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Guo J, Ai X, Jia B, Zhong X, Liu L, Hu Q, Xie J, Hong X, Chen Y, Liu D. Galectin-9 as an indicator of functional limitations and radiographic joint damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1419676. [PMID: 38957462 PMCID: PMC11217821 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1419676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have revealed that Galectin-9 (Gal-9) acts as an apoptosis modulator in autoimmunity and rheumatic inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the potential role of Gal-9 as a biomarker in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), especially as an indicator of functional limitations and radiographic joint damage. Methods A total of 146 patients with RA and 52 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in this study. Clinical data including disease activity, physical function, and radiographic joint damage were assessed. Functional limitation was defined as the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) disability index >1. Subjects with joint erosion >0 or joint space narrowing >0 were considered to have radiographic joint damage. Serum Gal-9 levels were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the association between Gal-9 and high disease activity and functional limitations, and a prediction model was established to construct predictive nomograms. Results Serum levels of Gal-9 were significantly increased in patients with RA compared to those in healthy controls (median 13.1 ng/mL vs. 7.6 ng/mL). Patients with RA who were older (>65 years), had a longer disease duration (>5 years), longer morning stiffness (>60mins), elevated serum erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein, and difficult-to-treat RA had significantly higher Gal-9 levels than those in the corresponding control subgroups (all p <0.05). Patients with RA were divided into two subgroups according to the cut-off value of Gal-9 of 11.6 ng/mL. Patients with RA with Gal-9 >11.6 ng/mL had a significantly higher core clinical disease activity index, HAQ scores, Sharp/van der Heijde modified Sharp scores, as well as a higher percentage of advanced joint damage (all p<0.05) than patients with Gal-9 ≤11.6 ng/mL. Accordingly, patients with RA presenting either functional limitations or radiographic joint damage had significantly higher serum Gal-9 levels than those without (both p <0.05). Furthermore, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that a serum level of Gal-9 >11.6 ng/mL was an independent risk factor for high disease activity (OR=3.138, 95% CI 1.150-8.567, p=0.026) and presence of functional limitations (OR=2.455, 95% CI 1.017-5.926, p=0.046), respectively. Conclusion Gal-9 could be considered as a potential indicator in patients with RA, especially with respect to functional limitations and joint damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewen Guo
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Ai
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Baixue Jia
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhong
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lixiong Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiu Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingyi Xie
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoping Hong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yulan Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongzhou Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Jia Q, Che Q, Zhang X, Chen J, Ren C, Wu Y, Liang W, Zhang X, Li Y, Li Z, Zhang Z, Shu Q. Knockdown of Galectin-9 alleviates rheumatoid arthritis through suppressing TNF-α-induced activation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:115994. [PMID: 38141929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
The role of Galectin-9 (Gal-9) in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of action and therapeutic potential of Gal-9 in RA. We detected Gal-9 expression in clinical samples, explored the mechanism of function of Gal-9 by knockdown and overexpression in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), and further verified it in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. We found that the levels of Gal-9 were considerably elevated in RA synovium than in osteoarthritis (OA) patients. A substantial decrease of Gal-9 was demonstrated after tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) inhibitor treatment in the plasma of patients with RA. Additionally, transcriptome sequencing revealed that Gal-9 was involved in the regulation of the TNF-α pathway. Gal-9 was considerably upregulated after TNF-α stimulation in FLSs, and knockdown of Gal-9 substantially inhibited TNF-α activated proliferation, migration and inflammatory response. According to cell transcriptome sequencing results, we further confirmed that Gal-9 could achieve these effects by interacting with MAFB and affecting PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Finally, we knocked down Gal-9 on the CIA model and found that it could alleviate the progression of arthritis. In conclusion, our study revealed that the knockdown of Gal-9 could inhibited TNF-α induced activation in RA through MAFB, PI3K/AKT/mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jia
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China; Department of Rheumatology, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Linyi, China
| | - Qincheng Che
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Jinan, China
| | - Chunfeng Ren
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jining NO.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Yunpeng Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Weiqiang Liang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Jinan, China
| | - Yanshan Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China; Department of Rheumatology, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Linyi, China
| | - Zunzhong Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China; Department of Rheumatology, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Linyi, China
| | - Zhenchun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China; Department of Rheumatology, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Linyi, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Jinan, China.
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Tian W, Liu M, Liu Y, Lv Q, Cheng H, Gu Y, Li M. TIM-3 regulates the proliferation by BDNF-mediated PI3K/AKT axis in the process of endometriosis. Mol Med 2023; 29:170. [PMID: 38114892 PMCID: PMC10731854 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00768-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule-3 (TIM-3) initially discovered on the surface of Th1 cells, negatively regulates immune responses and mediates apoptosis of Th1 cells. An increasing number of studies have since shown that TIM-3 is crucial in the genesis and development of immune diseases, cancers, and chronic infectious illnesses. However, the effect of TIM-3 on endometriosis is still unknown. METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry were used to measure TIM-3 levels in endometriosis. Cell Counting Kit-8, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine, colony-forming, Transwell® migration, Matrigel® invasion, and flow cytometry assays were used to explore the function of TIM-3 in vitro, and xenograft experiments in nude mice were used to assess its role in vivo. According to the RNA seq, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was screened. The involvement of specific proliferation-related signaling molecules was determined by transfecting a plasmid and adding an inhibitor in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS TIM-3 mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly higher in eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissues than in normal endometrial tissues. By examining the effects of TIM-3 overexpression and knockdown on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro, and lesions formation in vivo, we found that the expression of TIM-3 was positively correlated with cell proliferation and clone formation in vitro, as well as lesions growth in nude mice. By adding the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/AKT) pathway inhibitor LY294002 and knocking down PI3K, we further verified that TIM-3 promotes proliferation in vivo and in vitro via the PI3K pathway. By transfecting the plasmid into ESC cells and gave inhibitors to endometriotic rats models, we tested that TIM-3 regulates the proliferation by BDNF-mediated PI3K/AKT axis. CONCLUSION TIM-3 can promote the proliferation of endometriosis by BDNF-mediated PI3K/AKT axis in vivo and in vitro, which may provide a new therapeutic target for the treatment of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tian
- Department of Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Min Liu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuqiu Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qingfeng Lv
- Department of Obstetrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - HuaFeng Cheng
- Department of Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanling Gu
- Department of Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingjiang Li
- Department of Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Mitchell A, Malmgren L, Bartosch P, McGuigan FE, Akesson KE. Pro-Inflammatory Proteins Associated with Frailty and Its Progression-A Longitudinal Study in Community-Dwelling Women. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:1076-1091. [PMID: 37254268 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The complex pathophysiology underlying biological aging creates challenges for identifying biomarkers associated with frailty. This longitudinal, nontargeted proteomics study aimed to identify proteins associated with frailty, particularly the change from nonfrail to frail. The population-based Osteoporosis Prospective Risk Assessment cohort includes women all of whom are 75 years old at inclusion (n = 1044) and reassessed at 80 years (n = 715) and 85 years (n = 382). A deficits in health frailty index (FI) and 92 plasma proteins (Olink CVD-II panel) were available at all ages. The identical age facilitated differentiating chronological and biological aging. Bidirectional analyses, performed cross-sectionally and longitudinally, used regression models controlled for false discovery rate (FDR), across 5- and 10-year time windows and longitudinal mixed models. Frailty outcomes were frailty index, frailty status (frail defined as FI ≥ 0.25), change in frailty index, and change in frailty status, together with protein expression or change in protein expression. Elevated levels of 32 proteins were positively associated with the FI, cross-sectionally at all ages (range: β-coefficients 0.22-2.06; FDR 0.021-0.024), of which 18 were also associated with frailty status (range: odds ratios 1.40-5.77; FDR 0.022-0.016). Based on the accrued data, eight core proteins (CD4, FGF23, Gal-9, PAR-1, REN, TNFRSF10A TNFRSF11A, and TNFRSF10B) are proposed. A one-unit change in the FI was additively associated with increased protein expression over 5 and 10 years (range: β-coefficients 0.52-1.59; p < 0.001). Increments in baseline FI consistently associated with a change in protein expression over time (5 years, β-range 0.05-1.35; 10 years, β-range 0.51-1.48; all p < 0.001). A one-unit increase in protein expression was also associated with an increased probability of being frail (FI ≥ 0.25) (β-range: 0.14-0.61). Mirroring the multisystem deterioration that typifies frailty, the proteins and their associated biological pathways reflect pathologies, including the renal system, skeletal homeostasis, and TRAIL-activated apoptotic signaling. The core proteins are compelling candidates for understanding the development and progression of frailty with advancing age, including the intrinsic musculoskeletal component. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Mitchell
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Orthopedics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Linnea Malmgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Geriatrics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Patrik Bartosch
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Orthopedics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Fiona Elizabeth McGuigan
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Orthopedics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristina E Akesson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Orthopedics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Ameen SG, Zidan MAEA, Amer AS, Elshahat NF, Elhalim WAEA. A study of the association between Galectin-9 gene (LGALS9) polymorphisms and rheumatoid arthritis in Egyptian patients. EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGY AND REHABILITATION 2023; 50:30. [DOI: 10.1186/s43166-023-00198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an incessant synovial inflammation of an autoimmune origin, destroying articular cartilages and bones. Galectins are an evolutionarily conserved family of immune-modulatory animal lectins detected in a number of immune cells like T cells, fibroblasts and macrophages. Galectin 9 (Gal-9) has been the subject of many studies for being linked to regulation of both innate and adaptive immune reactions. The objective of the study was to evaluate the link between the Galectin-9 gene (LGALS9) polymorphisms and the susceptibility of RA in Egyptian patients, as well as, detection of the serum level of Gal-9 in RA and its association with LGALS9 polymorphisms, the activity of RA and radiological damage.
Methods
A study of 85 participants; group (I): 60 RA cases and group (II): 25 apparently healthy subjects. RA Disease activity index (DAS-28) and Larsen index score were assessed. LGALS9 gene and serum Gal-9 were investigated.
Results
rs4239242 TT genotype and T allele occurred more frequently in RA cases than controls with a significant difference (P = 0.006; P < 0.001 respectively). Gal-9 level was significantly higher among RA cases than control group (P = 0.017). The Gal-9 level showed negative significant correlations with DAS-28 and Larsen score (P < 0.001).
Conclusion
RA is strongly linked to genetic alterations in the LGALS9 gene and the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4239242 TT genotype in the Egyptian population. RA cases in remission or those with low disease activity had higher levels of serum Gal-9 in comparison to cases with moderate and high disease activity and this would be promising in the future of RA treatment.
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Chen H, Zha J, Tang R, Chen G. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3): Solving a key puzzle in autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110418. [PMID: 37290326 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctional immune cells participate in the pathogenesis of a variety of autoimmune diseases, although the specific mechanisms remain elusive and effective clinical interventions are lacking. Recent research on immune checkpoint molecules has revealed significant expression of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3) on the surfaces of various immune cells. These include different subsets of T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and mast cells. Further investigation into its protein structure, ligands, and intracellular signaling pathway activation mechanisms has found that TIM-3, by binding with different ligands, is involved in the regulation of crucial biological processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, phenotypic transformation, effector protein synthesis, and cellular interactions of various immune cells. The TIM-3-ligand axis plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of numerous conditions, including autoimmune diseases, infections, cancers, transplant rejection, and chronic inflammation. This article primarily focuses on the research findings of TIM-3 in the field of autoimmune diseases, with a special emphasis on the structure and signaling pathways of TIM-3, its types of ligands, and the potential mechanisms implicated in systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, as well as other autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation. The latest research results in the field of immunology suggest that TIM-3 dysfunction affects various immune cells and participates in the pathogenesis of diseases. Monitoring the activity of its receptor-ligand axis can serve as a novel biological marker for disease clinical diagnosis and prognosis evaluation. More importantly, the TIM-3-ligand axis and the downstream signaling pathway molecules may become key targets for targeted intervention treatment of autoimmune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Clinical Immunology Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Zha
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Runyan Tang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guochun Chen
- Clinical Immunology Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Meng X, Xia G, Zhang L, Xu C, Chen Z. T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 is highly expressed in patients with acute decompensated heart failure and predicts mid-term prognosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:933532. [PMID: 36186992 PMCID: PMC9520239 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.933532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3) is mainly expressed by immune cells and plays an immunomodulatory role in cardiovascular disease. However, the prognostic value of Tim-3 in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the expression profile of Tim-3 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in patients with ADHF and its impact on their prognosis. Methods In this prospective study, 84 patients who were hospitalized with ADHF and 83 patients without heart failure were enrolled. Main clinical data were collected during patient visits. The Tim-3 expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood samples was assayed by flow cytometry. Long-term prognosis of the patients with ADHF was evaluated by major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) over a 12-month follow-up period. Results We found that the Tim-3 expression on CD4+ T cells [2.08% (1.15–2.67%) vs. 0.88% (0.56–1.39%), p < 0.001] and CD8+ T cells [3.81% (2.24–6.03%) vs. 1.36% (0.76–3.00%), p < 0.001] in ADHF group were significantly increased vs. the non-ADHF group. Logistic analysis revealed that high levels of Tim-3 expressed on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were independent risk factors of ADHF (OR: 2.76; 95% CI: 1.34–5.65, p = 0.006; OR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.26–5.31, p = 0.010, respectively). ROC curve analysis showed that the high level of Tim-3 on CD4+ or CD8+ T cells as a biomarker has predictive performance for ADHF (AUC: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.68–0.83; AUC: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.71–0.85, respectively). During a median follow-up of 12 months, the Cox regression analysis revealed that higher Tim-3 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were strongly associated with increased risks of MACCE within 12 months after ADHF (HR: 2.613; 95% CI: 1.11–6.13, p = 0.027; HR: 2.762, 95% CI: 1.15–6.63, p = 0.023; respectively). Conclusion Our research indicated that the expression level of Tim-3 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, elevated in patients with ADHF, was an independent predictor of MACCE within 12 months after ADHF. It suggests a potential immunoregulatory role of Tim-3 signaling system in the mechanism of ADHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Meng
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guofang Xia
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Congfeng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Hemmatzadeh M, Ahangar Parvin E, Mohammadi H, Azizi G, Shomali N, Jadidi-Niaragh F. The role of immune regulatory molecules in rheumatoid arthritis: Implication for etiopathogenesis and prospective for treatment. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3541-3553. [PMID: 35938550 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered an autoimmune chronic disorder and the most common inflammatory arthropathy. Disease progression in RA begins with asymptomatic autoimmune responses in cases with a genetic or environmental predisposition, that alters to arthralgia phase as autoantibodies reach the joints and subjects begin demonstrating nonspecific musculoskeletal presentations lacking any clinical symptoms of synovial inflammation. After that, patients' symptoms develop to undifferentiated arthritis (UA)/idiopathic arthritis (IA) whenever the subjects progress to clinical synovitis systemic comorbidities affecting the vasculature, metabolism, and bone, and eventually with augmented immune cell infiltration, IA/UA patients progress to clinically classifiable RA. RA is mainly correlated with different immune cells and each of them contributes variously to the pathogenesis of the disease. The pathogenesis of RA is altered by the contribution of both T and B cells in an autoimmune irregularity. Modulation of the immune responses occurs through regulatory and inhibitory molecules that control activation of the adaptive system as well as immune hemostasis. To confine the exorbitant T cell-associated inflammatory reactions, the immune system provides a system of inhibitory feedbacks, collectively named immune checkpoints. In this review, we aimed to discuss about inhibitory members of immune checkpoint molecules, including programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1, cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-antigen-4, lymphocyte activation gene-3, T cell immunoglobulin-3, V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator, and T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain and their role in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hemmatzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Ahangar Parvin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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9
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Matsumoto H, Fujita Y, Asano T, Matsuoka N, Temmoku J, Sato S, Yashiro–Furuya M, Yokose K, Yoshida S, Suzuki E, Yago T, Watanabe H, Kawakami A, Migita K. Association between inflammatory cytokines and immune-checkpoint molecule in rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260254. [PMID: 34793561 PMCID: PMC8601500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) and inflammatory cytokines play important roles in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). T cell immunoglobulin and mucin–domain containing–3 (TIM–3) is an immune-checkpoint molecule involved in inhibitory signaling. Galectin–9 (Gal–9) mediated ligation of TIM–3 induces the amelioration of autoimmune diseases. TIM–3 is expressed in synovial osteoclasts and involved in the rheumatoid bone destruction. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between inflammatory cytokines and immune–checkpoint molecules in RA patients. Methods Serum levels of interleukin–6 (IL–6), tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF–α), soluble TIM–3 (sTIM–3) and Gal–9 were determined by ELISA. Patients were stratified into two groups based on ACPA titers: low-medium ACPA (ACPA <200 U/mL) and high ACPA (ACPA ≥200 U/mL). Serum levels of cytokines or immune-checkpoint molecules were evaluated between RA patients with low-medium ACPA titers and high ACPA titers. Results Elevated serum levels of inflammatory cytokines were correlated with DAS28–ESR in RA patients. Although serum levels of sTIM–3 were elevated in RA patients, significant correlations between sTIM–3 and cytokines (IL–6 or TNF–α) were observed exclusively in RA patients with low-medium ACPA titers (<200 U/mL). Serum levels of IL–6 and TNF–α levels were significantly correlated with elevated Gal–9 levels regardless of ACPA status. A significant correlation between IL–6 and Gal–9 was observed in RA patients without advanced joint damage. Conversely, a significant correlation between TNF–α and Gal–9 was observed in RA patients with advanced joint damage. Conclusions Our data indicated that there are positive correlations between circulating inflammatory cytokines and checkpoint molecules in RA patients and these interactions can be modulated by ACPA status or joint damage stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Matsumoto
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuya Fujita
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Asano
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsuoka
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Jumpei Temmoku
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shuzo Sato
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Makiko Yashiro–Furuya
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kohei Yokose
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yoshida
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Eiji Suzuki
- Department of Rheumatology, Ohta Nishinouchi General Hospital Foundation, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Toru Yago
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Migita
- Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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10
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Zhao L, Cheng S, Fan L, Zhang B, Xu S. TIM-3: An update on immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:107933. [PMID: 34224993 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) was originally found to be expressed on the surface of Th1 cells, acting as a negative regulator and binding to the ligand galectin-9 to mediate Th1 cell the apoptosis. Recent studies have shown that TIM-3 is also expressed on other immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and monocytes. In addition, TIM-3 ligands also include Psdter, High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) and Carcinoembryonic antigen associated cell adhesion molecules (Ceacam-1), which have different effects upon biding to different ligands on immune cells. Studies have shown that TIM-3 plays an important role in autoimmune diseases, chronic viral infections and tumors. A large amount of experimental data supports TIM-3 as an immune checkpoint, and targeting TIM-3 is a promising treatment method in current immunotherapy, especially the new combination of other immune checkpoint blockers. In this review, we summarize the role of TIM-3 in different diseases and its possible signaling pathway mechanisms, providing new insights for better breakthrough immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Shaoyun Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Lin Fan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China.
| | - Shengwei Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China.
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11
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Xu WD, Huang Q, Huang AF. Emerging role of galectin family in inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102847. [PMID: 33971347 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Galectin family is a group of glycan-binding proteins. Members in this family are expressed in different tissues, immune or non-immune cells. These molecules are important regulators in innate and adaptive immune response, performing significantly in a broad range of cellular and pathophysiological functions, such as cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and invasion. Findings have shown that expression of galectins is abnormal in many inflammatory autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, sjögren's syndrome, systemic sclerosis. Galectins also function as intracellular and extracellular disease regulators mainly through the binding of their carbohydrate recognition domain to glycoconjugates. Here, we review the state-of-the-art of the role that different galectin family members play in immune cells, contributing to the complex inflammatory diseases. Hopefully collection of the information will provide a preliminary theoretical basis for the exploration of new targets for treatment of the disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Dong Xu
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - An-Fang Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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12
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Sun J, Sui Y, Wang Y, Song L, Li D, Li G, Liu J, Shu Q. Galectin-9 expression correlates with therapeutic effect in rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5562. [PMID: 33692448 PMCID: PMC7946964 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a multifunctional immunomodulatory factor highly expressed in RA. This study aimed to investigate the expression of Gal-9 and its correlation with disease activity and therapeutic response in RA patients. Active RA patients were enrolled and treated with tacrolimus (TAC) alone or in combination therapy for 12 weeks in a prospective cohort study. Clinical and immunological parameters were recorded at baseline and week 12. We measured Gal-9 expression in different T cell subsets and in plasma. The disease activity of RA patients decreased after treatment. At baseline, the Gal-9 expression percentage was higher in the group with severe disease than in mild or moderate groups. After treatment, the Gal-9 expression in CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD4-CD8− cell subsets decreased, as well as Gal-9 mean fluorescence intensity in CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Similarly, plasma Gal-9 levels were lower at week 12 than at baseline. Good responders showed significantly lower Gal-9 expression on CD3+ and CD4+ T cell subsets and lower plasma Gal-9 levels than poor responders. Gal-9 expression positively correlates with disease activity in RA patients. Gal-9 can be regarded as a new biomarker for evaluating RA activity and therapeutic effect, including TAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Sun
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.,Department of Nephrology and Immunology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250031, Shandong, China
| | - Yameng Sui
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Yantai Mountain Hospital, Yantai, 264001, Shandong, China
| | - Yunqing Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, GuangzhouGuangdong, 510317, China
| | - Lijun Song
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Guangdong, 518057, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.,Cryomedicine Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Guosheng Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.,Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Jianwei Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China. .,Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Guangdong, 518057, Shenzhen, China.
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13
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Novel human immunomodulatory T cell receptors and their double-edged potential in autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:919-935. [PMID: 33235388 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, approaches based on T cells and their immunomodulatory receptors have emerged as a solid improvement in treatments for various types of cancer. However, the roles of these molecules in the therapeutic context of autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases are still relatively unexplored. Here, we review the best known and most commonly used immunomodulatory T cell receptors in clinical practice (PD-1 and CTLA-4), along with the rest of the receptors with known functions in animal models, which have great potential as modulators in human pathologies in the medium term. Among these other receptors is the receptor CD69, which has recently been described to be expressed in mouse and human T cells in autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. However, inhibition of these receptors individually or in combination by drugs or monoclonal antibodies generates a loss of immunological tolerance and can trigger multiple autoimmune disorders in different organs and immune-related adverse effects. In the coming decades, knowledge on the functions of different immunomodulatory receptors will be pivotal for the development of new and better therapies with less harmful side effects. In this review, we discuss the roles of these receptors in the control of immunity from a perspective focused on therapeutic potential in not only cancer but also autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis, and cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, acute myocardial infarction, and myocarditis.
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14
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Mohammadzadeh A. Co-inhibitory receptors, transcription factors and tolerance. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Fernandez‐Santamaría R, Palomares F, Salas M, Doña I, Bogas G, Ariza A, Rodriguez‐Nogales A, Plaza‐Seron MC, Mayorga C, Torres MJ, Fernández TD. Expression of the Tim3-galectin-9 axis is altered in drug-induced maculopapular exanthema. Allergy 2019; 74:1769-1779. [PMID: 31034608 DOI: 10.1111/all.13847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-induced maculopapular exanthemas (MPEs) are mediated by Th1 CD4+ T cells. One of the mechanisms of control of Th1 cells in homeostasis is the interaction between the checkpoint inhibitor Tim3 and its physiological ligand galectin-9 (Gal9). Disorders affecting this axis may be responsible for various autoimmune and immunological diseases. The aim of this study was to determinate the influence of the Tim3-Gal9 axis on the development of MPE induced by drugs. METHODS Frequencies of different cell subsets and the expression of Tim3 and Gal9 were measured in peripheral blood by flow cytometry and in skin biopsies by immunohistochemistry. Gal9 expression was assessed by RT-qPCR; its release was measured by multiplex assay. The effects of blocking or enhancing the Tim3-Gal9 axis on monocyte-derived dendritic cell (moDC) maturation and T-cell proliferation were determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS The expression of Tim3 was significantly reduced in peripheral blood Th1 cells and in the skin of MPE patients vs controls. Gal9 expression and release were significantly reduced in patient peripheral blood and moDCs, respectively. The addition of exogenous Gal9 significantly reduced Tim3+ Th1 proliferation, although Treg proliferation increased. CONCLUSION This study showed the involvement of the Tim3-Gal9 axis in MPE. The reduced expression of Tim3 in Th1 cells together with the impaired expression of Gal9 in PBMCs and DCs appears to have a role in the development of the disease. The potential of Gal9 to suppress Th1 and enhance Treg proliferation makes it a promising tool for treating these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisca Palomares
- Allergy Research Group Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. Málaga Spain
| | - Maria Salas
- Allergy Research Group Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. Málaga Spain
- Allergy Unit Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Inmaculada Doña
- Allergy Research Group Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. Málaga Spain
- Allergy Unit Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Gador Bogas
- Allergy Research Group Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. Málaga Spain
- Allergy Unit Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Adriana Ariza
- Allergy Research Group Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. Málaga Spain
| | - Alba Rodriguez‐Nogales
- Allergy Research Group Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. Málaga Spain
| | - Maria C. Plaza‐Seron
- Allergy Research Group Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. Málaga Spain
| | - Cristobalina Mayorga
- Allergy Research Group Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. Málaga Spain
- Allergy Unit Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
| | - Maria J. Torres
- Allergy Research Group Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. Málaga Spain
- Allergy Unit Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga Spain
- Nanostructures for Diagnosing and Treatment of Allergic Diseases Laboratory Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND Málaga Spain
| | - Tahia D. Fernández
- Allergy Research Group Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. Málaga Spain
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16
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Blockade of T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 aggravates T-helper cell 1 polarization in immune thrombocytopenia. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2019; 30:133-139. [PMID: 31090595 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000000805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
: An increased T-helper cell (Th) 1/Th2 ratio in the peripheral blood has been proposed to correlate with the disease activity of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 (TIM-3) is a Th1-associated cell surface molecule that regulates Th1 responses and promotes tolerance. Consequently, we aimed to determine whether the regulation of TIM-3 expression is likely to be a promising therapeutic approach for ITP. In the present study, we investigated the immunomodulatory activities of TIM-3 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures. Levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-2, and IL-10 were determined in PBMCs from 11 ITP patients and 10 healthy patients after TIM-3 antibody administration for 48 h. The proliferation of PBMCs was examined by cell counting kit-8 assay. Flow cytometry was used to observe apoptosis by staining cells with annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidine iodide. PBMCs from ITP patients secreted higher amounts of IFN-γ than those from control patients but paradoxically expressed lower levels of TIM-3. Depletion of TIM-3 in PBMCs in vitro using a TIM-3 antibody enhanced IFN-γ secretion, directly demonstrating that TIM-3 expression on human T cells regulates proliferation and IFN-γ secretion. Failure to upregulate the T-cell expression of TIM-3 may represent a novel intrinsic defect that contributes to the pathogenesis of ITP.
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17
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Salamanna F, Veronesi F, Frizziero A, Fini M. Role and translational implication of galectins in arthritis pathophysiology and treatment: A systematic literature review. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:1588-1605. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Salamanna
- Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Technological Innovation and Advanced Therapy, Rizzoli RIT Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute Bologna Italy
| | - Francesca Veronesi
- Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Technological Innovation and Advanced Therapy, Rizzoli RIT Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute Bologna Italy
| | - Antonio Frizziero
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Milena Fini
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute Bologna Italy
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18
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Song L, Wang Y, Sui Y, Sun J, Li D, Li G, Liu J, Li T, Shu Q. High Interleukin-37 (IL-37) Expression and Increased Mucin-Domain Containing-3 (TIM-3) on Peripheral T Cells in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:5660-5667. [PMID: 30106887 PMCID: PMC6104553 DOI: 10.12659/msm.909254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-inflammatory mediators such as mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) and IL-37 play an important role in the regulation of Th1-mediated immunity. This study was designed to investigate the proportions of various T cell subsets and monocytes in the peripheral blood of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, as well as the level of TIM-3 on these cells and serum cytokine levels. Material/Methods We enrolled 59 RA patients and 46 age- and sex-matched healthy controls in this study. The proportion of T cells and TIM-3 expression on these T cells were determined by flow cytometry. Cytokine levels in serum were determined by ELISA. Results Compared with the healthy controls, the proportions of CD3+CD4+ T cells and CD3+CD4+CD25+CD127low T cells in the peripheral blood were significantly higher in RA patients. However, RA patients had significantly lower proportions of CD3+CD8+ T cells and CD3+CD4−CD8− T cells. TIM-3 was highly expressed on CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, CD3+CD4+CD25+CD127low, and CD3+CD4−CD8− T cells, as well as CD14+ monocytes, in RA patients. Nevertheless, no correlation between TIM-3 level and an RA disease activity score of 28 was found. The elevated serum levels of IL-6 and IL-37 were positively correlated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Conclusions Both pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory mediators (TIM-3 and IL-37) simultaneously contribute to the pathogenesis of RA. TIM-3 and IL-37 may be used as potential biomarkers of active RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Song
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yunqing Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China (mainland).,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Yameng Sui
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China (mainland).,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Jiao Sun
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, , China (mainland).,School of Medicine, Shandong University, , China (mainland)
| | - Dong Li
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Cryomedicine Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Guosheng Li
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Jianwei Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Tianwang Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Qiang Shu
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China (mainland)
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19
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Zhao MG, Liang GB, Zhang HF, Zhao GF, Luo YH. Soluble galectin 9 potently enhanced regulatory T-cell formation, a pathway impaired in patients with intracranial aneurysm. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 45:1206-1212. [PMID: 29978574 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Guang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery; General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command; Shenhe District Shenyang China
| | - Guo-Biao Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery; General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command; Shenhe District Shenyang China
| | - Hai-Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery; General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command; Shenhe District Shenyang China
| | - Guo-Feng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery; General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command; Shenhe District Shenyang China
| | - Yun-He Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery; General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command; Shenhe District Shenyang China
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20
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Translational Implication of Galectin-9 in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Viral Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102108. [PMID: 28991189 PMCID: PMC5666790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between galectin-9 and its receptor, Tim-3, triggers a series of signaling events that regulate immune responses. The expression of galectin-9 has been shown to be increased in a variety of target cells of many different viruses, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), influenza virus, dengue virus (DENV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This enhanced expression of galectin-9 following viral infection promotes significant changes in the behaviors of the virus-infected cells, and the resulting events tightly correlate with the immunopathogenesis of the viral disease. Because the human immune response to different viral infections can vary, and the lack of appropriate treatment can have potentially fatal consequences, understanding the implications of galectin-9 is crucial for developing better methods for monitoring and treating viral infections. This review seeks to address how we can apply the current understanding of galectin-9 function to better understand the pathogenesis of viral infection and better treat viral diseases.
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21
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Wu R, Long L, Chen Q, Wu X, Zhu J, Zhou B, Cheng J. Effects of Tim-3 silencing on the viability of fibroblast-like synoviocytes and lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory reactions. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:2721-2727. [PMID: 28962218 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of Tim-3 silencing on cell viability and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory reactions in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). T-cell immunoglobulin mucin domain molecule (Tim)-3 expression in FLS obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and normal controls were detected by western blot analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Small interfering (si)RNA was transfected using Lipofectamine® 2000 to decrease Tim-3 expression. Following transfection, FLS were stimulated by LPS. An MTT assay, RT-PCR and western blot analysis were performed to measure cell viability, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway-related protein expression and inflammatory cytokine release, respectively. The results of the present study indicated that Tim-3 expression was increased in FLS from patients with RA compared with FLS from healthy controls. Transfection of Tim-3 siRNA significantly decreased Tim-3 expression in FLS from patients with RA. Notably, Tim-3 silencing decreased FLS cell viability. Following stimulation with LPS, cell viability and the expression of TLR4, myeloid differentiation protein gene 88 (MyD88) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 were enhanced in FLS. By contrast, Tim-3 silencing attenuated LPS-induced cell proliferation and the expression of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65. In addition, LPS significantly increased levels of cytokines in the supernatant, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ and interleukin-6 (P<0.01). By contrast, Tim-3 silencing significantly decreased LPS-induced cytokine release (P<0.01). However, Tim-3 silencing did not affect TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 expression and the release of cytokines in cells that did not undergo treatment with LPS. Therefore, the results of the present study indicate that Tim-3 silencing decreases the viability of FLS in RA and attenuates the LPS-induced inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Li Long
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Qiqi Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodan Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Jia Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
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Feng X, Feng J. Clinical significance of Tim3-positive T cell subsets in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Clin Neurosci 2016; 34:193-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Brooks AK, Lawson MA, Rytych JL, Yu KC, Janda TM, Steelman AJ, McCusker RH. Immunomodulatory Factors Galectin-9 and Interferon-Gamma Synergize to Induce Expression of Rate-Limiting Enzymes of the Kynurenine Pathway in the Mouse Hippocampus. Front Immunol 2016; 7:422. [PMID: 27799931 PMCID: PMC5065983 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with symptomology of several psychiatric disorders, notably major depressive disorder. Symptomology has been linked to inflammation/cytokine-dependent induction of the Kynurenine Pathway. Galectins, like pro-inflammatory cytokines, play a role in neuroinflammation and the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders but without a clearly defined mechanism of action. Their involvement in the Kynurenine Pathway has not been investigated. Thus, we searched for a link between galectins and the Kynurenine Pathway using in vivo and ex vivo models. Mice were administered LPS and pI:C to determine if galectins (Gal's) were upregulated in the brain following in vivo inflammatory challenges. We then used organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs) to determine if Gal's, alone or with inflammatory mediators [interferon-gamma (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (pI:C), and dexamethasone (Dex; synthetic glucocorticoid)], would increase expression of indoleamine/tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenases (DO's: Ido1, Ido2, and Tdo2; Kynurenine Pathway rate-limiting enzymes). In vivo, hippocampal expression of cytokines (IL-1β, TNFα, and IFNγ), Gal-3, and Gal-9 along with Ido1 and Ido2 were increased by LPS and pI:C (bacterial and viral mimetics). Of the cytokines induced in vivo, only IFNγ increased expression of two Ido1 transcripts (Ido1-FL and Ido1-v1) by OHSCs. Although ineffective alone, Gal-9 accentuated IFNγ-induced expression of only Ido1-FL. Similarly, IFNγ induced expression of several Ido2 transcripts (Ido2-v1, Ido2-v3, Ido2-v4, Ido2-v5, and Ido2-v6). Gal-9 accentuated IFNγ-induced expression of only Ido2-v1. Surprisingly, Gal-9 alone, slightly but significantly, induced expression of Tdo2 (Tdo2-v1 and Tdo2-v2, but not Tdo2-FL). These effects were specific to Gal-9 as Gal-1 and Gal-3 did not alter DO expression. These results are the first to show that brain Gal-9 is increased during LPS- and pI:C-induced neuroinflammation. Increased expression of Gal-9 may be critical for neuroinflammation-dependent induction of DO expression, either acting alone (Tdo2-v1 and Tdo2-v2) or to enhance IFNγ activity (Ido1-FL and Ido2-v1). Although these novel actions of Gal-9 are described for hippocampus, they have the potential to operate as DO-dependent immunomodulatory processes outside the brain. With the expanding implications of Kynurenine Pathway activation across multiple immune and psychiatric disorders, this synergy provides a new target for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K Brooks
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Marcus A Lawson
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Rytych
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kevin C Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Tiffany M Janda
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Andrew J Steelman
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Division of Nutritional Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Robert H McCusker
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Nielsen MA, Andersen T, Etzerodt A, Kragstrup TW, Rasmussen TK, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Hetland ML, Hørslev-Petersen K, Junker P, Østergaard M, Hvid M, Moestrup SK, Deleuran B. A disintegrin and metalloprotease-17 and galectin-9 are important regulators of local 4-1BB activity and disease outcome in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2016; 55:1871-9. [PMID: 27330157 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Co-stimulatory T cell cytokines are important in the progression of RA. This study investigates the interplay between 4-1BB, a disintegrin and metalloprotease-17 (ADAM17) and galectin-9 (Gal-9) in RA. METHODS Stimulated mononuclear cells from patients with chronic RA (n = 12) were co-incubated with tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase, 4-1BB ligand and Gal-9. Plasma samples were examined for soluble 4-1BB (s4-1BB) in newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve patients with RA (n = 97). The 28-joint DAS with CRP (28DAS-CRP), total Sharp score, erosion score and joint space narrowing were used to evaluate treatment outcome serially over a 2-year period. RESULTS RA CD4(+) and CD8(+) synovial T cells express high levels of 4-1BB. The addition of TNF-α to cultured synovial mononuclear cells increased shedding of 4-1BB. 4-1BB ligand only increased TNF-α shedding in combination with Gal-9. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of ADAM17 or the addition of an ADAM17 inhibitor reduced the 4-1BB shedding. Shedding of 4-1BB was not influenced by Gal-9. Plasma levels of s4-1BB were increased in early RA and correlated with the number of swollen joints at baseline. After 3 months of treatment, the plasma levels of s4-1BB were equal to those of the controls. Baseline plasma levels of s4-1BB were inversely correlated with DAS28-CRP after 2 years of treatment, but not with total Sharp score, erosion score or joint space narrowing. CONCLUSION ADAM17 induces 4-1BB shedding in RA. Gal-9 is pivotal for the function of 4-1BB and induction of TNF-α. Furthermore, high plasma levels of s4-1BB were associated with the number of swollen joints, but also with a low DAS28-CRP after 2 years treatment in early RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Merete Lund Hetland
- Department of Rheumatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Glostrup Hospital
| | - Kim Hørslev-Petersen
- Department of Rheumatology, King Christian 10th Hospital for the Rheumatic Diseases, Denmark Institute of Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Gråsten, Denmark
| | - Peter Junker
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Southern Denmark
| | - Mikkel Østergaard
- Department of Rheumatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Glostrup Hospital
| | - Malene Hvid
- Department of Biomedicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus
| | - Søren K Moestrup
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bent Deleuran
- Department of Biomedicine, Department of Rheumatology. Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus,
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Downregulation of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin protein 3 in the pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysm. Inflammation 2015; 38:368-74. [PMID: 25342285 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has shown that inflammation acts as a critical contributor to the pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysm (IA), a potentially devastating clinical problem. T cell immunoglobulin and mucin protein 3 (Tim-3) is a negative regulatory molecule and plays important roles in the inflammation process. In the current study, we investigated the expression of Tim-3 and its correlation with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in IA patients. Data showed that both messenger RNA (mRNA) level and protein level of Tim-3 were significantly decreased in CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells from IA patients than from healthy controls (P < 0.001). However, expression of Tim-3 was not altered in monocytes between patients and healthy donors. Further analyses revealed that patients with ruptured aneurysm had significantly lower level of Tim-3 in CD8+ T cells than those with un-ruptured aneurysm. In addition, a negative correlation between serum level of TNF-α and the expression of Tim-3 in CD4+ T cells was observed in IA patients. Similar correlation was also identified in CD8+ T cells from IA patients. Our study suggests that Tim-3 may participate in the development and progression of IA by probably its negative regulation on TNF-α.
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Abstract
Tim-3 is a member of the T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (Tim) family of proteins, which are expressed by several cell types in the immune system, including CD4 and CD8 T cells activated under certain conditions. These molecules are generally thought to act as receptors for multiple ligands and thus to function by engaging intracellular signaling pathways in a ligand-dependent manner. In recent years, the function of the Tim-3 protein has been studied in some detail, particularly with respect to its role in the regulation of CD4 and CD8 T cell responses. Here, we review the structural features of Tim-3, known ligands for this molecule and the links established between Tim-3 and signal transduction pathways. In addition, we review the current literature regarding the role of Tim-3 in the regulation of effector responses by CD4 and CD8 T cells. Overall, findings published thus far strongly support the conclusion that Tim-3 functions to inhibit T cell responses, particularly under conditions involving chronic stimulation. Conversely, some reports have provided evidence that Tim-3 can stimulate T cells under conditions involving acute stimulation, suggesting that the role of Tim-3 may vary depending on context. Further study of Tim-3 is likely to advance our understanding of how CD4 and CD8 T cell responses are regulated and could uncover novel approaches for manipulating T cell function for therapeutic benefit.
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Fang XY, Xu WD, Pan HF, Leng RX, Ye DQ. Novel insights into Tim-4 function in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity 2014; 48:189-95. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2014.983266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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28
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Saresella M, Piancone F, Marventano I, La Rosa F, Tortorella P, Caputo D, Rovaris M, Clerici M. A role for the TIM-3/GAL-9/BAT3 pathway in determining the clinical phenotype of multiple sclerosis. FASEB J 2014; 28:5000-9. [PMID: 25091272 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-258194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) ligates galectin-9 (Gal-9); this process, resulting in the inhibition of Th1 responses and in the apoptosis of antigen-specific cells, is hampered by binding of the molecular adaptor human leukocyte antigen B (HLA-B)-associated transcript 3 (Bat3) to the intracellular tail of Tim-3. Apoptosis of myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T lymphocytes correlates with reduced rates of disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). We extensively analyzed the Tim-3/Gal-9/Bat3 pathway in 87 patients with a diagnosis of stable relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), primary progressive MS (PPMS), or benign MS (BEMS), as well as in 40 healthy control (HC) subjects. Results showed that MBP-specific CD4(+)Tim-3(+), CD4(+)/Gal-9(+), and CD4(+)/Tim-3(+)/AV(+) (apoptotic) T lymphocytes were augmented in the BEMS group, whereas CD4(+)/Bat3(+) and CD8(+)/Bat3(+) T lymphocytes were increased and CD4(+)/Tim-3(+)/AV(+) T cells were reduced in the PPMS group (>2 fold and P<0.05 in all cases). Blocking the Tim-3/Gal-9 interaction with specific mAb reduced T-lymphocyte apoptosis and augmented production of IFNγ and IL-17 in the BEMS, RRMS, and HC groups, but not in the PPMS group. The Tim-3/Gal-9 interaction favors apoptosis of MBP-specific T lymphocytes in BEMS; this process is reduced in PPMS by the up-regulation of Bat3. Therapeutic interventions aimed at silencing Bat3 could be beneficial in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Saresella
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Federica Piancone
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Ivana Marventano
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Francesca La Rosa
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Paola Tortorella
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Domenico Caputo
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Marco Rovaris
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and
| | - Mario Clerici
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy; and Department of Physiopathology and Transplants, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Li S, Peng D, He Y, Zhang H, Sun H, Shan S, Song Y, Zhang S, Xiao H, Song H, Zhang M. Expression of TIM-3 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood and synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis. APMIS 2014; 122:899-904. [PMID: 24689929 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by a chronic inflammatory process that targets the synovial lining of diarthrodial joints. TIM-3 plays a key role in the negative regulation of the immune response. In this study, we investigated the expression of TIM-3 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from systemic (peripheral blood) and local (synovial fluid) perspectives of RA. Level of TIM-3+ cells from peripheral blood and synovial fluid of patients as well as peripheral blood of healthy controls was measured by flow cytometry. Results showed that TIM-3 expression was significantly increased in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood of RA (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, patients revealed even higher expression of TIM-3 in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in synovial fluid than in peripheral blood. When comparing TIM-3 level with the severity of RA, we identified that the percentage of TIM-3 on both peripheral CD4+ and peripheral CD8+ T cells was negatively correlated with disease activity score 28 (DAS28) of the patients. Similarly, TIM-3 on synovial fluid CD4+ and CD8+ T cells also revealed inverse correlation with DAS28 of the cases. Our data demonstrate a negative correlation between TIM-3 and the disease progression of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong, China
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Functional annotation of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis associated genes by integrative genome-wide gene expression profiling analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85784. [PMID: 24551036 PMCID: PMC3925090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) are two major types of joint diseases that share multiple common symptoms. However, their pathological mechanism remains largely unknown. The aim of our study is to identify RA and OA related-genes and gain an insight into the underlying genetic basis of these diseases. Methods We collected 11 whole genome-wide expression profiling datasets from RA and OA cohorts and performed a meta-analysis to comprehensively investigate their expression signatures. This method can avoid some pitfalls of single dataset analyses. Results and Conclusion We found that several biological pathways (i.e., the immunity, inflammation and apoptosis related pathways) are commonly involved in the development of both RA and OA. Whereas several other pathways (i.e., vasopressin-related pathway, regulation of autophagy, endocytosis, calcium transport and endoplasmic reticulum stress related pathways) present significant difference between RA and OA. This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease, thereby aiding the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
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Ju Y, Shang X, Liu Z, Zhang J, Li Y, Shen Y, Liu Y, Liu C, Liu B, Xu L, Wang Y, Zhang B, Zou J. The Tim-3/galectin-9 pathway involves in the homeostasis of hepatic Tregs in a mouse model of concanavalin A-induced hepatitis. Mol Immunol 2013; 58:85-91. [PMID: 24333756 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) is a negative regulator of interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting CD4(+) Th1 cells and plays a key role in autoimmune diseases. Here, we report that galectin-9 expression was increased in hepatic CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in a mouse model of concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis. Moreover, Tim-3 showed increased levels in CD4(+)CD25(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs). Further analyses showed that blocking the Tim-3/galectin-9 pathway resulted in the suppression of Tregs in vitro, thereby significantly increasing interferon (IFN)-γ production from hepatic Teffs. Moreover, blockade of Tim-3 in vivo with an anti-Tim-3 antibody exacerbated the acute hepatitis, possibly by increased IFN-γ production. Furthermore, we found that in vitro activation of CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells with the T cell receptor (TCR) plus interleukin 2 (IL-2) up-regulated Tim-3 expression. And the induced Tim-3 interacted with galectin-9 to induce CD4(+) T cell apoptosis which could be partly reversed by blocking Tim-3 signaling. Our results suggested that the Tim-3/galectin-9 pathway plays a critical role in the homeostasis of hepatic Tregs through the elimination induction in Teffs and the inhibition of IFN-γ release, which contributes to the pathogenesis of liver damage and constitutes at least part of the mechanism underlying the induction of hepatitis by Con A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ju
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Xuming Shang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Zhanfeng Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Yuantang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Yajuan Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Yiqing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Chunmei Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Center Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Liyun Xu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hospital of Zhoushan, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Bingchang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China.
| | - Jianwen Zou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China.
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Yu J, Xie Y. Role of Tim-3 in pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases of the digestive system. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:2169-2175. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i22.2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-containing molecules (Tim)-3 is a type I cell membrane glycoprotein that is expressed on the surface of cells involved in innate and adaptive immunity. As the first discovered member of Tim family, Tim-3 participates in T cell-induced immune responses. By interacting with its ligands galectin-9 or PtdSer, Tim-3 induces cell apoptosis and clearance of apoptotic cells in autoimmune disorders, allergic diseases and virus infection-associated diseases. Tim-3 can act as a negative regulator of Th1/Th17 immune responses. Current research has shown that Tim-3 is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases of the digestive system. Here we will review the progress in understanding the role of Tim-3 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases of the digestive system.
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Sanchez-Cuellar S, de la Fuente H, Cruz-Adalia A, Lamana A, Cibrian D, Giron RM, Vara A, Sanchez-Madrid F, Ancochea J. Reduced expression of galectin-1 and galectin-9 by leucocytes in asthma patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 170:365-74. [PMID: 23121677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that galectins play roles in the initiation and resolution phases of inflammatory responses by promoting anti- or proinflammatory effects. This study investigated the presence of three members of the galectin family (galectin-1, -3 and -9) in induced sputum samples of asthma patients, as well as their possible implication in the immunopathogenesis of human asthma. Levels of interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13, and galectins were determined in leucocytes isolated from induced sputum samples by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. High levels of IL-5 and IL-13 mRNA were detected in sputum cells from asthma patients. In parallel, immunoregulatory proteins galectin-1 and galectin-9 showed a reduced expression on macrophages from sputum samples compared with cells from healthy donors. In-vitro immunoassays showed that galectin-1 and galectin-9, but not galectin-3, are able to induce the production of IL-10 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors. These findings indicate that macrophages from sputum samples of asthma patients express low levels of galectin-1 and galectin-9, favouring the exacerbated immune response observed in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sanchez-Cuellar
- Neumology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex and common systemic autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation and hyperplasia. Multiple proteins, cells, and pathways have been identified to contribute to the pathogenesis of RA. Galectins are a group of lectins that bind to β-galactoside carbohydrates on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. They are expressed in a wide variety of tissues and organs with the highest expression in the immune system. Galectins are potent immune regulators and modulate a range of pathological processes, such as inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer. Accumulated evidence shows that several family members of galectins play positive or negative roles in the disease development of RA, through their effects on T and B lymphocytes, myeloid lineage cells, and fibroblast-like synoviocytes. In this review, we will summarize the function of different galectins in immune modulation and their distinct roles in RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Li
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yangsheng Yu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Christopher D Koehn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA ; The Eppley Cancer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kaihong Su
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA ; The Eppley Cancer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Xibillé-Friedmann D, Bustos Rivera-Bahena C, Rojas-Serrano J, Burgos-Vargas R, Montiel-Hernández JL. A decrease in galectin-1 (Gal-1) levels correlates with an increase in anti-Gal-1 antibodies at the synovial level in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2012; 42:102-7. [DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2012.725769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Li X, Zhao YQ, Li CW, Yuan FL. T cell immunoglobulin-3 as a new therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:1145-9. [PMID: 22998573 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.726616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin-3 (Tim-3) is a surface molecule expressed on various cell types of the immune system which plays a central role in immune regulation. Recently, identification of galectin-9 (Gal-9) as a ligand for Tim-3 has established the Tim-3-Gal-9 pathway as an important regulator of Th1 immunity and induction of tolerance. The interaction of Tim-3 with Gal-9 induces cell death; the in vivo blockade of this interaction results in exacerbated autoimmunity and abrogation of tolerance in experimental models, thus establishing Tim-3 as a negative regulatory molecule. A number of previous studies have demonstrated that Tim-3 influences chronic autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. In addition, an association between Tim-3 polymorphisms and susceptibility to several autoimmune diseases has been identified in various autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recent work has focused on the role of Tim-3 in RA, and the results indicate that Tim-3 may represent a novel target for the treatment of RA. In this article we will discuss the Tim-3 pathway and the therapeutic potential of modulating the Tim-3 pathway in RA.
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Underexpression of TIM-3 and blunted galectin-9-induced apoptosis of CD4+ T cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammation 2012; 35:633-7. [PMID: 21717191 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-011-9355-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to compare the expression of TIM-3 from CD4+ T cells from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and healthy controls and to evaluate the effect of galectin-9 (Gal-9) on apoptosis of CD4+ T cells in these patients. CD4+ T cells from RA patients and healthy controls were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and were activated. The expression of TIM-3 mRNA in CD4+ T cells was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. CD4+ T cells were activated in the presence of graded doses of Gal-9 or control, and Gal-9-induced cytotoxicity and apoptotic activity of CD4+ T cells were analyzed using MTT assays and annexin-V staining, respectively. TIM-3 mRNA expression was significantly lower in CD4+ T cells from RA patients compared with those in healthy controls (p = 0.028). CD4+ T cell survival as measured by MTT assay when incubated with Gal-9 (15 nM) was significantly higher in RA patients than in healthy controls (p = 0.002). Apoptotic activity of CD4+ T cells from healthy controls as measured by annexin staining increased with graded doses of Gal-9 (0 nM vs. 30 nM, 0 nM vs. 90 nM, p = 0.016 each). However, apoptotic activity of CD4+ T cells from RA patients did not change despite the stimulation with Gal-9. Gal-9-mediated apoptosis of CD4+ T cells is dysfunctional in RA patients. Blunted Gal-9-mediated apoptosis may be exerted through underexpression of TIM-3 that negatively regulates Th1 response. Our data suggest that TIM-3 and its interaction with Gal-9 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of RA and may represent a potential therapeutic target.
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Moorman JP, Wang JM, Zhang Y, Ji XJ, Ma CJ, Wu XY, Jia ZS, Wang KS, Yao ZQ. Tim-3 pathway controls regulatory and effector T cell balance during hepatitis C virus infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 189:755-66. [PMID: 22706088 PMCID: PMC3392408 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is remarkable at disrupting human immunity to establish chronic infection. Upregulation of inhibitory signaling pathways (such as T cell Ig and mucin domain protein-3 [Tim-3]) and accumulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) play pivotal roles in suppressing antiviral effector T cell (Teff) responses that are essential for viral clearance. Although the Tim-3 pathway has been shown to negatively regulate Teffs, its role in regulating Foxp3(+) Tregs is poorly explored. In this study, we investigated whether and how the Tim-3 pathway alters Foxp3(+) Treg development and function in patients with chronic HCV infection. We found that Tim-3 was upregulated, not only on IL-2-producing CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(-) Teffs, but also on CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs, which accumulate in the peripheral blood of chronically HCV-infected individuals when compared with healthy subjects. Tim-3 expression on Foxp3(+) Tregs positively correlated with expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 on Tregs, but it was inversely associated with proliferation of IL-2-producing Teffs. Moreover, Foxp3(+) Tregs were found to be more resistant to, and Foxp3(-) Teffs more sensitive to, TCR activation-induced cell apoptosis, which was reversible by blocking Tim-3 signaling. Consistent with its role in T cell proliferation and apoptosis, blockade of Tim-3 on CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells promoted expansion of Teffs more substantially than Tregs through improving STAT-5 signaling, thus correcting the imbalance of Foxp3(+) Tregs/Foxp3(-) Teffs that was induced by HCV infection. Taken together, the Tim-3 pathway appears to control Treg and Teff balance through altering cell proliferation and apoptosis during HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Moorman
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Jia M. Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiao J. Ji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Critical Care Unit, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng J. Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Xiao Y. Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Zhan S. Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ke S. Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
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Klyosov AA, Traber PG. Galectins in Disease and Potential Therapeutic Approaches. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2012-1115.ch001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anatole A. Klyosov
- Galectin Therapeutics, Inc., 4960 Peachtree Industrial Blvd., Suite 240, Norcross, Georgia 30071
| | - Peter G. Traber
- Galectin Therapeutics, Inc., 4960 Peachtree Industrial Blvd., Suite 240, Norcross, Georgia 30071
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Yoon SJ, Lee MJ, Shin DC, Kim JS, Chwae YJ, Kwon MH, Kim K, Park S. Activation of mitogen activated protein kinase-Erk kinase (MEK) increases T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-3 (TIM-3) transcription in human T lymphocytes and a human mast cell line. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1778-83. [PMID: 21621846 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The immune regulatory molecule T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain (TIM-3) is expressed in activated T cells and in mast cells treated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, but underlying mechanisms for induction of TIM-3 transcription have not been well-explored. We studied the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in TIM-3 transcription on the basis of the involvement of MAPK in T cell activation and TGF-β signaling. Inhibitors of MAPK-Erk kinase (MEK) as well as p38 suppressed TIM-3 transcription in phorbol myristic acid (PMA)-stimulated T cells, but inhibitors of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) did not. MEK over-expression enhanced TIM-3 transcription in PMA-stimulated T cells. Furthermore, -1.5kb TIM-3 promoter was activated by PMA stimulation and repressed by MEK inhibitors in Jurkat T cells. Similarly, MEK activation enhanced TIM-3 transcription in TGF-β-stimulated HMC-1 human mast cells, although MEK seemed not directly activated by TGF-β. Concordantly, -1.5kb TIM-3 promoter activity was reduced by MEK inhibitors, but was not responsive to TGF-β stimulation in HMC-1 cells. These results suggest the regulatory role of MEK in TIM-3 transcription by human CD4+ T cells and mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Yoon
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Youngtongku Wonchondong San 5, Suwon 442-749, Republic of Korea
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