, Applegate BE. Methylene blue-filled biodegradable polymer particles as a contrast agent for optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:4255-4274. [PMID: 32923040 PMCID: PMC7449750 DOI: 10.1364/boe.399322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) images largely lack molecular information or molecular contrast. We address that issue here, reporting on the development of biodegradable micro and nano-spheres loaded with methylene blue (MB) as molecular contrast agents for OCT. MB is a constituent of FDA approved therapies and widely used as a dye in off-label clinical applications. The sequestration of MB within the polymer reduced toxicity and improved signal strength by drastically reducing the production of singlet oxygen and leuco-MB. The former leads to tissue damage and the latter to reduced image contrast. The spheres are also strongly scattering which improves molecular contrast signal localization and enhances signal strength. We demonstrate that these contrast agents may be imaged using both pump-probe OCT and photothermal OCT, using a 830 nm frequency domain OCT system and a 1.3 µm swept source OCT system. We also show that these contrast agents may be functionalized and targeted to specific receptors, e.g. the VCAM receptor known to be overexpressed in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A. Palma-Chavez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Wihan Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Michael Serafino
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Javier A. Jo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Phapanin Charoenphol
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Brian E. Applegate
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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7
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Chen Q, Pan D, Chen S, Liu M, Qi X, Li B. Resisting effects of alkanes on the stability and deformation of W1-O-W2 droplets. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Chen C, Dong J, Chen H, Wang X, Mei J, Wang L, Xian CJ. Preparation of adriamycin gelatin microsphere-loaded decellularized periosteum that is cytotoxic to human osteosarcoma cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:10771-10781. [PMID: 30480804 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a novel approach to treat bone osteosarcoma using a multipurpose scaffold aiming for local drug delivery. The slowly releasing microspheres was designed to deliver the chemotherapy drug adriamycin (ADM) and a decellularized (D) periosteum scaffold (which is known to be able to promote bone regeneration) was used to carry these microspheres. D-periosteum was obtained by physical and chemical decellularization. Histological results showed that the cellular components were effectively removed. The D-periosteum showed an excellent cytocompatibility and the ability to promote adhesion and growth of fibroblasts. Two kinds of slowly releasing microspheres, adriamycin gelatin microspheres (ADM-GMS) and adriamycin poly (dl-lactide-co-glycolide) gelatin microspheres (ADM-PLGA-GMS), were prepared and anchored to D-periosteum, resulting in two types of drug-releasing regenerative scaffolds. The effectiveness of these two scaffolds in killing human osteosarcoma cells was tested by evaluating cell viability overtime of the cancer cells cultured with the scaffolds. In summary, a gelatin/decellularized periosteum-based biologic scaffold material was designed aiming for local delivery of chemotherapy drugs for osteosarcoma, with the results showing ability of the scaffolds in sustaining release of the cancer drug and in suppressing growth of the cancer cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianghui Dong
- Department of Hand Surgery, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo, China.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Jin Mei
- Department of Anatomy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo, China.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Cory J Xian
- Department of Hand Surgery, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo, China.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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9
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Inclusion of hydroxytyrosol in ethyl cellulose microparticles: In vitro release studies under digestion conditions. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Petkar KC, Chavhan S, Kunda N, Saleem I, Somavarapu S, Taylor KMG, Sawant KK. Development of Novel Octanoyl Chitosan Nanoparticles for Improved Rifampicin Pulmonary Delivery: Optimization by Factorial Design. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:1758-1772. [PMID: 29589222 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-0972-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel hydrophobic chitosan derivative, octanoyl chitosan (OC) with improved organic solubility was synthesized, characterized, and employed for the preparation of rifampicin (Rif) encapsulated nanoparticle formulations for pulmonary delivery. OC was characterized to confirm acyl group substitution and cytotoxicity in A549 epithelial lung cells. OC nanoparticles were produced by the double emulsion solvent evaporation technique without cross-linking and characterized for particle size distribution, morphology, crystallinity, thermal stability, aerosol delivery, and drug release rate. OC was successfully synthesized with substitution degree of 44.05 ± 1.75%, and solubility in a range of organic solvents. Preliminary cytotoxicity studies of OC showed no effect on cell viability over a period of 24 h on A549 cell lines. OC nanoparticles were optimized using a 32 full factorial design. An optimized batch of OC nanoparticles, smooth and spherical in morphology, had mean hydrodynamic diameter of 253 ± 19.06 nm (PDI 0.323 ± 0.059) and entrapment efficiency of 64.86 ± 7.73% for rifampicin. Pulmonary deposition studies in a two-stage impinger following aerosolization of nanoparticles from a jet nebulizer gave a fine particle fraction of 43.27 ± 4.24%. In vitro release studies indicated sustained release (73.14 ± 3.17%) of rifampicin from OC nanoparticles over 72 h, with particles demonstrating physical stability over 2 months. In summary, the results confirmed the suitability of the developed systems for pulmonary delivery of drugs with excellent aerosolization properties and sustained-release characteristics.
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11
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Bahari Javan N, Jafary Omid N, Moosavi Hasab N, Rezaie Shirmard L, Rafiee-Tehrani M, Dorkoosh F. Preparation, statistical optimization and in vitro evaluation of pramipexole prolonged delivery system based on poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) nanoparticles. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Sastry NV, Singh DK, Trivedi PA. Studies on Micellar Behavior of PEO-PBO or PEO-PBO-PEO Copolymers, or Surface Active Amphiphilic Ionic Liquids in Aqueous Media and Exploration of the Micellar Solutions for Solubilization of Dexamethasone and its Delayed Release. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nandhibatla V. Sastry
- Department of Chemistry; Sardar Patel University; Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120 Gujarat India
| | - Dipak K. Singh
- Department of Chemistry; Sardar Patel University; Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120 Gujarat India
| | - Pooja A. Trivedi
- Department of Chemistry; Sardar Patel University; Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120 Gujarat India
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13
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Synthesis and characterisation of robust emulsion-templated silica microcapsules. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 505:664-672. [PMID: 28654882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Robust silica microcapsules were synthesised using an emulsion template via a seeded growth strategy. Multiple additions of the silica precursor tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) were observed to result in a number of physical and property changes of the capsule shells as compared to a single coating. Scanning electron microscopy indicated a morphological transition from a smooth to a roughened surface. Improved cargo retention and consolidation of the pore structure of the silica shells were observed using dye release experiments and nitrogen porosimetry respectively. In comparison to a typical hollow silica shell synthesis procedure, this one-pot loading and synthesis allows the simple production of robust capsules that are capable of sustained release, using mild conditions and reagents.
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Günay AA, Sett S, Oh J, Miljkovic N. Steady Method for the Analysis of Evaporation Dynamics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:12007-12015. [PMID: 28949142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Droplet evaporation is an important phenomenon governing many man-made and natural processes. Characterizing the rate of evaporation with high accuracy has attracted the attention of numerous scientists over the past century. Traditionally, researchers have studied evaporation by observing the change in the droplet size in a given time interval. However, the transient nature coupled with the significant mass-transfer-governed gas dynamics occurring at the droplet three-phase contact line makes the classical method crude. Furthermore, the intricate balance played by the internal and external flows, evaporation kinetics, thermocapillarity, binary-mixture dynamics, curvature, and moving contact lines makes the decoupling of these processes impossible with classical transient methods. Here, we present a method to measure the rate of evaporation of spatially and temporally steady droplets. By utilizing a piezoelectric dispenser to feed microscale droplets (R ≈ 9 μm) to a larger evaporating droplet at a prescribed frequency, we can both create variable-sized droplets on any surface and study their evaporation rate by modulating the piezoelectric droplet addition frequency. Using our steady technique, we studied water evaporation of droplets having base radii ranging from 20 to 250 μm on surfaces of different functionalities (45° ≤ θa,app ≤ 162°, where θa,app is the apparent advancing contact angle). We benchmarked our technique with the classical unsteady method, showing an improvement of 140% in evaporation rate measurement accuracy. Our work not only characterizes the evaporation dynamics on functional surfaces but also provides an experimental platform to finally enable the decoupling of the complex physics governing the ubiquitous droplet evaporation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alperen Günay
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1206 W. Green St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Soumyadip Sett
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1206 W. Green St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Junho Oh
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1206 W. Green St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nenad Miljkovic
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1206 W. Green St., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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15
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Varshosaz J, Khabbazian E, Hassanzadeh F, Sadeghi Aliabadi H, Rostami M, Taymouri S. Synthesis of biotin‐targeted chitosan/poly (methyl vinyl ether‐
alt
‐maleic acid) copolymeric micelles for delivery of doxorubicin. IET Nanobiotechnol 2017. [DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2016.0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Varshosaz
- Department of PharmaceuticsFaculty of Pharmacy and Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research CentreIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahan 81745‐359Iran
| | - Ehsan Khabbazian
- Department of PharmaceuticsFaculty of Pharmacy and Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research CentreIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahan 81745‐359Iran
| | - Farshid Hassanzadeh
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryFaculty of PharmacyIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Hojjat Sadeghi Aliabadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyFaculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical SciencesIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahan 81745‐359Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Rostami
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryFaculty of PharmacyIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Somayeh Taymouri
- Department of PharmaceuticsFaculty of Pharmacy and Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research CentreIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahan 81745‐359Iran
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16
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A quality by design (QbD) study on enoxaparin sodium loaded polymeric microspheres for colon-specific delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 100:249-261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Singh A, Thotakura N, Kumar R, Singh B, Sharma G, Katare OP, Raza K. PLGA-soya lecithin based micelles for enhanced delivery of methotrexate: Cellular uptake, cytotoxic and pharmacokinetic evidences. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 95:750-756. [PMID: 27919818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible and biodegradable polymers like PLGA have revolutionized the drug delivery approaches. However, poor drug loading and substantially high lipophilicity, pave a path for further tailing of this promising agent. In this regard, PLGA was feathered with biocompatible phospholipid and polymeric micelles were developed for delivery of Methotrexate (MTX) to cancer cells. The nanocarriers (114.6nm±5.5nm) enhanced the cytotoxicity of MTX by 2.13 folds on MDA-MB-231 cells. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed the increased intracellular delivery. The carrier decreased the protein binding potential and enhanced the bioavailable fraction of MTX. Pharmacokinetic studies vouched substantial enhancement in AUC and bioresidence time, promising an ideal carrier to effectively deliver the drug to the site of action. The developed nanocarriers offer potential to deliver the drug in the interiors of cancer cells in an effective manner for improved therapeutic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Dist. Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305 817, India
| | - Nagarani Thotakura
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Dist. Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305 817, India
| | - Rajendra Kumar
- UGC-Centre of Excellence in Applications of Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- UGC-Centre of Excellence in Applications of Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India; Division of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Gajanand Sharma
- Division of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Om Prakash Katare
- Division of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Kaisar Raza
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Dist. Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305 817, India.
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Hanna LA, Basalious EB, ELGazayerly ON. Respirable controlled release polymeric colloid (RCRPC) of bosentan for the management of pulmonary hypertension: in vitro aerosolization, histological examination and in vivo pulmonary absorption. Drug Deliv 2016; 24:188-198. [PMID: 28156176 PMCID: PMC8241195 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2016.1239661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bosentan is an endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA) prescribed for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The oral delivery of bosentan possesses several drawbacks such as low bioavailability (about 50%), short duration of action, frequent administration, hepatotoxicity and systemic hypotension. The pulmonary administration would circumvent the pre-systemic metabolism thus improving the bioavailability and avoids the systemic adverse effects of oral bosentan. However, the short duration of action and the frequent administration are the major drawbacks of inhalation therapy. Thus, the aim of this work is to explore the potential of respirable controlled release polymeric colloid (RCRPC) for effective, safe and sustained pulmonary delivery of bosentan. Central composite design was adopted to study the influence of formulation and process variables on nanoparticles properties. The particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficiency (EE) and in vitro bosentan released were selected as dependent variables. The optimized RCRPC showed particle size of 420 nm, PDI of 0.39, EE of 60.5% and sustained release pattern where only 31.0% was released after 16 h. The in vitro nebulization of RCRPC indicated that PLGA nanoparticles could be incorporated into respirable nebulized droplets better than drug solution. Pharmacokinetics and histopathological examination were determined after intratracheal administration of the developed RCRPC to male albino rats compared to the oral bosentan suspension. Results revealed the great improvement of bioavailability (12.71 folds) and sustained vasodilation effect on the pulmonary blood vessels (more than 12 h). Bosentan-loaded RCRPC administered via the pulmonary route may therefore constitute an advance in the management of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia A. Hanna
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emad B. Basalious
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omaima N. ELGazayerly
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Bahari Javan N, Rezaie Shirmard L, Jafary Omid N, Akbari Javar H, Rafiee Tehrani M, Abedin Dorkoosh F. Preparation, statistical optimisation andin vitrocharacterisation of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)/poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) blend nanoparticles for prolonged delivery of teriparatide. J Microencapsul 2016; 33:460-474. [DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2016.1208296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Morsi N, Ghorab D, Refai H, Teba H. Ketoroloac tromethamine loaded nanodispersion incorporated into thermosensitive in situ gel for prolonged ocular delivery. Int J Pharm 2016; 506:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zafar N, Agusti G, Fessi H, Elaissari A. Elaboration of sponge-like biodegradable cationic particles via double-emulsion solvent evaporation. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2016.1182923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadiah Zafar
- University Lyon-1, UMR 5007, LAGEP-CPE, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Hatem Fessi
- University Lyon-1, UMR 5007, LAGEP-CPE, Villeurbanne, France
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Zafar N, Bitar A, Valour JP, Fessi H, Elaissari A. Elaboration of ammonio methacrylate copolymer based spongy cationic particles via double emulsion solvent evaporation process. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 61:85-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Double emulsion solvent evaporation techniques used for drug encapsulation. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:173-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Hales D, Casteran M, Sapin-Minet A, Tomuţa I, Achim M, Vlase L, Maincent P. Development of enoxaparin sodium polymeric microparticles for colon-specific delivery. Med Pharm Rep 2015; 88:357-65. [PMID: 26609270 PMCID: PMC4632896 DOI: 10.15386/cjmed-442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Recent studies have shown that low molecular weight heparins are effective in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, there is considerable interest in the development of an oral colonic delivery pharmaceutical system allowing targeted release of heparin in the inflamed tissue. The objective of this study was to prepare microparticles for the oral administration and colonic release of enoxaparin and to evaluate the influence of certain formulation factors on their characteristics. Methods Microparticles were prepared by water/oil/water double emulsion technique followed by solvent evaporation. The influence of several formulation factors on the characteristics of microparticles were evaluated. The formulation factors were alginate concentration in the inner aqueous phase, polymer (Eudragit® FS 30D and Eudragit® RS PO) concentration in the organic phase and ratios between the two polymers. The microparticles were characterized in terms of morphology, size, entrapment efficiency and enoxaparin release. Results The results showed that increasing sodium alginate percentage reduced the encapsulation efficiency of enoxaparin and accelerated enoxaparin release. Regarding the influence of the two polymers, reducing polymer concentration in the organic phase led to a smaller size of microparticles, a lower entrapment efficiency and an important retardation of enoxaparin release. The formulation prepared with Eudragit® FS 30D limited the release to a maximum of 3% in gastric simulated environment, a specific characteristic of oral systems for colonic delivery, and fulfilled our objective to delay the release. Conclusions Microparticles prepared with Eudragit® FS 30D represent a suitable and potential oral system for the colonic delivery of enoxaparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Hales
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Maxime Casteran
- Department of CITHEFOR, EA 3452, Université de Lorraine, France
| | | | - Ioan Tomuţa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marcela Achim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Laurian Vlase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Polycaprolactone multicore-matrix particle for the simultaneous encapsulation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds produced by membrane emulsification and solvent diffusion processes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 135:116-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Jain A, Jain SK. L-Valine appended PLGA nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery. Acta Diabetol 2015; 52:663-76. [PMID: 25655131 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-015-0714-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Oral insulin delivery has been the major research issue, since many decades, due to several obvious advantages over other routes. However, this route poses several constraints for the delivery of peptides and proteins which are to be worked upon. The small intestine has been shown to be able to transport the L-forms of amino acids against a concentration gradient and that they compete for the mechanism concerned. So, L-valine was used as a ligand for carrier-mediated transport of insulin-loaded polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs). METHODS L-Valine-conjugated PLGA nanoparticles were prepared using double emulsion solvent evaporation method. The NPs and conjugated NPs were characterized for their size, drug entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, polydispersity index and in vitro insulin release. RESULTS Ex vivo studies on intestine revealed that conjugated nanoparticles showed greater insulin uptake as compared to non-conjugated nanoparticles. In vivo studies were performed on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rabbits. Oral suspension of insulin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles reduced blood glucose level from 265.4 ± 8.5 to 246.6 ± 2.4 mg/dL within 4 h which further decreased to 198.7 ± 7.1 mg/dL value after 8 h. The ligand-conjugated formulation on oral administration produced hypoglycaemic effect (216.9 ± 1.9 mg/dL) within 4 h of administration, and the hypoglycaemic effect prolonged till 12 h of oral administration. Simultaneously, the insulin concentration in withdrawn samples was also assessed and found that profile of insulin level is in compliance with the blood glucose reduction profile. CONCLUSIONS Hence, it is concluded that the L-valine-conjugated NPs bearing insulin are the promising carrier for the transportation of insulin across the intestine on oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Jain
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, 470 003, M.P., India
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Preparation of biodegradable PCL particles via double emulsion evaporation method using ultrasound technique. Colloid Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-014-3464-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Aydogan E, Comoglu T, Pehlivanoglu B, Dogan M, Comoglu S, Dogan A, Basci N. Process and formulation variables of pregabalin microspheres prepared by w/o/o double emulsion solvent diffusion method and their clinical application by animal modeling studies. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 41:1311-20. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.948452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Warsi MH, Anwar M, Garg V, Jain GK, Talegaonkar S, Ahmad FJ, Khar RK. Dorzolamide-loaded PLGA/vitamin E TPGS nanoparticles for glaucoma therapy: Pharmacoscintigraphy study and evaluation of extended ocular hypotensive effect in rabbits. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 122:423-431. [PMID: 25159319 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Poor drug penetration and rapid clearance after topical instillation of a drug formulation into the eyes are the major causes for the lower ocular bioavailability from conventional eye drops. Along with this, poor encapsulation efficiency of hydrophilic drug in polymeric nanoparticles remains a major formulation challenge. Taking this perspective into consideration, dorzolamide (DZ)-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were developed employing two different emulsifiers (PVA and vitamin E TPGS) and the effects of various formulation and process variables on particle size and encapsulation efficiency were assessed. Nanoparticles emulsified with vitamin E TPGS (DZ-T-NPs) were found to possess enhanced drug encapsulation (59.8±6.1%) as compared to those developed with PVA as emulsifier (DZ-P-NPs). Transcorneal permeation study revealed a significant enhancement in permeation (1.8-2.5 fold) as compared to solution. In addition, ex vivo biodistribution study showed a higher concentration of drug in the aqueous humour (1.5-2.3 fold). Histological and IR-camera studies proved the non-irritant potential of the formulations. Pharmacoscintigraphic studies revealed the reduced corneal clearance, as well as naso-lachrymal drainage in comparison to drug solution. Furthermore, efficacy study revealed that DZ-P-NPs and DZ-T-NPs significantly reduced the intraocular pressure by 22.81% and 29.12%, respectively, after a single topical instillation into the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musarrat H Warsi
- Nanoformulation Research Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Mohammed Anwar
- Nanoformulation Research Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Vaidehi Garg
- Nanoformulation Research Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Gaurav K Jain
- Nanoformulation Research Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sushama Talegaonkar
- Nanoformulation Research Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Farhan J Ahmad
- Nanoformulation Research Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Roop K Khar
- Nanoformulation Research Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India; B. S. Anangpuria Institute of Pharmacy, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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Ibraheem D, Iqbal M, Agusti G, Fessi H, Elaissari A. Effects of process parameters on the colloidal properties of polycaprolactone microparticles prepared by double emulsion like process. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Development of nanoparticulate formulations for ocular delivery of prednisolone acetate: preparation and characterization. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(14)50026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Release of a wound-healing agent from PLGA microspheres in a thermosensitive gel. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:387863. [PMID: 24224161 PMCID: PMC3808721 DOI: 10.1155/2013/387863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to develop a topical microsphere delivery system in a thermosensitive 20% poloxamer 407 gel (Pluronic F127) to control release of KSL-W, a cationic antimicrobial decapeptide, for a period of 4-7 days for potential application in combat related injuries. KSL-W loaded microsphere formulations were prepared by a solvent extraction-evaporation method (water-oil-water), with poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) (50 : 50, low-weight, and hydrophilic end) as the polymeric system. After optimization of the process, three formulations (A, B, and C) were prepared with different organic to water ratio of the primary emulsion while maintaining other components and manufacturing parameters constant. Formulations were characterized for surface morphology, porous nature, drug loading, in vitro drug release, and antimicrobial activity. Microspheres containing 20% peptide with porous surfaces and internal structure were prepared in satisfactory yields and in sizes varying from 25 to 50 μm. Gels of 20% Pluronic F127, which were liquid at or below 24.6°C and formed transparent films at body temperature, were used as carriers for the microspheres. Rheological studies showed a gelation temperature of 24.6°C for the 20% Pluronic F127 gel alone. Gelation temperature and viscosity of formulations A, B, and C as a function of temperature were very close to those of the carrier. A Franz diffusion cell system was used to study the release of peptide from the microspheres suspended in both, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and a 20% Pluronic F127 gel. In vitro release of greater than 50% peptide was found in all formulations in both PBS and the gel, and in one formulation there was a release of 75% in both PBS and the gel. Fractions collected from the release process were also tested for bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis using the broth microdilution method and found to provide effective antimicrobial activity to warrant consideration and testing in animal wound models for treating combat-related injuries.
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Cooppan S, Choonara YE, du Toit LC, Ndesendo VMK, Kumar P, Pillay V. A novel pH-dependant and double crosslinked polymethacrylate-based polysphere matrix for enteric delivery of isoniazid. Pharm Dev Technol 2013; 18:1066-77. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2012.685654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Preparation and characterization of nanoliposomes entrapping medium-chain fatty acids and vitamin C by lyophilization. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:19763-73. [PMID: 24084723 PMCID: PMC3821584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141019763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex nanoliposomes encapsulating both a hydrophilic drug vitamin C (vit C) and hydrophobic drug medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) was prepared by combining double emulsion method with dynamic high pressure microfluidization. The complex nanoliposomes was further freeze-dried under −86 °C for 48 h with sucrose at the sucrose/lipids ratio of 2:1(w/w) in order to enhance its stability. The freeze-dried complex nanoliposomes under the suitable conditions exhibited high entrapment efficiency of MCFAs (44.26 ± 3.34)%, relatively high entrapment efficiency of vit C (62.25 ± 3.43)%, low average size diameter (110.4 ± 7.28) nm and good storage stability at 4 °C for 60 days with slight changes in mean particle diameter and drug entrapment efficiencies. The results of transmission electron microscopy of freeze-dried complex nanoliposomes also showed that the freeze-dried samples with sucrose were stable without great increase in their particle sizes and without destroying their spherical shape. The results indicated that sucrose presented well protection effects in MCFAs-vit C complex nanoliposomes, suggesting the possibility of further usage in commercial liposomes.
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Ladj R, Bitar A, Eissa MM, Fessi H, Mugnier Y, Le Dantec R, Elaissari A. Polymer encapsulation of inorganic nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Int J Pharm 2013; 458:230-41. [PMID: 24036010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid inorganic colloidal particles have attracted a great attention in the last years, and they have been largely used in various applications and more particularly in biomedical nanotechnology. Recently, they are used as carriers for biomolecules, and exploited for use in microsystems, microfluidics and in lab-on-a chip based bionanotechnology. Various kinds of hybrid particles can be listed starting from classical inorganic nanoparticles such as silica, gold, silver, iron oxide and those exhibiting intrinsic properties such as semiconducting nanoparticles (e.g. quantum dots). As a general tendency, to be conveniently used in biomedical applications, the encapsulation of the inorganic nanoparticles in a polymer matrix is incontestably needed. Consequently, various chemistry-based encapsulation processes have been developed and showed promising results as compared to the encapsulation using preformed polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Ladj
- University of Lyon, F-69622, Lyon; University of Lyon-1, Villeurbanne, CNRS, UMR 5007, LAGEP, CPE-308G, 43 bd. du 11 Nov.1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; SYMME, Université de Savoie, BP 80439, 74944 Annecy Le Vieux Cedex, France
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D'Mello SR, Yoo J, Bowden NB, Salem AK. Microparticles prepared from sulfenamide-based polymers. J Microencapsul 2013; 31:137-46. [PMID: 23862723 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2013.814728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Polysulfenamides (PSN), with a SN linkage (RSNR2) along the polymer backbone, are a new class of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers. These polymers were unknown prior to 2012 when their synthesis and medicinally relevant properties were reported. The aim of this study was to develop microparticles as a controlled drug delivery system using polysulfenamide as the matrix material. The microparticles were prepared by a water-in-oil-in-water double-emulsion solvent-evaporation method. For producing drug-loaded particles, FITC-dextran was used as a model hydrophilic compound. At the optimal formulation conditions, the external morphology of the PSN microparticles was examined by scanning electron microscopy to show the formation of smooth-surfaced spherical particles with low polydispersity. The microparticles had a net negative surface charge (-23 mV) as analyzed by the zetasizer. The drug encapsulation efficiency of the particles and the drug loading were found to be dependent on the drug molecular weight, amount of FITC-dextran used in fabricating FITC-dextran-loaded microparticles, concentration of PSN and surfactant, and volume of the internal and external water phases. FITC-dextran was found to be distributed throughout the PSN microparticles and was released in an initial burst followed by more continuous release over time. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to qualitatively observe the cellular uptake of PSN microparticles and indicated localization of the particles in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal R D'Mello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA and
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Sardushkin MV, Kienskaya KI, Il’yushenko EV, Avramenko GV. Fabrication of rifampicin microcapsules with a polylactide shell. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427213050285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yehia S, Elshafeey A, ElMeshad A, Al-Bialey H. Formulation and évaluation of itopride microcapsules in human volunteers. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(13)50036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ashjari M, Khoee S, Mahdavian AR. Controlling the morphology and surface property of magnetic/cisplatin-loaded nanocapsules via W/O/W double emulsion method. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zhou C, Xia X, Liu Y, Li L. The preparation of a complex of insulin-phospholipids and their interaction mechanism. J Pept Sci 2012; 18:541-8. [PMID: 22833363 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Subcutaneous injections of insulin remain the standard treatment for insulin-dependent diabetic patients, and noninvasive routes are studied but with little success. One of the reasons is that insulin is a hydrophilic compounds and is difficult to cross the mucosa barrier. In this paper, we developed a novel technique to fabricate the insulin-phospholipids complex by a solvent evaporation method with the aim of improving the lipophilicity of insulin. A systematic study on the preparation conditions of the insulin-phospholipids complex is reported in the present work. The formation mechanism and the physicochemical properties of the complex are studied. The associated efficiency of the phospholipids and insulin can be up to 100% when their mass ratio is 7.5 : 1 or more, and the solubility of the complex is improved more than 40 000 times compared with that of insulin alone in the n-octyl alcohol. The results of the insulin content in the complex and hypoglycemic effects in diabetic mice indicated that insulin was able to withstand the preparation procedure. The stability results showed that the complex was stable for 1 year at -20 °C. The interaction mechanism of this formation is that the peptide bonds of insulin interact with the water-soluble head of phospholipids, forming a reverse micelle-like structure. This novel complex will be of great importance in the drug delivery system for insulin via noninvasive routes. This method is cost effective, scalable, and can be used in many other peptide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
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Tan MXL, Danquah MK. Drug and Protein Encapsulation by Emulsification: Technology Enhancement Using Foam Formulations. Chem Eng Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201100358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Loveymi BD, Jelvehgari M, Zakeri-Milani P, Valizadeh H. Design of vancomycin RS-100 nanoparticles in order to increase the intestinal permeability. Adv Pharm Bull 2012; 2:43-56. [PMID: 24312770 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2012.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this work was to preparation of vancomycin (VCM) biodegradable nanoparticles to improve the intestinal permeability, using water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) multiple emulsion method. METHODS The vancomycin-loaded nanoparticles were created using double-emulsion solvent evaporation method. Using Eudragit RS100 as a coating material. The prepared nanoparticles were identifyed for their micromeritic and crystallographic properties, drug loading, particle size, drug release, Zeta potential, effective permeability (Peff) and oral fractional absorption. Intestinal permeability of VCM nanoparticles was figured out, in different concentrations using SPIP technique in rats. RESULTS Particle sizes were between 362 and 499 nm for different compositions of VCM-RS-100 nanoparticles. Entrapment efficiency expansed between 63%-94.76%. The highest entrapment efficiency 94.76% was obtained when the ratio of drug to polymer was 1:3. The in vitro release studies were accomplished in pH 7.4. The results showed that physicochemical properties were impressed by drug to polymer ratio. The FT-IR, XRPD and DSC results ruled out any chemical interaction betweenthe drug and RS-100. Effective intestinal permeability values of VCM nanoparticles in concentrations of 200, 300 and 400 μg/ml were higher than that of solutions at the same concentrations. Oral fractional absorption was achieved between 0.419-0.767. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that RS-100 nanoparticles could provide a delivery system for VCM, with enhanced intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badir Delf Loveymi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. ; Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Thakare M, Israel B, Garner ST, Ahmed H, Garner P, Elder D, Price JC, Capomacchia AC. Formulation parameters and release mechanism of theophylline loaded ethyl cellulose microspheres: effect of different dual surfactant ratios. Pharm Dev Technol 2011; 18:1213-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2011.620969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Nasr M, Awad GA, Mansour S, Al Shamy A, Mortada ND. A Reliable Predictive Factorial Model for Entrapment Optimization of a Sodium Bisphosphonate into Biodegradable Microspheres. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:612-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jelvehgari M, Barar J, Nokhodchi A, Shadrou S, Valizadeh H. Effects of process variables on micromeritic properties and drug release of non-degradable microparticles. Adv Pharm Bull 2011; 1:18-26. [PMID: 24312752 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2011.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate microencapsulated controlled release preparation of theophylline using Eudragit RS 100 as the retardant material with high entrapment efficiency. METHODS Microspheres were prepared by the emulsion-solvent evaporation method. A mixed solvent system consisting of methanol and acetone and light liquid paraffin as oily phase were chosen. Sucrose stearate was used as the surfactant to stabilize the emulsification process. The prepared microspheres were characterized by drug loading, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning colorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The in vitro release studies were performed at pH 1.2 and 7.4 aqueous medium. RESULTS Increasing the concentration of emulsifier, sucrose fatty acid ester F-70, decreased the particle size which contributed to increased drug release rate. The drug loading microparticle Eudragit RS100(1:6) showed 60-75% of entrapment and mean particle size 205.93-352.76 μm.The results showed that, an increase in the ratio of polymer: drug (F5, 6: 1) resulted in a reduction in the release rate of the drug which may be attributed to the hydrophobic nature of the polymer. CONCLUSION The release of theophylline is influenced by the drug to polymer ratio and particle size. Drug release is controlled by diffusion and the best-fit release kinetic is Higuchi model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Jelvehgari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran. ; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Pal T, Paul S, Sa B. Polymethylmethacrylate Coated Alginate Matrix Microcapsules for Controlled Release of Diclofenac Sodium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/pp.2011.22007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dalmoro A, Lamberti G, Titomanlio G, Barba AA, d’Amore M. Enteric micro-particles for targeted oral drug delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:1500-7. [PMID: 20931307 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9528-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This work is focused on production of enteric-coated micro-particles for oral administration, using a water-in-oil-in-water solvent evaporation technique. The active agent theophylline was first encapsulated in cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), a pH-sensitive well-known polymer, which is insoluble in acid media but dissolves at neutral pH (above pH 6). In this first step, CAP was chosen with the aim optimizing the preparation and characterization methods. The desired release pattern has been obtained (low release at low pH, higher release at neutral pH) but in presence of a low encapsulation efficiency. Then, the CAP was replaced by a novel-synthesized pH-sensitive poly(methyl methacrylate-acrylic acid) copolymer, poly(MMA-AA). In this second step, the role of two process parameters was investigated, i.e., the percentage of emulsion stabilizer (polyvinyl alcohol, PVA) and the stirring power for the double emulsion on the encapsulation efficiency. The encapsulation efficiency was found to increase with PVA percentage and to decrease with the stirring power. By increasing the PVA content and by decreasing the stirring power, a high stable double emulsion was obtained, and this explains the increase in encapsulation efficiency found.
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Chaudhari KR, Shah N, Patel H, Murthy R. Preparation of porous PLGA microspheres with thermoreversible gel to modulate drug release profile of water-soluble drug: bleomycin sulphate. J Microencapsul 2010; 27:303-13. [PMID: 20128747 DOI: 10.3109/02652040903191818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bleomycin sulphate-loaded porous microspheres were prepared using modified solvent evaporation method (w/o/w) using PLGA50:50 as a polymeric system. The prepared microspheres were incorporated in pluronic (F127) based thermoreversible gel to develop a depot formulation. Various process parameters as solvent evaporation temperature and formulation parameters such as surfactant concentration, volume of internal and external phase and drug-to-polymer ratio were optimized for enhancing percentage drug entrapment, percentage drug loading and desired release profile by controlling size and porosity of the microspheres. Microspheres were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology, percentage drug loading and in vitro drug release study after incorporated in gel. The formulated microspheres were porous in nature and showed biphasic in vitro drug release profile. The microspheres incorporated in pluronic (F127) gel showed sustained release up to 1 week and may be useful for treatment of squamous cell carcinoma with better therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran R Chaudhari
- Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Ctr Relevance and Excellence NDDS, Department of Pharmaceutics, Baroda, India
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Jyothi NVN, Prasanna PM, Sakarkar SN, Prabha KS, Ramaiah PS, Srawan GY. Microencapsulation techniques, factors influencing encapsulation efficiency. J Microencapsul 2010; 27:187-97. [DOI: 10.3109/02652040903131301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Gargouri M, Sapin A, Bouali S, Becuwe P, Merlin JL, Maincent P. Optimization of a New Non-viral Vector for Transfection: Eudragit Nanoparticles for the Delivery of a DNA Plasmid. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2009; 8:433-44. [DOI: 10.1177/153303460900800605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new vectors to deliver DNA into cells for therapy of cancers or genetic diseases has been a major area of research for many years. However, the clinical application of this technology requires the development of efficient, reliable and sterile vectors enabling the transfer of genes in vivo. Non viral, polymer or lipid-based vectors offer a new impetus to gene therapy because they are less toxic than viral vectors (no endogenous recombination, fewer immunological reactions, easy production and delivery of large-sized plasmid). The aim of this study is to develop a new tool for DNA delivery composed of methacrylic polymeric (Eudragit® RS and RL) nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were prepared by two methods: nanoprecipitation and double emulsion. The nanoparticles were characterized by their size, zeta potential and amount of DNA adsorption. Cytotoxicity tests based on mitochondrial activity (MTT test) revealed that the nanoparticles had limited cytotoxicity and that this depended on both the cell type and the nanoparticle concentration. Transgene expression was observed using the Green Fluorescence Protein gene as reporter gene, and was evaluated by flow cytometry in FaDu, MDA-MB 231 and MCF-7 cell lines. The results showed that transfection rates ranging between 4 and 7% were achieved in FaDu and MDA-MB 231 cells with nanoparticles prepared by the nanoprecipitation method. In MCF-7 cells transfected with nanoparticles prepared by either the double emulsion or the nanoprecipitation method, the transfection efficiency was between 2 and 4%. Nanoparticles prepared by nanoprecipitation were slightly more efficient than nanoparticles prepared from a double emulsion. Particle size was not an important factor for transfection, since no significant difference was observed with size between 50 and 350 nm. We showed that Eudragit® RS and RL nanoparticles could introduce the transgene into different types of cells, but were generally less effective than the lipofectamine control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Gargouri
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et Biopharmacie, Nancy Université, Faculté de Pharmacie, EA 3452, 5, rue A. Lebrun, BP 80403, F-54001 Nancy, France
| | - A. Sapin
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et Biopharmacie, Nancy Université, Faculté de Pharmacie, EA 3452, 5, rue A. Lebrun, BP 80403, F-54001 Nancy, France
| | - S. Bouali
- Unité de Biologie des Tumeurs Centre Alexis Vautrin, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
- EA SIGRETO 4421, Nancy Université
| | - P. Becuwe
- Laboratoire de Biologie cellulaire, Henri-Poincaré Nancy Université, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
- EA SIGRETO 4421, Nancy Université
| | - JL Merlin
- Unité de Biologie des Tumeurs Centre Alexis Vautrin, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
- EA SIGRETO 4421, Nancy Université
| | - P. Maincent
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et Biopharmacie, Nancy Université, Faculté de Pharmacie, EA 3452, 5, rue A. Lebrun, BP 80403, F-54001 Nancy, France
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