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Palol VV, Saravanan SK, Vuree S, Chinnadurai RK, Subramanyam V. Nanophytosome formulation of β-1,3-glucan and Euglena gracilis extract for drug delivery applications. MethodsX 2023; 11:102480. [PMID: 38098771 PMCID: PMC10719576 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Euglena gracilis (EG) is a unicellular freshwater alga known for its high β-1,3-glucan (BG) content with well-known biological properties and immune response. The high molecular weight structure of BG traditionally poses a challenge in terms of its size and absorption. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a novel drug delivery mechanism of BG and EG to nanophytosomes (NPs) by converting the heavy molecular weight of BG and EG into lipid phosphatidylcholine (PC), which plays an important role in improving their bioavailability and entrapment in captivity. The BG and EG NPs were developed by the solvent evaporation method while varying time and temperature to optimize their drug delivery ability. The size of BG-PC and EG-PC obtained by the Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) method was 134.62 and 158.38 nm, respectively. Chemical (Fourier Transform Infra-Red) and structural (X-Ray Diffraction) characterization of NPs improved the binding capacity and the amorphous nature of both NPs. The shape of the NPs by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed their spherical, vesicular nature. The encapsulation efficiency of BG-PC and EG-PC was 82 ± 1.62 % and 87 ± 3.22 %, respectively, which improves the bioavailability. The developed methodology has thus proven effective in synthesizing BG-PC and EG-PC, which may be useful as NP drug delivery carriers. Future research could demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of long-term storage conditions for medical and pharmaceutical applications.•Nanophytosomes are tailored in size, shape and composition to optimize the delivery of phytochemicals/phytocompounds through nanoscale size and surface modification for better physiological absorption.•Nanophytosomes increase the stability of phytochemicals/phytocompounds and protect them from degradation due to heat or chemical reactions, leading to longer shelf life and improved therapeutic efficacy.•In this method, optimal conditions were created for the formation of β-1,3-glucan and Euglena gracilis extract nanophytosomes for successful development of drug delivery system that can effectively deliver bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Virendra Palol
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to-be University), Pillayarkuppam, Puducherry 607402, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Saravanan
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical Preclinical Research Centre (MGMPRC), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to-be University), Pillayarkuppam, Puducherry 607402, India
| | - Sugunakar Vuree
- MNR Foundation for Research and Innovation, MNR Medical College and Hospital, MNR Nagar, Fasalwadi, Narsapur Road, Sangareddy 502294, India
| | - Raj Kumar Chinnadurai
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to-be University), Pillayarkuppam, Puducherry 607402, India
| | - Veni Subramanyam
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to-be University), Pillayarkuppam, Puducherry 607402, India
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Chandrashekar A, Beig A, Wang Y, Schwendeman SP. In vitro performance of composition-equivalent PLGA microspheres encapsulating exenatide acetate by solvent evaporation. Int J Pharm 2023; 643:123213. [PMID: 37423376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The once-weekly Bydureon® (Bdn) PLGA microsphere formulation encapsulating the GLP-1 receptor agonist, exenatide acetate, is an important complex injectable product prepared by coacervation for the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients. Encapsulation by coacervation is useful to minimize an undesirable initial burst of exenatide, but it suffers from manufacturing difficulties such as process scale-up and batch-to-batch variations. Herein we prepared exenatide acetate-PLGA formulations of similar compositions using the desirable alternative double emulsion-solvent evaporation technique. After screening several process variables, we varied the PLGA concentration, the hardening temperature, and the collected particle size range, and determined the resulting drug and sucrose loading, initial burst release, in vitro retention kinetics, and peptide degradation profiles using Bdn as a positive control. All formulations exhibited a triphasic release profile with a burst, lag, and rapid release phase, although the burst release was greatly decreased to <5% for some. Marked differences were observed in the peptide degradation profiles, particularly the oxidized and acylated fractions, when the polymer concentration was varied. For one optimal formulation, the release and peptide degradation profiles were similar to Bdn microspheres, albeit with an induction time shift of one week, likely due to the slightly higher Mw of PLGA in Bdn. These results highlight the effects of key manufacturing variables on drug release and stability in composition-equivalent microspheres encapsulating exenatide acetate and indicate the potential of manufacturing the microsphere component of Bdn by solvent evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Chandrashekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Avital Beig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Steven P Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Lombardi L, Roig-Sanchez S, Bapat A, Frostad JM. Nonaqueous foam stabilization mechanisms in the presence of volatile solvents. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 648:46-55. [PMID: 37295369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.05.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypothesis Nonaqueous foams are found in a variety of applications, many of which contain volatile components that need to be removed during processing. Sparging air bubbles into the liquid can be used to aid in their removal, but the resulting foam can be stabilized or destabilized by several different mechanisms, the relative importance of which are not yet fully understood. Investigating the dynamics of thin film drainage, four competing mechanisms can be observed, such as solvent evaporation, film viscosification, and thermal and solutocapillary Marangoni flows. Experiments Experimental studies with isolated bubbles and/or bulk foams are needed to strengthen the fundamental knowledge of these systems. This paper presents interferometric measurements of the dynamic evolution of a film formed by a bubble rising to an air-liquid interface to shed light on this situation. Two different solvents with different degrees of volatility were investigated to reveal both qualitative and quantitative details on thin film drainage mechanisms in polymer-volatile mixtures. Findings Using interferometry, we found evidence that solvent evaporation and film viscosification both strongly influence the stability of interface. These findings were corroborated by comparison with bulk foam measurements, revealing a strong correlation between these two systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lombardi
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Naples, 80125, Italy.
| | - Soledad Roig-Sanchez
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 E Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada; Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z1, BC, Canada
| | - Amar Bapat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - John M Frostad
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 E Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada; Food Science, University of British Columbia, 2205 E Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
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4
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Zhou J, Schutzman R, Shi NQ, Ackermann R, Olsen K, Wang Y, Schwendeman SP. Influence of encapsulation variables on formation of leuprolide-loaded PLGA microspheres. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 636:401-412. [PMID: 36640551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Emulsion-based solvent evaporation microencapsulation methods for producing PLGA microspheres are complex often leading to empirical optimization. This study aimed to develop a more detailed understanding of the effects of process variables on the complex emulsification processes during encapsulation of leuprolide in PLGA microspheres using a high-shear rotor-stator mixer. Following extensive analysis of previously developed formulation conditions that yield microspheres of equivalent composition to the commercial 1-month Lupron Depot, multiple variables during the formation of primary and secondary emulsion were investigated with the aid of dimensional analysis, including: rotor speed (ω) and time (t), dispersed phase fraction (Φ) and continuous phase viscosity (µc). The dimensionless Sauter mean diameter (d3,2) of primary emulsion was observed to be proportional to the product of several key dimensionless groups (Φ1,We,Re,ω1t1) raised to the appropriate power indices. A new dimensionless group (Θ ) (surface energy/energy input) was used to rationalize insertion of a proportionate time dependence in the scaling of the d3,2. The dimensionless d3,2 of secondary emulsion was found proportional to the product of three dimensionless groups ( [Formula: see text] ) raised to the appropriate power indices. The increased viscosity of the primary emulsion, decreased secondary water phase volume and reduced second homogenization time each elevated encapsulation efficiency of peptide by reducing drug leakage to the outer water phase. These results could be useful for dimensional analysis and improving manufacturing of PLGA microspheres by the solvent evaporation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Richard Schutzman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nian-Qiu Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rose Ackermann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Karl Olsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Steven P Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Shahjin F, Patel M, Hasan M, Cohen JD, Islam F, Ashaduzzaman M, Nayan MU, Subramaniam M, Zhou Y, Andreu I, Gendelman HE, Kevadiya BD. Development of a porous layer-by-layer microsphere with branched aliphatic hydrocarbon porogens. Nanomedicine 2023; 48:102644. [PMID: 36549555 PMCID: PMC10460474 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Porous polymer microspheres are employed in biotherapeutics, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Porosity dictates cargo carriage and release that are aligned with the polymer physicochemical properties. These include material tuning, biodegradation, and cargo encapsulation. How uniformity of pore size affects therapeutic delivery remains an area of active investigation. Herein, we characterize six branched aliphatic hydrocarbon-based porogen(s) produced to create pores in single and multilayered microspheres. The porogens are composed of biocompatible polycaprolactone, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), and polylactic acid polymers within porous multilayered microspheres. These serve as controlled effective drug and vaccine delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Shahjin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Milankumar Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jacob D Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Farhana Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Md Ashaduzzaman
- Computer Science, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mohammad Ullah Nayan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - You Zhou
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Irene Andreu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Bhavesh D Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Bhujbal SV, Mitra B, Jain U, Gong Y, Agrawal A, Karki S, Taylor LS, Kumar S, (Tony) Zhou Q. Pharmaceutical amorphous solid dispersion: A review of manufacturing strategies. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2505-2536. [PMID: 34522596 PMCID: PMC8424289 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are popular for enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Various approaches have been employed to produce ASDs and novel techniques are emerging. This review provides an updated overview of manufacturing techniques for preparing ASDs. As physical stability is a critical quality attribute for ASD, the impact of formulation, equipment, and process variables, together with the downstream processing on physical stability of ASDs have been discussed. Selection strategies are proposed to identify suitable manufacturing methods, which may aid in the development of ASDs with satisfactory physical stability.
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Key Words
- 3DP, three-dimensional printing
- ASDs, amorphous solid dispersions
- ASES, aerosol solvent extraction system
- Amorphous solid dispersions
- CAP, cellulose acetate phthalate
- CO2, carbon dioxide
- CSG, continuous-spray granulation
- Co-precipitation
- Downstream processing
- Drug delivery
- EPAS, evaporative aqueous solution precipitation
- Eudragit®, polymethacrylates derivatives
- FDM, fused deposition modeling
- GAS, gas antisolvent
- HME, hot-melt extrusion
- HPC, hydroxypropyl cellulose
- HPMC, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
- HPMCAS, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate
- HPMCP, hypromellose phthalate
- Manufacturing
- Melting process
- PCA, precipitation with compressed fluid antisolvent
- PGSS, precipitation from gas-saturated solutions
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid
- PVP, polyvinylpyrrolidone
- PVPVA, polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate
- RESS, rapid expansion of a supercritical solution
- SAS, supercritical antisolvent
- SCFs, supercritical fluids
- SEDS, solution-enhanced dispersion by SCF
- SLS, selective laser sintering
- Selection criteria
- Soluplus®, polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer
- Solvent evaporation
- Stability
- Tg, glass transition temperature
- USC, ultrasound compaction
- scCO2, supercritical CO2
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal V. Bhujbal
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Biplob Mitra
- Oral Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Uday Jain
- Material Science and Engineering, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Yuchuan Gong
- Oral Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Anjali Agrawal
- Oral Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Shyam Karki
- Oral Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Lynne S. Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Oral Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Qi (Tony) Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Aboelela SS, Ibrahim M, Badruddoza AZM, Tran V, Ferri JK, Roper TD. Encapsulation of a highly hydrophilic drug in polymeric particles: A comparative study of batch and microfluidic processes. Int J Pharm 2021; 606:120906. [PMID: 34298100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of microfluidics on the quality attributes of metformin hydrochloride-loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid polymeric particles (MFH-PLGA PPs) when compared to a traditional double emulsion batch method. The relationship of encapsulation and loading efficiencies, yield %, particle size, surface morphology, and release profile with process and formulation variables were determined using design of experiments (DoE). The effects of the dispersal method of the primary (sonication vs. vortex) or secondary emulsion (microfluidics vs. batch), polyvinyl alcohol concentration (PVA), and drug to polymer ratio were investigated. The PPs' size was impacted by both the PVA concentration and the type of primary and secondary emulsion dispersion methods. Microfluidics significantly increased the PPs' yield %, particle size, encapsulation, and loading efficiencies. The higher loaded microfluidic-based PPs had more burst release, following first-order release kinetics when compared to the lower loaded batch-based particles, which followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model for release kinetics. Microfluidic-based PPs exhibited a smooth, porous, more uniform, and larger particle size with hollow structure than the batch-based PPs with a matrix-like structure. In conclusion, we have elucidated the effect of microfluidics on the quality attributes of MFH-PLGA PPs and their comparison to the traditional batch technique.
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8
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Liw JJ, Teoh XY, Teoh AXY, Chan SY. The Effect of Carrier-Drug Ratios on Dissolution Performances of Poorly Soluble Drug in Crystalline Solid Dispersion System. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:95-101. [PMID: 34174289 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The choice of carrier and drug ratio are critical factors as far as the type of solid dispersion is concerned. Amorphous solid dispersion has been cited as the most desirable type among the different types of solid dispersion due to the benefit of amorphicity in increasing the drug solubility of a poorly soluble drug. Recent reports delineated that a partially crystalline solid dispersion system may perform better due to the inherent issue of solution mediated recrystallisation of a completely amorphous system. In oppose to the conventional choice of using amorphous polymer, this study aimed to investigate the use of a crystalline carrier, polyethylene glycol (PEG) for dissolution enhancement of a model poorly soluble drug, Flurbiprofen (FBP), a BCS Class II candidate. Solid dispersions of different FBP to PEG 6000 molar ratios via solvent evaporation were prepared. Physical characterisation of preparations was performed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and optical microscope. DSC and ATR-FTIR analyses suggest the obtained solid dispersion exhibits crystalline FBP. This is then supported by the optical microscope analysis as the birefringence of crystals was noted. Further increasing the drug-carrier molar ratio to one-to-three and one-to-six showed that there was an amorphous FBP constituent in the system. DSC analysis revealed the melting point depression of FBP by the carrier which signifies interaction between the drug and polymer. Dissolution study showed the solid dispersion of FBP improves the drug solubility and drug release compared to the pure drug. A higher carrier ratio in the formulation results in a higher drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyi Jun Liw
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Xin-Yi Teoh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Angela Xing Yee Teoh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Siok-Yee Chan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
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9
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Gomaa E, Fathi HA, Eissa NG, Elsabahy M. Methods for preparation of nanostructured lipid carriers. Methods 2021; 199:3-8. [PMID: 33992771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Construction of nanocarriers of different structures and properties have shown great promise as delivery systems for a wide range of drugs to improve therapeutic effects and reduce side effects. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have been introduced as a new generation of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) to overcome several of the limitations associated with the SLNs. NLCs consist of a blend of solid and liquid lipids which result in a partially crystallized lipid system that enables higher drug loading efficiency compared to SLNs. Owing to their biocompatibility, low toxicity, ease of preparation and scaling-up, and high stability, NLCs have been exploited in numerous pharmaceutical applications. Different methods for fabrication of NLCs have been described in the literature. In this article, procedures involved in emulsification-solvent evaporation method, one of the commonly utilized methods for preparation of NLCs, are described in detail. Critical aspects that should be considered throughout preparation process are also highlighted to allow for consistent and reproducible construction of NLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Gomaa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Heba A Fathi
- Assiut International Center of Nanomedicine, Al-Rajhy Liver Hospital, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Noura G Eissa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; Science Academy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Elsabahy
- Science Academy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt; Misr University for Science and Technology, 6(th) of October City, 12566, Egypt.
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10
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Yasin H, Al-Taani B, Salem MS. Preparation and characterization of ethylcellulose microspheres for sustained-release of pregabalin. Res Pharm Sci 2021; 16:1-15. [PMID: 33953770 PMCID: PMC8074809 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.305184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: Pregabalin is used in the treatment of epilepsy, chronic pain, and other psychological disorders. Preparation of pregabalin in the sustained-release formulation will enhance patient compliance and reduce the incidence of side effects. The aim of this study was to prepare sustained-release microspheres for pregabalin utilizing ethylcellulose and evaluate the processing factors that influence the fabrication and the performance of the prepared microspheres. Experimental approach: The microspheres were prepared using the water-oil-oil double emulsion solvent evaporation method. Microspheres were characterized for particle size, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro drug release. The influence of the processing variables on the characteristics of the prepared microspheres was studied. Microspheres solid-state characterization performed using differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Findings/Results: The results described in the context of the current work illustrated the suitability of the water-oil-oil system in the preparation of sustained-release microspheres for pregabalin. The optimum formulation was prepared at a drug to polymer ratio of 1:3 w/w, stirring speed of 600 rpm, surfactant concentration of 1.5%, and external phase volume of 150 mL. This formula produced microspheres particle size in the range 600-1000 μm, with 87.6% yield, and 80.14 ± 0.53% encapsulation efficiency. Drug release from the microspheres was found to be diffusion controlled, with a pH-independent behavior. Conclusion and implication The current work presented a successful attempt to fabricate a sustained-release microsphere comprising pregabalin. This will help overcome the frequent dosing problems with conventional pregabalin dosage forms and improve product performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haya Yasin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Bashar Al-Taani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mutaz Sheikh Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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11
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Li G, He Y, Han W, Yu Y, Zhu L, Si T, Sun Y. An improved solvent evaporation method to produce poly (lactic acid) microspheres via foam-transfer. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 172:114-123. [PMID: 33444658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study an improved solvent evaporation method to prepare poly (lactic acid) (PLA) microspheres via foam-transfer. Since the foaming process and its transfer were critical to the improved method, they have been studied. Additionally, the delivery capability of foams was studied as a function of the oil/water ratio, the stirring rate, the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and ethanol (EtOH) in the aqueous phase (ωPVA, ωEtOH). It was found that foaming varied during the preparation process and it influenced the properties of PLA microspheres. When the oil/water ratio (w/w) ≥ 3:10, stirring rate ≥ 600 r/min, ωPVA ≥ 1 wt%, and ωEtOH = 0 wt%, solvent evaporation was able to produce enough foams for foam-transfer, which helped to deliver more than 89 wt% PLA microspheres to the receiving vessel. However, ωPVA ≤ 0.3 wt% and ωEtOH = 20 wt% were unfavorable for maintaining the spherical shape of PLA microspheres and caused the aggregation. The methodology was further used to prepare azoxystrobin-loaded PLA microspheres successfully with a high encapsulation efficiency of 86.54%. This work is meaningful since it enables an efficient and continuous route to prepare functional biodegradable polymer microspheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiying Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
| | - Yanping He
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China.
| | - Wanqing Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
| | - Linhua Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
| | - Tian Si
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
| | - Yanlin Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, Kunming, Yunnan 650504, China
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12
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Grune C, Thamm J, Werz O, Fischer D. Cyrene™ as an Alternative Sustainable Solvent for the Preparation of Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:959-964. [PMID: 33275992 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Toxic and environmental harmful organic solvents are widely applied to prepare poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based nanoparticles (NP) in standard preparation methods. Alternative non-toxic solvents suffer from disadvantages like high viscosity and plasticizing effects. To overcome these hurdles, Cyrene™ as a new sustainable, non-toxic and low viscous solvent was used to formulate PLGA NPs. A new preparation method was developed and optimized. Small sized blank NPs around 220 nm with a narrow size distribution and highly negative charge (<-23 mV) were obtained. To test the application for drug delivery, the lipophilic model drug atorvastatin was encapsulated in high drug loads with comparable physicochemical characteristics as the blank NPs, and a total drug release within 24 h. No changes of the crystallinity or plasticizing effects could be observed. Highly purified NPs were obtained with a residual Cyrene™ content <2.5%. Finally, the biocompatibility of Cyrene™ itself and of the NPs formed in the presence of Cyrene™ was demonstrated in a hen's egg test. Conclusively, the use of Cyrene™ as solvent offers a simple, fast and non-toxic procedure for preparation of PLGA NPs as drug delivery systems circumventing the downsides of standard methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Grune
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Thamm
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Dagmar Fischer
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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13
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Chen S, Hu J, Guo Y, Belzile N, Deng T. Enhanced kinetics and super selectivity toward Cs + in multicomponent aqueous solutions: A robust Prussian blue analogue/polyvinyl chloride composite membrane. Environ Res 2020; 189:109952. [PMID: 32980023 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Developing effective adsorbents for 137Cs removal from complex wastewater systems has been a significant challenge. Although existing spheres adsorbents could improve the post-separation ability and practical operability, the adsorption kinetics are still significantly retarded due to the large intra-particle diffusion resistance. Here, we demonstrate the efficiency of a robust Prussian blue analogue/polyvinyl chloride composite membrane (PPM), which was easily prepared by a simple solvent evaporation method. In virtue of the less dense layer and ion-sieving functionality, it showed enhanced kinetics (5 h) and super selectivity (SF = 248.3-5388.6) towards Cs+. New PPM was robust within a wide pH range (2-10) and exhibited favorable removal capacity (152.8 mg/g), placing it at an outstanding material for Cs+ removal among other adsorbents. Moreover, PPM could be simply eluted and reused using a KCl solution as eluent. A study of the adsorption mechanism confirmed an ion-exchange action during the removal process. Thus, PPM is considered to be a promising candidate for the removal of Cs+ from multicomponent aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangqing Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Jiayin Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China.
| | - Yafei Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Nelson Belzile
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, P3E2C6, Canada
| | - Tianlong Deng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China.
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Abstract
Successful adhesive dentistry begins with correct placement and polymerization of the bonding agent. Although numerous agents exist, all abide by certain key principles, including the newest group, the universal adhesives. Fundamental steps also exist in the application process that require the operator to understand the chemistry of the adhesive being used. Modalities exist that can help preserve the durability of the bond achieved, thus slowing down the degradation process. However, no material or agent can overcome poor technique. Thus, it is of the utmost importance that the practitioner respects the technique sensitivity of adhesives, and follows the manufacturer's instructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hayashi
- UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Box 951668, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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15
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Fashandi M, Leung SN. Preparation and characterization of 100% bio-based polylactic acid/palmitic acid microcapsules for thermal energy storage. Mater Renew Sustain Energy 2017; 6:14. [PMID: 31259138 PMCID: PMC6560517 DOI: 10.1007/s40243-017-0098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phase change materials (PCM) have gained extensive attention in thermal energy storage applications. In this work, microencapsulation of vegetable-derived palmitic acid (PA) in bio-based polylactic acid (PLA) shell by solvent evaporation and oil-in-water emulsification was investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were conducted to confirm the successful encapsulation of PA in PLA shells. Differential scanning calorimetry was performed to evaluate the thermal properties, thermal reliability, and core content of the fabricated PCM microcapsules (microPCM). Through a series of parametric studies, the effects of PCM and solvent content, oil phase-to-aqueous phase ratio, as well as surfactant type and content on the morphology, particle size, and thermal properties of the PCM microcapsules were investigated. Experimental results showed that PVA was a superior emulsifier to SDS in the emulsion systems being studied. There also existed an optimal PVA concentration to reduce the average size of microPCM. When the PVA concentration was above this optimal level, the emulsifier molecules tend to form micelles among themselves. This led to the adhesion of tiny microspheres on the surface of microPCM as well as larger microPCM. In short, this work has demonstrated the possibility of using the solvent evaporation method to fabricate 100% bio-based PCM-polymer microcapsules for thermal energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Fashandi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Siu N. Leung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 Canada
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16
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Weerapol Y, Tubtimsri S, Jansakul C, Sriamornsak P. Improved dissolution of Kaempferia parviflora extract for oral administration by preparing solid dispersion via solvent evaporation. Asian J Pharm Sci 2016; 12:124-133. [PMID: 32104321 PMCID: PMC7032189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaempferia parviflora, a plant in the family Zingiberaceae, has been used in Thai traditional medicines for treating hypertension and promoting longevity with good health and well-being. However, its limited aqueous solubility and low dissolution restrict its bioavailability. The aim of the study was therefore to improve the dissolution rate of K. parviflora extracted with dichloromethane (KPD) by solid dispersions. Different water-soluble polymers were applied to improve dissolution of KPD. The solid dispersions in different ratios were prepared by solvent evaporation method. Only hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol grafted copolymer (PVA-co-PEG) could be used to produce homogeneous, powdered solid dispersions. Physical characterization by scanning electron microscopy, hot stage microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffractometry, in comparison with corresponding physical mixtures, showed the changes in solid state during the formation of solid dispersions. Dissolution of a selected marker, 5,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone (TMF), from KPD/HPMC and KPD/PVA-co-PEG solid dispersions was significantly improved, compared with pure KPD. The dissolution enhancement by solid dispersion was influenced by both type and content of polymers. The stability of KPD/HPMC and KPD/PVA-co-PEG solid dispersions was also good after 6-month storage in both long-term and accelerated conditions. These results identified that the KPD/HPMC and KPD/PVA-co-PEG solid dispersions were an effective new approach for pharmaceutical application of K. parviflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotsanan Weerapol
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand.,Pharmaceutical Biopolymer Group (PBiG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Sukannika Tubtimsri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand.,Pharmaceutical Biopolymer Group (PBiG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Chaweewan Jansakul
- Department of Thai Medicine, Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Pornsak Sriamornsak
- Pharmaceutical Biopolymer Group (PBiG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand.,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
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17
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Venault A, Ye CC, Lin YC, Tsai CW, Jhong JF, Ruaan RC, Higuchi A, Chinnathambi A, Ho HT, Chang Y. Zwitterionic fibrous polypropylene assembled with amphiphatic carboxybetaine copolymers for hemocompatible blood filtration. Acta Biomater 2016; 40:130-141. [PMID: 26826530 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The present study serves three main functions. First, it presents a novel random copolymer, made of octadecyl acrylate hydrophobic blocks and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate hydrophilic groups, and it zwitterionic form. Second, random copolymer and zwitterionic random copolymer, OmDn and Z-OmDn, are used to modify polypropylene membranes by evaporation coating. Our investigations unveil that this method leads to sufficiently stable self-assembling provided a minimum number of hydrophobic repeat units of 77, which also corresponds to a hydrophobic degree of 74%. Third, antifouling and hemocompatible properties of membranes are thoroughly investigated using all types of blood cells separately, as well as challenging membranes against whole blood in static and dynamic conditions. Membranes modified with zwitterionic copolymer containing 26% of zwitterionic groups are shown to be highly antifouling and hemocompatible, for a coating density as low as 0.2mg/cm(2). Their application in a specially designed blood filtration module enabled to almost totally inhibit blood cells interactions with membrane material, as well as to importantly reduce platelet activation in the permeate (2.5-fold reduction). STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The design of new zwitterionic copolymer material is proposed and demonstrated in this study. It was showed that hydrophobicoctadecyl acrylate segments can be introduced in the zwitterioniccarboxybetaine polymer chain with a well-controlled random sequence. Stable, efficient, and effective surface zwitterionization of hydrophobic polypropylene are obtained via grafting onto approach by evaporation-induced self-assembling coating. In the perspective of potential application, hemocompatible blood filtration was demonstrated with the excellent results of non-activated platelets obtained. SUMMARY OF IMPACTS DESIGN New zwitterionicmaterial, amphiphatic carboxybetaine copolymers. DEVELOPMENT Evaporation-induced self-assembling grafting. APPLICATION Hemocompatible blood filtration.
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Teo A, Goh KKT, Wen J, Oey I, Ko S, Kwak HS, Lee SJ. Physicochemical properties of whey protein, lactoferrin and Tween 20 stabilised nanoemulsions: Effect of temperature, pH and salt. Food Chem 2015; 197:297-306. [PMID: 26616953 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Oil-in-water nanoemulsions were prepared by emulsification and solvent evaporation using whey protein isolate (WPI), lactoferrin and Tween 20 as emulsifiers. Protein-stabilised nanoemulsions showed a decrease in particle size with increasing protein concentration from 0.25% to 1% (w/w) level with Z-average diameter between 70 and 90 nm. However, larger droplets were produced by Tween 20 (120-450 nm) especially at concentration above 0.75% (w/w). The stability of nanoemulsions to temperature (30-90°C), pH (2-10) and ionic strength (0-500 mM NaCl or 0-90 mM CaCl2) was also tested. Tween 20 nanoemulsions were unstable to heat treatment at 90°C for 15 min. WPI-stabilised nanoemulsions exhibited droplet aggregation near the isoelectric point at pH 4.5 and 5 and they were also unstable at salt concentration above 30 mM CaCl2. These results indicated that stable nanoemulsions can be prepared by careful selection of emulsifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anges Teo
- School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kelvin K T Goh
- School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jingyuan Wen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Indrawati Oey
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sanghoon Ko
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Soo Kwak
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Je Lee
- School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Thangaraj M, Ravi G, Sabari Girisun TC, Vinitha G, Loganathan A. Ethylenediaminium di(4-nitrophenolate): a third order NLO material for optical limiting applications. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 138:158-163. [PMID: 25498811 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Single crystals of ethylenediaminium di(4-nitrophenolate) [EDA4NP] were grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique using ethanol as solvent at constant temperature. It crystallizes in monoclinic centrosymmetric space group C2/c with cell dimension a=11.326Ǻ, b=7.264Ǻ, c=20.036Ǻ; β=93.55°. Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT-IR) spectrum was recorded to identify various functional groups present in EDA4NP. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectral studies were performed to confirm the functional groups. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis showed that the compound melts at 142.9°C. The material possesses a wide optical transparency window in the visible and near IR region (500-1200nm). The nonlinear refractive index, nonlinear absorption coefficient and third-order nonlinear susceptibility of EDA4NP were estimated to be n2=5.46×10(-8)cm(2)W(-1), β=0.65×10(-3)cmW(-1) and χ((3))=2.96×10(-6)esu respectively. The limiting behavior observed with the sample is attributed mainly to nonlinear refraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thangaraj
- Department of Physics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630004, India; Department of Physics, PSNA College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul 624622, India
| | - G Ravi
- Department of Physics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630004, India.
| | - T C Sabari Girisun
- School of Physics, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - G Vinitha
- Division of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Chennai 600127, India
| | - A Loganathan
- Engineering Physics, Annamalai University, 608002, India
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20
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Cantú AA. Evaporation of a non-ideal solution and its application to writing ink aging. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 247:69-78. [PMID: 25545804 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The evaporation of a solution consisting of a non-volatile solute dissolved in a volatile solvent has been previously treated using a simple model called the beaker model. This model considers the solution to be in a non-porous container that has vertical walls like a glass beaker and assumes the solution is an ideal solution so that Raoult's law is obeyed. A particular novel finding was that under a certain condition, the evaporation or aging curve of the solution has a point of maximum acceleration. Prior to this point, the solution is in its fast drying mode and after this point, it is in its slow drying mode. This phenomenon is observed in the drying of many writing inks. In this work this model is modified to consider the evaporation of (a) a non-ideal solution, (b) a solution that become saturated, (c) a solution on a glass slide, and (d) a solution on a porous substrate. In each of these cases, the existence and location of the point of maximum acceleration of the drying process are examined. These modifications lead to a description of the dying process of a solution that is remarkably similar to that of writing inks but obtained via an entirely different physical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio A Cantú
- Scientific Consultant, 3013 Seven Oaks Place, Falls Church, VA 22042, USA.
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Wang Q, Yao G, Dong P, Gong Z, Li G, Zhang K, Wu C. Investigation on fabrication process of dissolving microneedle arrays to improve effective needle drug distribution. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 66:148-56. [PMID: 25446513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The dissolving microneedle array (DMNA) offers a novel potential approach for transdermal delivery of biological macromolecular drugs and vaccines, because it can be as efficient as hypodermic injection and as safe and patient compliant as conventional transdermal delivery. However, effective needle drug distribution is the main challenge for clinical application of DMNA. This study focused on the mechanism and control of drug diffusion inside DMNA during the fabrication process in order to improve the drug delivery efficiency. The needle drug loading proportion (NDP) in DMNAs was measured to determine the influences of drug concentration gradient, needle drying step, excipients, and solvent of the base solution on drug diffusion and distribution. The results showed that the evaporation of base solvent was the key factor determining NDP. Slow evaporation of water from the base led to gradual increase of viscosity, and an approximate drug concentration equilibrium was built between the needle and base portions, resulting in NDP as low as about 6%. When highly volatile ethanol was used as the base solvent, the viscosity in the base rose quickly, resulting in NDP more than 90%. Ethanol as base solvent did not impact the insertion capability of DMNAs, but greatly increased the in vitro drug release and transdermal delivery from DMNAs. Furthermore, the drug diffusion process during DMNA fabrication was thoroughly investigated for the first time, and the outcomes can be applied to most two-step molding processes and optimization of the DMNA fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Gangtao Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pin Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihua Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ge Li
- Guangzhou Neworld Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Kejian Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; GuangDong Research Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Guangzhou, China.
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Ramadhani N, Shabir M, McConville C. Preparation and characterisation of Kolliphor® P 188 and P 237 solid dispersion oral tablets containing the poorly water soluble drug disulfiram. Int J Pharm 2014; 475:514-22. [PMID: 25218186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The oral route of administration is the most common and preferred route of drug delivery due to its ease of administration, cost-effectiveness and flexibility in design. However, limited aqueous solubility of the active pharmaceutical ingredient can result in poor bioavailability, which is a major issue for the pharmaceutical industry. Increasing numbers of new drugs are falling into class II of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS), where they have a low solubility and high tissue permeability, meaning that bioavailability is solubility dependent. Here we demonstrate the development and characterisation of solid dispersion oral tablets, containing the poorly water-soluble drug disulfiram, prepared using both the hot melt and solvent evaporation methods and manufactured from two different polymers, Kolliphor(®) P 188 and P 237, specifically designed for the manufacture of solid dispersions. This paper demonstrates that the disulfiram solid dispersions tablets have an enhanced release rate of disulfiram compared to the control tablets. The Kolliphor(®) P 188 polymer control tablets released approximately 48.8% of their disulfiram content over 8h, with the solvent evaporated tablets releasing approximately 65.8%, while the 60 and 80 °C hot melt tablets released approximately 73.2 and 100% of their disulfiram content respectively. A similar trend was seen with Kolliphor(®) P 237 as the control tablets released approximately 50.5% of their disulfiram content over 8h, while the solvent evaporated tablets released approximately 79.5% and the 60 and 80 °C hot melt tablets released 100.2 and 100.3% respectively. Depending on what method and polymer is used to manufacture the solid dispersions the disulfiram is either maintained completely or partially in its amorphous state and it is this which enhances its solubility and release rate from the tablets. The disulfiram in the Kolliphor(®) P 188 solvent evaporated and 60 °C hot melt tablets retained 50.5 and 44.1% of its crystallinity, while the disulfiram in the 80 °C hot melt tablets was completely amorphous. Whereas the disulfiram in the Kolliphor(®) P 237 solvent evaporated tablets retained 45.2% crystallinity, while the disulfiram in both of the hot melt tablets was completely in its amorphous form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisrina Ramadhani
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfrana Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Mehwish Shabir
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfrana Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Christopher McConville
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfrana Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK.
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Gaur PK, Mishra S, Bajpai M. Formulation and evaluation of controlled-release of telmisartan microspheres: In vitro/in vivo study. J Food Drug Anal 2014; 22:542-8. [PMID: 28911472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to design a controlled-release drug-delivery system for the angiotensin-II receptor antagonist drug telmisartan. Telmisartan was encapsulated with different EUDRAGIT polymers by an emulsion solvent evaporation technique and the physicochemical properties of the formulations were characterized. Using a solvent evaporation method, white spherical microspheres with particle sizes of 629.9–792.1 μm were produced. The in vitro drug release was studied in three different pH media (pH 1.2 for 2 hours, pH 6.8 for 4 hours, and pH 7.4 for 18 hours). The formulations were then evaluated for their pharmacokinetic parameters. The entrapment efficiency of these microspheres was between 58.6% and 90.56%. The obtained microspheres showed good flow properties, which were evaluated in terms of angle of repose (15.29–26.32), bulk and tapped densities (0.37–0.53 and 0.43–0.64, respectively), Carr indices and Hausner ratio (12.94–19.14% and 1.14–1.23, respectively). No drug release was observed in the simulated gastric medium up to 2 hours; however, a change in pH from 1.2 to 6.8 increased the drug release. At pH 7.4, formulations with EUDRAGIT RS 100 showed a steady drug release. The microsphere formulation TMRS-3 (i.e., microspheres containing 2-mg telmisartan) gave the highest Cmax value (6.8641 μg/mL) at 6 hours, which was three times higher than Cmax for telmisartan oral suspension (TOS). Correspondingly, the area under the curve for TMRS-3 was 8.5 times higher than TOS. Particle size and drug release depended on the nature and content of polymer used. The drug release mechanism of the TMRS-3 formulation can be explained using the Higuchi model. The controlled release of drug from TMRS-3 also provides for higher plasma drug content and improved bioavailability.
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Heslinga MJ, Willis GM, Sobczynski DJ, Thompson AJ, Eniola-Adefeso O. One-step fabrication of agent-loaded biodegradable microspheroids for drug delivery and imaging applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 116:55-62. [PMID: 24441181 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-spherical particles may offer advantages over conventional spherical systems for drug delivery applications. This work describes the fabrication of agent-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) spheroids via the emulsion solvent evaporation (ESE) method. The versatility of this technique for loading a variety of therapeutics is demonstrated via loading of paclitaxel, bovine serum albumin, and cadmium sulfide nanoparticles into PLGA spheroids. The encapsulation efficiency for spheroids fabricated via oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions is highest at low aqueous phase surfactant concentrations while the encapsulation efficiency for spheroids made via water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) is highest at high aqueous phase surfactant concentrations and basic aqueous phase pH values. Particle aspect ratio polydispersity can be minimized via the use of high aqueous phase PVA concentration and pH. The ESE technique is an attractive alternative to recently described methods for fabrication of non-spherical particles due to its simplicity in setup, high particle yield and adaptability to a variety of biodegradable polymers and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Heslinga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gabriella M Willis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Daniel J Sobczynski
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alex J Thompson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Parida P, Mishra SC, Sahoo S, Behera A, Nayak BP. Development and characterization of ethylcellulose based microsphere for sustained release of nifedipine. J Pharm Anal 2014; 6:341-344. [PMID: 29404002 PMCID: PMC5762602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This article introduced the work of ethylcellulose based polymeric microsphere loaded with nifedipine for reduction in frequency of administration with low solubility in aqueous medium and high rate of absorption in the stomach. The non-aqueous polymeric suspension was put dropwise into an aqueous medium containing polyvinyl alcohol as a surfactant for the synthesis of microsphere by solvent evaporation. The microspheres were characterized by different techniques, namely, XRD, SEM, and NMR. The formation of microspheres was confirmed by SEM. XRD analysis revealed the semi-crystallinity nature of microspheres. The NMR study indicated the presence of hetero-aromatic nucleus in the microsphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patitapabana Parida
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, NIT Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Subash Chandra Mishra
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, NIT Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Subhashree Sahoo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kanakmanjari Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rourkela, Odisha 769015, India
| | - Ajit Behera
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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Tabbakhian M, Hasanzadeh F, Tavakoli N, Jamshidian Z. Dissolution enhancement of glibenclamide by solid dispersion: solvent evaporation versus a supercritical fluid-based solvent -antisolvent technique. Res Pharm Sci 2014; 9:337-50. [PMID: 25657806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Glibenclamide (GLIB) is a poorly soluble drug with formulation-dependent bioavailability. Therefore, we attempted in this study to improve GLIB dissolution rate by preparing drug solid dispersions by solvent evaporation (SE) and supercritical fluid solvent-antisolvent techniques (SCF-SAS). A D-optimal mixture design was used to investigate the effects of different ratios of HPMCE5 (50-100%), PEG6000 (0-40%), and Poloxamer407 (0-20%) on drug dissolution from different solid dispersion (SD) formulations prepared by SE. The ratios of carriers used in SCF-SAS method were HPMCE5 (fixed at 60%), PEG6000 (20-40%), and Poloxamer407 (0-20%). A constant drug: carrier weight ratio of 1:10 was used in all experiments. The SDs obtained were physically characterized and subjected to the dissolution study. The major GLIB bands in FTIR spectra were indicative of drug integrity. The reduced intensity and the fewer number of peaks observed in X-ray diffractograms (XRD) of GLIB formulations was the indicative of at least partial transformation of crystalline to amorphous GLIB. This change and/or dilution of drug in much higher amounts of carriers present caused disappearance of distinctive endothermic peaks in differential scanning calorimetry thermograms of GLIB formulations. The model generated according to the results of the D-optimal mixture design indicated that GLIB formulations comprising HPMC (50%-60%), PEG (34-40%), and poloxamer (6-10%) had enhanced dissolution performances. As compared to SE method, the SCF-SAS technique produced formulations of higher dissolution performances, likely due to the effects of solution and the supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) on enhanced plasticization of polymers and thus increased diffusion of the drug into the polymer matrix.
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Panghal D, Nagpal M, Thakur GS, Arora S. Dissolution Improvement of Atorvastatin Calcium using Modified Locust Bean Gum by the Solid Dispersion Technique. Sci Pharm 2013; 82:177-91. [PMID: 24634850 PMCID: PMC3951228 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1301-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research was aimed at the enhancement of the dissolution rate of atorvastatin calcium by the solid dispersion technique using modified locust bean gum. Solid dispersions (SD) using modified locust bean gum were prepared by the modified solvent evaporation method. Other mixtures were also prepared by physical mixing, co-grinding, and the kneading method. The locust bean gum was subjected to heat for modification. The prepared solid dispersions and other mixtures were evaluated for equilibrium solubility studies, content uniformity, FTIR, DSC, XRD, in vitro drug release, and in vivo pharmacodynamic studies. The equilibrium solubility was enhanced in the solid dispersions (in a drug:polymer ratio of 1:6) and other mixtures such as the co-grinding mixture (CGM) and kneading mixture (KM). Maximum dissolution rate was observed in the solid dispersion batch SD3 (i.e. 50% within 15 min) with maximum drug release after 2 h (80%) out of all solid dispersions. The co-grinding mixture also exhibited a significant enhancement in the dissolution rate among the other mixtures. FTIR studies revealed the absence of drug-polymer interaction in the solid dispersions. Minor shifts in the endothermic peaks of the DSC thermograms of SD3 and CGM indicated slight changes in drug crystallinity. XRD studies further confirmed the results of DSC and FTIR. Topological changes were observed in SEM images of SD3 and CGM. In vivo pharmacodynamic studies indicated an improved efficacy of the optimized batch SD3 as compared to the pure drug at a dose of 3 mg/kg/day. Modified locust bean gum can be a promising carrier for solubility enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs. The lower viscosity and wetting ability of MLBG, reduction in particle size, and decreased crystallinity of the drug are responsible for the dissolution enhancement of atorvastatin. The co-grinding mixture can be a good alternative to solid dispersions prepared by modified solvent evaporation due to its ease of preparation and significant improvement in dissolution characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmila Panghal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway, Rajpura-140401, Punjab, India
| | - Manju Nagpal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway, Rajpura-140401, Punjab, India
| | - Gurjeet Singh Thakur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway, Rajpura-140401, Punjab, India
| | - Sandeep Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh-Patiala National Highway, Rajpura-140401, Punjab, India
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Abstract
Polymeric films are applied to solid dosage forms for decorative, protective, and functional purposes. These films are generally applied by a spray atomization process, where the polymer is sprayed onto the solid substrate. The mechanism by which films are formed is dependent on whether the polymer is in the dissolved or dispersed state. For solutions, film formation occurs as the solvent evaporates, since the polymer chains are intimately mixed. Film formation from polymeric dispersions, however, requires the coalescence of individual polymer spheres and interpenetration of the polymer chains. Films prepared from polymeric dispersions exhibit a minimum film forming temperature and processing conditions must exceed this temperature in order to form the film. In addition, these systems generally require post-coating storage in temperature and humidity controlled environments to ensure complete polymer coalescence. Incomplete coalescence can lead to significant changes in drug release over time. This review article highlights the basic science principles involved in film formation from both polymeric solutions and dispersions and the variables that influence these film formation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Felton
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
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Lee YS, Johnson PJ, Robbins PT, Bridson RH. Production of nanoparticles-in-microparticles by a double emulsion method: a comprehensive study. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 83:168-73. [PMID: 23153669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A method based on a double emulsion system (solid-in-water-in-oil-in-water) has been developed for the production of nanoparticles-in-microparticles (NIMs). The distribution of nanoparticles within the NIMs was explored using light and electron microscopy and through assessment of drug loading and release profiles. The extent of nanoparticle entrapment within the NIMs was found to be dependent on the state (wet vs. dry) in which the nanoparticles were introduced to the formulation. The technique was readily adaptable to produce NIMs of different morphologies. It is proposed that NIMs and this method to produce them have broad application in drug delivery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Sim Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Philip J Johnson
- School of Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Philip T Robbins
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Rachel H Bridson
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Giri TK, Choudhary C, Ajazuddin, Alexander A, Badwaik H, Tripathi DK. Prospects of pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals loaded microparticles prepared by double emulsion technique for controlled delivery. Saudi Pharm J 2012; 21:125-41. [PMID: 23960828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Several methods and techniques are potentially useful for the preparation of microparticles in the field of controlled drug delivery. The type and the size of the microparticles, the entrapment, release characteristics and stability of drug in microparticles in the formulations are dependent on the method used. One of the most common methods of preparing microparticles is the single emulsion technique. Poorly soluble, lipophilic drugs are successfully retained within the microparticles prepared by this method. However, the encapsulation of highly water soluble compounds including protein and peptides presents formidable challenges to the researchers. The successful encapsulation of such compounds requires high drug loading in the microparticles, prevention of protein and peptide degradation by the encapsulation method involved and predictable release, both rate and extent, of the drug compound from the microparticles. The above mentioned problems can be overcome by using the double emulsion technique, alternatively called as multiple emulsion technique. Aiming to achieve this various techniques have been examined to prepare stable formulations utilizing w/o/w, s/o/w, w/o/o, and s/o/o type double emulsion methods. This article reviews the current state of the art in double emulsion based technologies for the preparation of microparticles including the investigation of various classes of substances that are pharmaceutically and biopharmaceutically active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Kumar Giri
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka Road, Kurud, Bhilai 490024, India
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Yadav PS, Kumar V, Singh UP, Bhat HR, Mazumder B. Physicochemical characterization and in vitro dissolution studies of solid dispersions of ketoprofen with PVP K30 and d-mannitol. Saudi Pharm J 2013; 21:77-84. [PMID: 24109206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the present study was to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of poorly water soluble, BCS class-II drug Ketoprofen (KETO) by solid-dispersion approach. Solid dispersions were prepared by using polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) and d-mannitol in different drugs to carrier ratios. Dispersions with PVP K30 were prepared by kneading and solvent evaporation techniques, whereas solid dispersions containing d-mannitol were prepared by kneading and melting techniques. These formulations were characterized in the liquid state by phase-solubility studies and in the solid state by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The aqueous solubility of KETO was favored by the presence of both carriers. The negative values of Gibbs free energy illustrate the spontaneous transfer from pure water to the aqueous polymer environment. Solid state characterization indicated KETO was present as fine particles in d-mannitol solid dispersions and entrapped in carrier matrix of PVP K30 solid dispersions. In contrast to the very slow dissolution rate of pure KETO, dispersions of drug in carriers considerably improved the dissolution rate. This can be attributed to increased wettability and dispersibility, as well as decreased crystallinity and increase in amorphous fraction of drug. Solid dispersions prepared with PVP K30 showed the highest improvement in dissolution rate of KETO. Even physical mixtures of KETO prepared with both carriers also showed better dissolution profiles than those of pure KETO.
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Malik K, Arora G, Singh I. Taste masked microspheres of ofloxacin: formulation and evaluation of orodispersible tablets. Sci Pharm 2011; 79:653-72. [PMID: 21886910 PMCID: PMC3163379 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1104-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic used for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, but therapy suffers from low patients' compliance due to its unpleasant taste. This study was aimed to develop taste masked microspheres of ofloxacin using Eudragit and to prepare orodispersible tablets of the formulated microspheres using natural superdisintegrant. Taste masking Eudragit E100 microspheres were prepared by solvent evaporation technique with an entrapment efficiency ranging from 69.54 ± 1.98 to 86.52 ± 2.25%. DSC revealed no interaction between the drug and polymer. Microspheres prepared at a drug/polymer ratio of 1:4 and 1:5 revealed sufficient flow properties and better taste masking as compared to other ratios. Drug loaded microspheres were formulated as orodispersible tablets using locust bean gum as a natural superdisintegrant offering the advatages of biocompatibility and biodegrad-ability. The wetting time, water absorption ratio and in-vitro disintegration time of the tablets were found to range between 19 ± 2 to 10 ± 3 seconds, 59.11 ± 0.65 to 85.76 ± 0.96 and 22 ± 2 to 10 ± 2 seconds, respectively. The in-vitro ofloxacin release was about 97.25% within 2h. The results obtained from the study suggested the use of eudragit polymer for preparing ofloxacin loaded microspheres with an aim to mask the bitter taste of the drug and furthermore orodispersible tablets could be formulated using locust bean gum as a natural superdisintegrant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Malik
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chitkara University, Solan-174103, Himachal Pradesh, India
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33
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Kumar P, Mohan C, KanamSrinivasan Uma Shankar M, Gulati M. Physiochemical Characterization and Release Rate Studies of SolidDispersions of Ketoconazole with Pluronic F127 and PVP K-30. Iran J Pharm Res 2011; 10:685-94. [PMID: 24250403 PMCID: PMC3813076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study solid dispersions of the antifungal drug Ketoconazole were prepared with Pluronic F-127 and PVP K-30 with an intention to improve its dissolution properties. Investigations of the properties of the dispersions were performed using release studies, Differential scanning calorimetery (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The results obtained showed that the rate of dissolution of Ketoconazole was considerably improved when formulated in solid dispersions with PVP K-30 and Pluronic F-127 as compared with pure drug and physical mixtures. The results from DSC and XRD studies showed the transition of crystalline nature of drug to amorphous form, while FTIR studies demonstrated the absence of drug-carriers interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Chaharu, Phagwara, Punjab-144402, India.
| | - Chander Mohan
- Rayat College of Pharmacy, Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India.,Corresponding author: E-mail:
| | | | - Monica Gulati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Chaharu, Phagwara, Punjab-144402, India.
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