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Kozel BA, Mecham RP. Elastic fiber ultrastructure and assembly. Matrix Biol 2019; 84:31-40. [PMID: 31669522 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies over the years have described a filamentous structure to mature elastin that suggests a complicated packing arrangement of tropoelastin subunits. The currently accepted mechanism for tropoelastin assembly requires microfibrils to serve as a physical extracellular scaffold for alignment of tropoelastin monomers during and before crosslinking. However, recent evidence suggests that the initial stages of tropoelastin assembly occur within the cell or at unique assembly sites on the plasma membrane where tropoelastin self assembles to form elastin aggregates. Outside the cell, elastin aggregates transfer to growing elastic fibers in the extracellular matrix where tensional forces on microfibrils generated through cell movement help shape the growing fiber. Overall, these observations challenge the widely held idea that interaction between monomeric tropoelastin and microfibrils is a requirement for elastin assembly, and point to self-assembly of tropoelastin as a driving force in elastin maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Kozel
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8228, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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2
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The role of elastin-derived peptides in human physiology and diseases. Matrix Biol 2019; 84:81-96. [PMID: 31295577 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Once considered as inert, the extracellular matrix recently revealed to be biologically active. Elastin is one of the most important components of the extracellular matrix. Many vital organs including arteries, lungs and skin contain high amounts of elastin to assure their correct function. Physiologically, the organism contains a determined quantity of elastin from the early development which may remain physiologically constant due to its very long half-life and very low turnover. Taking into consideration the continuously ongoing challenges during life, there is a physiological degradation of elastin into elastin-derived peptides which is accentuated in several disease states such as obstructive pulmonary diseases, atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysm. These elastin-derived peptides have been shown to have various biological effects mediated through their interaction with their cognate receptor called elastin receptor complex eliciting several signal transduction pathways. In this review, we will describe the production and the biological effects of elastin-derived peptides in physiology and pathology.
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Abstract
The functional form of elastin is a highly cross-linked polymer that organizes as sheets or fibers in the extracellular matrix. Purification of the mature protein is problematic because its insolubility precludes its isolation using standard wet-chemistry techniques. Instead, relatively harsh experimental approaches designed to remove nonelastin "contaminates" are employed to generate an insoluble product that has the amino acid composition expected of elastin. Although soluble, tropoelastin also presents problems for isolation and purification. The protein's extreme stickiness and susceptibility to proteolysis require careful attention during purification and in tropoelastin-based assays. This chapter describes the most common approaches for purification of elastin and for preparing solubilized forms of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Halabi
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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Yeo GC, Aghaei-Ghareh-Bolagh B, Brackenreg EP, Hiob MA, Lee P, Weiss AS. Fabricated Elastin. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:2530-2556. [PMID: 25771993 PMCID: PMC4568180 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical stability, elasticity, inherent bioactivity, and self-assembly properties of elastin make it a highly attractive candidate for the fabrication of versatile biomaterials. The ability to engineer specific peptide sequences derived from elastin allows the precise control of these physicochemical and organizational characteristics, and further broadens the diversity of elastin-based applications. Elastin and elastin-like peptides can also be modified or blended with other natural or synthetic moieties, including peptides, proteins, polysaccharides, and polymers, to augment existing capabilities or confer additional architectural and biofunctional features to compositionally pure materials. Elastin and elastin-based composites have been subjected to diverse fabrication processes, including heating, electrospinning, wet spinning, solvent casting, freeze-drying, and cross-linking, for the manufacture of particles, fibers, gels, tubes, sheets and films. The resulting materials can be tailored to possess specific strength, elasticity, morphology, topography, porosity, wettability, surface charge, and bioactivity. This extraordinary tunability of elastin-based constructs enables their use in a range of biomedical and tissue engineering applications such as targeted drug delivery, cell encapsulation, vascular repair, nerve regeneration, wound healing, and dermal, cartilage, bone, and dental replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle C. Yeo
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Behnaz Aghaei-Ghareh-Bolagh
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Edwin P. Brackenreg
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Matti A. Hiob
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Pearl Lee
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Anthony S. Weiss
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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5
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Robert L, Labat-Robert J. Circulating elastin peptides, role in vascular pathology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 62:337-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hinek A, Wang Y, Liu K, Mitts TF, Jimenez F. Proteolytic digest derived from bovine Ligamentum Nuchae stimulates deposition of new elastin-enriched matrix in cultures and transplants of human dermal fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci 2005; 39:155-66. [PMID: 15925490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2004] [Revised: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diverse topical products and injectable fillers used for correcting facial wrinkles induce rather short-lived effects because they target replacement of dermal collagen and hyaluronan, matrix components of limited biologic durability. OBJECTIVE Present studies were aimed at stimulation of fully differentiated human dermal fibroblasts to resume deposition of new extracellular matrix rich of elastin, the most durable and metabolically inert component of dermal ECM. METHODS We have created a novel proteolytic digest of bovine ligamentum nuchae (ProK-60), and tested its potential biological effect on dermal fibroblasts derived from females of different ages. Northern blots, quantitative immunohistochemistry and metabolic assays were used to assess effects of ProK-60 on proliferation and matrix production in primary cultures of dermal fibroblasts, in cultures of skin explants and after implantation of stimulated fibroblasts into the skin of athymic nude mice. RESULTS ProK-60 increased proliferation (25-30%) of cultured dermal fibroblasts and significantly enhanced their production of new elastic fibers (>250%) and collagen fibers (100%). These effects were mostly mediated by stimulation of cellular elastin receptor. In contrast, ProK-60 inhibited production of fibronectin (-30%) and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (-50%). ProK-60 also activated proliferation of dermal fibroblasts, mostly derived from the stratum basale and induced deposition of elastic fibers in cultures of skin explants. Moreover, human fibroblasts pre-treated with ProK-60 produced abundant elastic fibers after their injection into the skin of athymic nude mice. CONCLUSION The described biological effects of ProK-60, including its unique elastogenic property, encourage use of this compound in cosmetic formulations stimulating rejuvenation of aged skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Hinek
- Research Department, Human Matrix Sciences, LLC, Visalia, CA 93291, USA.
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Wei SM, Erdei J, Fülöp T, Robert L, Jacob MP. Elastin peptide concentration in human serum: variation with antibodies and elastin peptides used for the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Immunol Methods 1993; 164:175-87. [PMID: 8370925 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(93)90310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Discrepancies exist between the reported values for the mean elastin peptide (EP) concentration in human sera. In order to understand these discrepancies, several EP preparations were obtained in vitro and monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies were produced against them. These different EP preparations and antibodies were used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to study cross-reactivity between EP preparations and to quantitate EP concentration in human sera. The method of purification of elastin, the method of hydrolysis of elastin and the molecular weight of EP influence their reactivity with antibodies and the results of EP measurements in human sera. However, there is a good correlation between EP measurements carried out in several human sera with the different EP preparations and different antibodies. Although absolute values of the EP concentrations varied with the EP preparation and antibodies used for the ELISA, the variations of this EP concentration measured from one human serum to another are significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Wei
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Tissu Conjonctif, UA CNRS 1460, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
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Groult V, Hornebeck W, Ferrari P, Tixier JM, Robert L, Jacob MP. Mechanisms of interaction between human skin fibroblasts and elastin: differences between elastin fibres and derived peptides. Cell Biochem Funct 1991; 9:171-82. [PMID: 1721559 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.290090305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
3H-Labelled kappa-elastin peptides (kE:75 kDa molecular weight) were shown to bind to confluent human skin fibroblast (HSF) cultures in a time-dependent and saturable manner. Scatchard analysis indicated the presence of high affinity binding sites with kD = 2.7 x 10(-10) M and 19,000 sites per cell. Binding of kE to its receptor on HSF accelerates and intensifies the adhesion of insoluble elastin fibres (iE) to confluent HSF. Optimal effect was attained for a kE concentration of 0.3 x 10(-9) M close to kD. This stimulatory effect of kE on the binding of iE to HSF could be inhibited by neomycin, retinal and pertussis toxin, substances which act at different levels of the transduction mechanism following the activation of the receptor and the subsequent triggering of cell biological events (chemotaxis, modification of calcium fluxes). The stimulation of iE adhesion to HSF induced by kE as well as kE binding to the cells could be inhibited by lactose and laminin but not by Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser(RGDS) peptides. This indicates that the elastin peptide receptor on HSF possesses lectin-like properties and shares homology with the laminin receptor as also shown for other cell types. None of the substances tested, that is inhibitors of the transduction mechanism, lactose, laminin and Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser(RGDS) peptides were shown to interfere significantly with the binding of iE (in the absence of added kE) to confluent HSF. The proteins adhering strongly to elastin fibres were isolated by a sequential extraction procedure and the final hydrochloride guanidinium-DTT extract was analysed by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions, Western blots using specific antibodies against several connective tissue proteins and affinity for [3H]-kE following nitrocellulose electro-transfer of proteins. Fibronectin, vitronectin, tropoelastin(s), and a 120 kDa cysteine rich glycoprotein previously designated as elastonectin were identified. Among these proteins, [3H]-kE was found to bind exclusively to a 65 kDa protein that could be eluted selectively from elastin fibres with a neutral buffer containing 100 mM lactose. Therefore the elastin peptide receptor on human skin fibroblasts shares properties with the elastin receptor characterized from other cell types. Conformational differences between elastin peptides and elastin fibres could explain the differences in the mechanisms of interactions between elastin fibres and elastin peptides with HSF in culture. The stimulatory effect of elastin-derived peptides on the adhesion of elastin fibres to HSF could have implications in the oriented biosynthesis of elastin fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Groult
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Tissu Conjonctif, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris XII, Créteil, France
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Manning JN, Sullivan GS, Davis PF. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography of elastin peptides. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1989; 487:41-50. [PMID: 2715274 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Soluble fragments of elastin are frequently present in biological tissue in small amounts. Because of their hydrophobic character, these peptides are not well resolved by a number of conventional techniques. However, their separation should be possible by reversed-phase chromatography. A wide range of columns, gradients and solvents were evaluated. Two systems are described. One was a C18 liganded silica column eluted isocratically by gravity flow. Some degree of size fractionation was achieved with larger peptides being eluted with methanol and smaller ones with isopropanol. The second system uses a pressurized elution from another C18 ligand column. A concave gradient of trifluoroacetic acid-acetonitrile with a decreasing acetonitrile concentration was optimal. Similar resolution of peptides produced by a variety of digestion methods was obtained with the lower-molecular-mass peptides eluting in the middle of the gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Manning
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington School of Medicine, Wellington Hospital, New Zealand
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Smyrlaki M, Davril M, Hayem A. Column separation using Bio-Gel P100 for the characterization of the products of human lung elastin degradation by leucocyte elastase and cathepsin G. Biomed Chromatogr 1986; 1:27-30. [PMID: 3506815 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1130010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The solubilization of human lung elastin by leucocyte elastase and cathepsin G is described. Elastolysis kinetic studies clearly show that leucocyte elastase is more efficient in solubilizing elastin fibres than is cathepsin G. Cathepsin G can degrade elastin but at a much slower rate. Characterization of elastase and cathepsin G soluble elastin fragments, obtained after 24 h of digestion (enzyme-substrate ratio, 1:100), was first performed by isoelectric focusing. Whole digests were focused as 6 bands in a pH range 4.2 to 4.7 and were found to have no significant differences in amino acid compositions. Biogel P-100 gel filtration of the elastase digested fragments separated a major excluded fraction (Mr's: 80,000 to 30,000) and a small retained one (Mr's: 6000 to 4000). Conversely, cathepsin G digests were eluted as a minor excluded fraction and a more important retarded one (Mr's: 6000 to 4000). Only the high molecular weight fractions of both enzymes digests contain crosslinked amino acids; this assigns a role for desmosines in the resistance of elastin to these proteases. These results are discussed in comparison with the data obtained by others.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Smyrlaki
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité n. 16, Lille, France
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Abstract
Photolysis and partial ozonolysis of guanidinated kappa-elastin led to the destruction of isodesmosine and desmosine up to 96.0 and 91.5% respectively. Simultaneously there was a 3.89-fold enrichment of the lysine content. Two lysine containing tripeptides and one dipeptide were isolated and characterized. Their amino acid sequences were Gly-Ala-Lys, Gly-Lys-Ala and Lys-Ala, respectively.
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Phan Dinh Ty B, Moczar E. Analysis of elastin peptide by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)95057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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High-performance liquid chromatography of peptides obtained from elastin by alkaline hydrolysis. J Chromatogr A 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)95211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Collins JF, Fine R. The enzymatic digestion of elastin at acidic pH. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1981; 657:295-303. [PMID: 6783096 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(81)90152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The enzymatic degradation of insoluble elastin has been studied at several pH values using purified pepsin and cathepsin D, and neutrophil extracts. Pepsin degraded elastin throughout the pH range of 1.2-4.0 with the optimum pH below 2.0. Molecular sieve chromatography and gel electrophoresis indicated that a spectrum of molecular weight degradation products was produced. The degradation by pepsin was inhibited by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), NaCl and pepstatin. Cathepsin D, which, like pepsin, degrades hemoglobin at acid pH and is inhibited by pepstatin, had no activity against insoluble elastin in the pH range of 3.2-7.2. Extracts of neutrophils degraded elastin above pH 4.0. The pH profile of elastin degradation by neutrophil extracts generally followed that of purified human leukocyte elastase. Our results suggest that during alimentation or pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents, extracellular elastin may be digested by gastric juice at acid pH. Inflammatory cells would not appear to be capable of contributing to such actions until local pH approaches neutrality. Cathepsin D, a major constituent of inflammatory cells, does not digest all types of connective tissue proteins.
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Han KK, Davril M, Cronier R, Moczar M, Moczar E. Chemical modification of kappa-elastin from bovine ligamentum nuchae. Biochimie 1979; 61:951-5. [PMID: 526472 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(79)80245-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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