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Abstract
Normal retina and its cell layers are essential for processing visual stimuli, and loss of its integrity has been documented in many disease processes. The numbers and the axonal processes of retinal ganglion cells are reduced substantially in glaucoma, leading to vision loss and blindness. Similarly, selective loss of photoreceptors in age-related macular degeneration and hereditary retinal dystrophies also results in the compromise of visual acuity. Development of genetically modified mice has led to increased understanding of the pathogenesis of many retinal diseases. Similarly, in this digital era, usage of modalities to quantify the retinal cell loss has grown exponentially leading to a better understanding of the suitability of animal models to study human retinal diseases. These quantification modalities provide valuable quantifiable data in studying pathogenesis and disease progression. This review will discuss the immunohistochemical markers for various retinal cells, available automated tools to quantify retinal cells, and present an example of retinal ganglion cell quantification using HALO image analysis platform. Additionally, we briefly review retinal cell types and subtypes, salient features of retina in various laboratory animal species, and a few of the main disease processes that affect retinal cell numbers in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry Chen
- 7845Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Ying Hu
- 7845Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Oliver C Turner
- Novartis, 98557Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Preclinical Safety, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Olulanu H Aina
- 426218Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA, USA
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Min JY, Lv Y, Mao L, Gong YY, Gu Q, Wei F. A rodent model of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) based on laser photoactivation of verteporfin. BMC Ophthalmol 2018; 18:304. [PMID: 30466418 PMCID: PMC6251118 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-018-0937-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A rodent model of photodynamic AION resulting from intravenous verteporfin is presented. The analysis of the morphological function, the pathological changes and the potential mechanism of action were further investigated. Methods Photodynamic treatment was conducted on the optic nerve head (ONH) following administration of the photosensitizer. The fellow eye was considered as sham control. Fundus Fluorescein angiography (FFA), spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and Flash-visual evoked potential (F-VEP) recordings were conducted at different time points. Immunohistochemistry was used to observe apoptotic cell death (TUNEL) and macrophage infiltration (ED-1/Iba-1). Retrograde labeling of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was used to evaluate the loss of RGCs. Results After laser treatment, SD-OCT indicated optic nerve edema, while FFA indicated late leakage of the ONH. F-VEPs were distinctly reduced compared to control eyes. The number of apoptotic RGCs peaked on day 14 (5.71 ± 0.76, p < 0.01). The infiltration of ED-1 and Iba-1 increased on the 3rd day following PDT, while it peaked on day 14 (67.5 ± 9.57 and 77.5 ± 12.58 respectively, p < 0.01). Following 3 weeks of AION, the densities of RGCs in the central retinas of the normal and AION eyes were 3075 ± 298/mm2 and 2078 ± 141/mm2 (p < 0.01), respectively. Conclusions Verteporfin photodynamic treatment on rodents ONH can lead to functional, histological, and pathological changes. This type of animal model of AION is easy to establish and stable. It can be used for studying the mechanism and neuroprotective medicine of AION injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yu Min
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, NO.100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, NO.100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, NO.100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yanan Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, NO.100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, NO.100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, NO.100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Lei Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, NO.100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, NO.100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, NO.100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, NO.100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, NO.100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, NO.100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Qing Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, NO.100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, NO.100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, NO.100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, NO.100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, NO.100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, NO.100, Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
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