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Audira G, Huang JC, Chen KHC, Kurnia KA, Vasquez RD, Roldan MJM, Lai YH, Hsiao CD, Yen CY. A comprehensive painkillers screening by assessing zebrafish behaviors after caudal fin amputation. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115641. [PMID: 37806085 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the usage of zebrafish for pain studies has increased in the past years, especially due to its robust pain-stimulated behaviors. Fin amputation has been demonstrated to induce a noxious response in zebrafish. However, based on the prior study, although lidocaine, the most used painkiller in zebrafish, has been shown to ameliorate amputated zebrafish behaviors, it still causes some prolonged effects. Therefore, alternative painkillers are always needed to improve the treatment quality of fin-amputated zebrafish. Here, the effects of several analgesics in recovering zebrafish behaviors post-fin amputation were evaluated. From the results, five painkillers were found to have potentially beneficial effects on amputated fish behaviors. Overall, these results aligned with their binding energy level to target proteins of COX-1 and COX-2. Later, based on their sub-chronic effects on zebrafish survivability, indomethacin, and diclofenac were further studied. This combination showed a prominent effect in recovering zebrafish behaviors when administered orally or through waterborne exposure, even with lower concentrations. Next, based on the ELISA in zebrafish brain tissue, although some changes were found in the treated group, no statistical differences were observed in most of the tested biomarkers. However, since heatmap clustering showed a similar pattern between biochemical and behavior endpoints, the minor changes in each biomarker may be sufficient in changing the fish behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Audira
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Chin Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 90003, Taiwan
| | - Kelvin H-C Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 90003, Taiwan
| | - Kevin Adi Kurnia
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 90003, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| | - Ross D Vasquez
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Marri Jmelou M Roldan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Yu-Heng Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; Research Center for Aquatic Toxicology and Pharmacology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Yo Yen
- Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, No.1, E-Da Road, Yan-Chau District, 824, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Stopschinski BE, Weideman RA, McMahan D, Jacob DA, Little BB, Chiang HS, Saez Calveras N, Stuve O. Microglia as a cellular target of diclofenac therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2023; 16:17562864231156674. [PMID: 36875711 PMCID: PMC9974624 DOI: 10.1177/17562864231156674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an untreatable cause of dementia, and new therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. AD pathology is defined by extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Research of the past decades has suggested that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of AD. This has led to the idea that anti-inflammatory treatments might be beneficial. Early studies investigated non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as indomethacin, celecoxib, ibuprofen, and naproxen, which had no benefit. More recently, protective effects of diclofenac and NSAIDs in the fenamate group have been reported. Diclofenac decreased the frequency of AD significantly compared to other NSAIDs in a large retrospective cohort study. Diclofenac and fenamates share similar chemical structures, and evidence from cell and mouse models suggests that they inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory mediators from microglia with leads to the reduction of AD pathology. Here, we review the potential role of diclofenac and NSAIDs in the fenamate group for targeting AD pathology with a focus on its potential effects on microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E Stopschinski
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Danni McMahan
- Pharmacy Service, Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - David A Jacob
- Veterans Integrated Service Network 17, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Bertis B Little
- School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Hsueh-Sheng Chiang
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nil Saez Calveras
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Olaf Stuve
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Neurology Section, Dallas VA Medical Center, 4500 South Lancaster Road, Dallas, TX 75216, USA
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Kuznetsova DA, Vasilieva EA, Kuznetsov DM, Lenina OA, Filippov SK, Petrov KA, Zakharova LY, Sinyashin OG. Enhancement of the Transdermal Delivery of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Using Liposomes Containing Cationic Surfactants. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:25741-25750. [PMID: 35910111 PMCID: PMC9330268 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
New hybrid liposomes based on cationic amphiphiles with different structures of the head group (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), 3-hexadecyl-1-hydroxyethylimidazolium bromide (IA-16(OH)), 1-(butylcarbamoyl)oxyethyl-3-hexadecylimidazolium bromide (IAC 16(Bu)), and hexadecylmethylpyrrolidinium bromide (PR-16)) were developed for transdermal administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The different surfactant/lipid compositions were studied to obtain stable liposomes with high functionality. The hydrodynamic diameter of cationic liposomes was ∼110 nm. An admixture of cationic surfactants and PC liposomes improves the physicochemical properties of vesicles and transdermal diffusion rate and prolongs the release of drugs. Liposomal diclofenac sodium (DS) and ketoprofen (KP) were tested (using Franz cells) for transdermal penetration. Drug diffusion monitoring for 48 h demonstrated that the maximum DS and KP penetration through the synthetic membranes (Strat-M) is characterized by values of 255 ± 2 and 186 ± 3 μg/cm2, respectively. The influence of the surfactant head group on the properties (stability, release profile, permeability) of cationic liposomes was shown for the first time. While the drug specificity is evident for the rate of release, the permeability increases as follows: conventional liposomes < CTAB/PC < PR-16/PC < IAC-16(Bu)/PC < IA-16(OH)/PC for both medicines. The rat paw edema model was used to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of the IA-16(OH)/PC leader formulation in vivo. It was found that liposomal DS and KP are effective for relieving rat paw edema. It should be noted that DS-loaded hybrid liposomes demonstrated the highest therapeutic efficacy compared to conventional vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya A. Kuznetsova
- Arbuzov
Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific
Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Elmira A. Vasilieva
- Arbuzov
Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific
Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Denis M. Kuznetsov
- Arbuzov
Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific
Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Oksana A. Lenina
- Arbuzov
Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific
Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey K. Filippov
- Arbuzov
Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific
Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin A. Petrov
- Arbuzov
Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific
Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
- Kazan
(Volga region) Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya str., 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Lucia Ya. Zakharova
- Arbuzov
Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific
Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg G. Sinyashin
- Arbuzov
Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific
Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov str., 420088 Kazan, Russian Federation
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Shukla D, Bhola ND, Bhola RD, Nimje AM. Efficacy of Preoperative Piroxicam, Diclofenac, Paracetamol With Tramadol and Placebo Tablets for Relief of Postoperative Pain After the Removal of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Cureus 2022; 14:e26839. [PMID: 35974862 PMCID: PMC9375129 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim We aimed to analyze the influence of preoperative piroxicam, diclofenac, paracetamol, tramadol, and placebo tablets as measured in the time required for rescue analgesia for postoperative pain relief after the extraction of impacted mandibular third molar. Materials & methods Forty-four patients who needed extraction of impacted mandibular third molar were arbitrarily categorized into four groups namely, piroxicam, diclofenac, paracetamol with tramadol, and placebo. The test medicine was given one hour preoperatively before the surgical removal. The pain was assessed using visual analog scale (VAS) and verbal rating scale (VRS) scores preoperatively and at the third and 24th hours. The time required for escape analgesia was measured. Results The mean VAS and VRS scores showed significant differences across the groups after 24 hours. The mean score was lowest for the patients taking piroxicam (1.30+1.95) and highest for patients taking tramadol + paracetamol (4.50+2.59). As far as escape analgesia is concerned piroxicam group was by far superior. Conclusion The pain scores and the rescue analgesic requirement suggested that piroxicam analgesic significantly reduced pain; moreover, it is a safe as well as an efficacious substitute to the conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for mandibular third molar impactions.
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Mirocki A, Sikorski A. Structural Characterization of Multicomponent Crystals Formed from Diclofenac and Acridines. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15041518. [PMID: 35208056 PMCID: PMC8876612 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multicomponent crystals containing diclofenac and acridine (1) and diclofenac and 6,9-diamino-2-ethoxyacridine (2) were synthesized and structurally characterized. The single-crystal XRD measurements showed that compound 1 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group as a salt cocrystal with one acridinium cation, one diclofenac anion, and one diclofenac molecule in the asymmetric unit, whereas compound 2 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group as an ethanol solvate monohydrate salt with one 6,9-diamino-2-ethoxyacridinium cation, one diclofenac anion, one ethanol molecule, and one water molecule in the asymmetric unit. In the crystals of the title compounds, diclofenac and acridines ions and solvent molecules interact via N–H⋯O, O–H⋯O, and C–H⋯O hydrogen bonds, as well as C–H⋯π and π–π interactions, and form heterotetramer bis[⋯cation⋯anion⋯] (1) or heterohexamer bis[⋯cation⋯ethanol⋯anion⋯] (2). Moreover, in the crystal of compound 1, acridine cations and diclofenac anions interact via N–H⋯O hydrogen bond, C–H⋯π and π–π interactions to produce blocks, while diclofenac molecules interact via C–Cl⋯π interactions to form columns. In the crystal of compound 2, the ethacridine cations interact via C–H⋯π and π–π interactions building blocks, while diclofenac anions interact via π–π interactions to form columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Mirocki
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (A.S.); Tel.: +48-58-523-5112 (A.M. & A.S.)
| | - Artur Sikorski
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (A.S.); Tel.: +48-58-523-5112 (A.M. & A.S.)
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Sun C, Zhu T, Zhu Y, Li B, Zhang J, Liu Y, Juan C, Yang S, Zhao Z, Wan R, Lin S, Yin B. Hepatotoxic mechanism of diclofenac sodium on broiler chicken revealed by iTRAQ-based proteomics analysis. J Vet Sci 2022; 23:e56. [PMID: 35698810 PMCID: PMC9346521 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background At the therapeutic doses, diclofenac sodium (DFS) has few toxic side effects on mammals. On the other hand, DFS exhibits potent toxicity against birds and the mechanisms remain ambiguous. Objectives This paper was designed to probe the toxicity of DFS exposure on the hepatic proteome of broiler chickens. Methods Twenty 30-day-old broiler chickens were randomized evenly into two groups (n = 10). DFS was administered orally at 10 mg/kg body weight in group A, while the chickens in group B were perfused with saline as a control. Histopathological observations, serum biochemical examinations, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed to assess the liver injury induced by DFS. Proteomics analysis of the liver samples was conducted using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) technology. Results Ultimately, 201 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were obtained, of which 47 were up regulated, and 154 were down regulated. The Gene Ontology classification and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis were conducted to screen target DEPs associated with DFS hepatotoxicity. The regulatory relationships between DEPs and signaling pathways were embodied via a protein-protein interaction network. The results showed that the DEPs enriched in multiple pathways, which might be related to the hepatotoxicity of DFS, were “protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum,” “retinol metabolism,” and “glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism.” Conclusions The hepatotoxicity of DFS on broiler chickens might be achieved by inducing the apoptosis of hepatocytes and affecting the metabolism of retinol and purine. The present study could provide molecular insights into the hepatotoxicity of DFS on broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxi Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tianyi Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yuwei Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Bing Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yixin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Changning Juan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Shifa Yang
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Shandong Provincial Animal and Poultry Green Health Products Creation Engineering Laboratory, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zengcheng Zhao
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Shandong Provincial Animal and Poultry Green Health Products Creation Engineering Laboratory, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Renzhong Wan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Shuqian Lin
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Shandong Provincial Animal and Poultry Green Health Products Creation Engineering Laboratory, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bin Yin
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Shandong Provincial Animal and Poultry Green Health Products Creation Engineering Laboratory, Jinan 250100, China
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Drug-drug-gene interactions as mediators of adverse drug reactions to diclofenac and statins: a case report and literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 72:114-128. [PMID: 34187111 PMCID: PMC8265195 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2021-72-3549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Concomitant treatment with drugs that inhibit drug metabolising enzymes and/or transporters, such as commonly prescribed statins and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), has been associated with prolonged drug exposure and increased risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) due to drug-drug interactions. The risk is further increased in patients with chronic diseases/comorbidities who are more susceptible because of their genetic setup or external factors. In that light, we present a case of a 46-year-old woman who had been experiencing acute renal and hepatic injury and myalgia over two years of concomitant treatment with diclofenac, atorvastatin, simvastatin/fenofibrate, and several other drugs, including pantoprazole and furosemide. Our pharmacogenomic findings supported the suspicion that ADRs, most notably the multi-organ toxicity experienced by our patient, may be owed to drug-drug-gene interactions and increased bioavailability of the prescribed drugs due to slower detoxification capacity and decreased hepatic and renal elimination. We also discuss the importance of CYP polymorphisms in the biotransformation of endogenous substrates such as arachidonic acid and their modulating role in pathophysiological processes. Yet even though the risks of ADRs related to the above mentioned drugs are substantially evidenced in literature, pre-emptive pharmacogenetic analysis has not yet found its way into common clinical practice.
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Angel Nieto I, Bernès S, Pérez-Benítez A. Crystal structure of a new hydrate form of the NSAID sodium diclofenac. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2020; 76:1846-1850. [PMID: 33520266 PMCID: PMC7784647 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989020015108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure is reported of sodium 2-[2-(2,6-di-chloro-anilino)phen-yl]acetate 3.5-hydrate or tetra-μ-aqua-κ8 O:O-deca-aqua-bis-{μ3-2-[2-(2,6-di-chloro-anilino)phen-yl]acetato-κ3 O:O:O}tetra-sodium(I) bis-{2-[2-(2,6-di-chloro-anil-ino)phen-yl]acetate}, {[Na4(C14H10Cl2NO2)2(H2O)14](C14H10Cl2NO2)2} n , which re-presents a new hydrate form of the NSAID sodium diclofenac (SD). The triclinic unit cell contains one ionic compound with formula Na4(C14H10Cl2NO2)4(H2O)14, in which two symmetry-related carboxyl-ate anions C14H10Cl2NO2 - are bonded to a centrosymmetric [Na4]4+ core cationic cluster, while the others are only hydrogen bonded to the cationic cluster. The conformation for the anions is similar to that found in other diclofenac compounds, and the [Na4(Ocarbox)2(H2O)14]4+ cluster displays an unprecedented geometry, which can be described as an incomplete dicubane cluster formed by face-sharing incomplete cubes. A complex framework of O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds stabilizes the crystal structure. The herein reported crystal structure for SD·3.5H2O in space group P is different from those previously reported for other hydrates, namely SD·4.75H2O (P21) and SD·5H2O (P21/m).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Angel Nieto
- Instituto de Física, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - Sylvain Bernès
- Instituto de Física, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - Aarón Pérez-Benítez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico
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Chibber P, Kumar C, Singh A, Assim Haq S, Ahmed I, Kumar A, Singh S, Vishwakarma R, Singh G. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of OA-DHZ; a novel semisynthetic derivative of dehydrozingerone. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106469. [PMID: 32251963 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite various advances in the arena of the current system of medicine, there are numerous side effects associated with the therapeutics which essentially demand research on the development of safer therapeutics. One way is to explore the bioactive plant secondary metabolites and their semisynthetic derivatives. In context to this, we analyzed OA-DHZ, a dehydrozingerone derivative as the later has been reported to show anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. OA-DHZ was found to be having promising anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential. OA-DHZ was found to inhibit the carrageenan-induced edema and leukocyte migration, acetic acid-induced increase in vascular permeability and lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. Meanwhile, it was also found to potentially inhibit thermally as well as chemically induced pain signifying its analgesic/nociceptive potential. Further, safety pharmacology studies using in vivo animal models for the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, the cardio-respiratory system suggest that optimum functioning of vital organ systems does not get altered after single oral administration. Also, the acute toxicity study revealed its nontoxic nature up to 2000 mg/kg. This study paves the way for future exploration and development of OA-DHZ based on its potent activity and nontoxic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Chibber
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir 180001, India.
| | - Chetan Kumar
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Natural Product Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir 180001, India
| | - Amarinder Singh
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir 180001, India; Discovery Biology, Syngene International Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India
| | - Syed Assim Haq
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir 180001, India
| | - Irfan Ahmed
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir 180001, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Inflammation Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir 180001, India
| | - Surjeet Singh
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir 180001, India
| | - Ram Vishwakarma
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir 180001, India
| | - Gurdarshan Singh
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir 180001, India.
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Akazaki S, Aoki R, Sato K. Direct detection of diclofenac radical produced by ultraviolet irradiation using electron spin resonance method. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2020; 66:193-197. [PMID: 32523245 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.19-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diclofenac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is commonly used as an antipyretic analgesic owing to its strong anti-inflammatory action in clinical treatment. However, diclofenac can cause injury, with gastrointestinal mucosal lesions and skin photosensitivity as the main side effects. In general, photosensitive drugs contain photosensitive chemical sites, and form free radicals under ultraviolet irradiation, leading to phototoxic reactions. Therefore, this study focuses on free radical production in photosensitive reactions of diclofenac. The free radical production mechanism of diclofenac under ultraviolet irradiation, which might result in photo-toxicity, was clarified using a direct electron spin resonance method. When diclofenac was irradiated with ultraviolet light (254 nm), diclofenac radicals were generated depending on the ultraviolet irradiation time and stably present for 30 min at room temperature. Diclofenac radicals were produced by the ultraviolet irradiation system depending on the dose of diclofenac until 2 mM. Therefore, diclofenac radicals might directly or indirectly react with various biomolecules to cause phototoxicity, other side effects, and new diclofenac pharmacology owing to its stability of diclofenac radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Akazaki
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka City, Miyazaki 882-8508, Japan
| | - Ryohei Aoki
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka City, Miyazaki 882-8508, Japan
| | - Keizo Sato
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka City, Miyazaki 882-8508, Japan
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Ahluwalia A, Hoa N, Jones MK, Tarnawski AS. NSAID-induced injury of gastric epithelial cells is reversible: roles of mitochondria, AMP kinase, NGF, and PGE 2. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G862-G871. [PMID: 31545918 PMCID: PMC6962499 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00192.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as diclofenac (DFN) and indomethacin (INDO) are extensively used worldwide. Their main side effects are injury of the gastrointestinal tract, including erosions, ulcers, and bleeding. Since gastric epithelial cells (GEPCs) are crucial for mucosal defense and are the major target of injury, we examined the extent to which DFN- and INDO-induced GEPC injury can be reversed by nerve growth factor (NGF), 16,16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (dmPGE2), and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), the pharmacological activator of the metabolic sensor AMP kinase (AMPK). Cultured normal rat gastric mucosal epithelial (RGM1) cells were treated with PBS (control), NGF, dmPGE2, AICAR, and/or NSAID (DFN or INDO) for 1-4 h. We examined cell injury by confocal microscopy, cell death/survival using calcein AM, mitochondrial membrane potential using MitoTracker, and phosphorylation of AMPK by Western blotting. DFN and INDO treatment of RGM1 cells for 2 h decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and cell viability. NGF posttreatment (initiated 1 or 2 h after DFN or INDO) reversed the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential and cell injury caused by DFN and INDO and increased cell viability versus cells treated for 4 h with NSAID alone. Pretreatment with dmPGE2 and AICAR significantly protected these cells from DFN- and INDO-induced injury, whereas dmPGE2 and AICAR posttreatment (initiated 1 h after NSAID treatment) reversed cell injury and significantly increased cell viability and rescued the cells from NSAID-induced mitochondrial membrane potential reduction. DFN and INDO induce extensive mitochondrial injury and GEPC death, which can be significantly reversed by NGF, dmPGE2, and AICAR.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrated that mitochondria are key targets of diclofenac- and indomethacin-induced injury of gastric epithelial cells and that diclofenac and indomethacin injury can be prevented and, importantly, also reversed by treatment with nerve growth factor, 16,16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2, and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Ahluwalia
- Medical and Research Services, Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California
| | - Neil Hoa
- Medical and Research Services, Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California
| | - Michael K Jones
- Medical and Research Services, Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Andrzej S Tarnawski
- Medical and Research Services, Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
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Scialis RJ, Aleksunes LM, Csanaky IL, Klaassen CD, Manautou JE. Identification and Characterization of Efflux Transporters That Modulate the Subtoxic Disposition of Diclofenac and Its Metabolites. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1080-1092. [PMID: 31399506 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.086603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, in vivo transporter knockout (KO) mouse models were used to characterize the disposition of diclofenac (DCF) and its primary metabolites following a single subtoxic dose in mice lacking breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp) or multidrug resistance-associated protein (Mrp)3. The results indicate that Bcrp acts as a canalicular efflux mediator for DCF, as wild-type (WT) mice had biliary excretion values that were 2.2- to 2.6-fold greater than Bcrp KO mice, although DCF plasma levels were not affected. The loss of Bcrp resulted in a 1.8- to 3.2-fold increase of diclofenac acyl glucuronide (DCF-AG) plasma concentrations in KO animals compared with WT mice, while the biliary excretion of DCF-AG increased 1.4-fold in WT versus KO mice. Furthermore, Mrp3 was found to mediate the basolateral transport of DCF-AG, but not DCF or 4'-hydroxy diclofenac. WT mice had DCF-AG plasma concentrations 7.0- to 8.6-fold higher than Mrp3 KO animals; however, there were no changes in biliary excretion of DCF-AG. Vesicular transport experiments with human MRP3 demonstrated that MRP3 is able to transport DCF-AG via low- and high-affinity binding sites. The low-affinity MRP3 transport had a V max and K m of 170 pmol/min/mg and 98.2 µM, respectively, while the high-affinity V max and K m parameters were estimated to be 71.9 pmol/min/mg and 1.78 µM, respectively. In summary, we offer evidence that the disposition of DCF-AG can be affected by both Bcrp and Mrp3, and these findings may be applicable to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato J Scialis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (R.J.S., J.E.M.), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (L.M.A., I.L.C., C.D.K.) and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (C.D.K.)
| | - Lauren M Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (R.J.S., J.E.M.), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (L.M.A., I.L.C., C.D.K.) and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (C.D.K.)
| | - Iván L Csanaky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (R.J.S., J.E.M.), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (L.M.A., I.L.C., C.D.K.) and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (C.D.K.)
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (R.J.S., J.E.M.), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (L.M.A., I.L.C., C.D.K.) and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (C.D.K.)
| | - José E Manautou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (R.J.S., J.E.M.), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (L.M.A., I.L.C., C.D.K.) and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (C.D.K.)
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do Prado TM, Cincotto FH, Fatibello-Filho O, Cruz de Moraes F. Bismuth Vanadate/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Electrode for Photoelectrochemical Determination of Diclofenac in Urine. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Henrique Cincotto
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of São Carlos; São Carlos - SP - Brazil, Zip code 13565-905
- Institute of Chemistry; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil, Zip code 21941-901
| | - Orlando Fatibello-Filho
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of São Carlos; São Carlos - SP - Brazil, Zip code 13565-905
| | - Fernando Cruz de Moraes
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of São Carlos; São Carlos - SP - Brazil, Zip code 13565-905
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14
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Mesaik AM, Poh HW, Bin OY, Elawad I, Alsayed B. In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Diarrhoeal Activity of Ziziphus Jujuba Fruit Extract. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:757-766. [PMID: 29875842 PMCID: PMC5985874 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ziziphus jujuba belongs to family Rhamnaceae widely distributed in subtropical and tropical countries. It is used traditionally for several pharmacological purposes including anti-inflammation, antidiarrhoeal and antibacterial, as well as tonic and sometimes as hypnotic (sedative). AIM To determine the in vivo antidiarrhoeal, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of Z. jujuba fruit ethanolic extract. METHOD The fruit was macerated and extracted by 95% (v/v) ethanol. The antidiarrhoeal activity was evaluated using castor oil and Escherichia coli induced diarrhoea mouse model. The antidiarrhoeal and antibacterial activity was investigated at graded doses (400-1200 mg/kg). The anti-inflammatory effects were tested using the carrageenan-induced paw oedema in female Wistar rats. Rat's treatment groups received tragacanth, 100 mg/kg diclofenac sodium, 800 mg/kg, 1200 mg/kg or 1600 mg/kg of an ethanolic extract of Z. jujuba (EEZJ). All treatment groups were fed with the compounds one hour before carrageenan injection at of rat's paw. Also, the EEZJ was further analysed by HPLC-PDA system for identification of the presence of betulinic acid and quercetin. RESULTS EEZJ different doses did not show inhibitory activity against castor oil induced diarrhoea except for the higher (1200 mg/kg) dose. However, the frequency of defecation of stools and watery stool were reduced significantly when compared to control group (P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.01 respectively), resulted in overall 67% inhibition of diarrhoea. Our anti-inflammatory results demonstrated that EEZJ was able to inhibit the carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats to a significant degree (p ≤ 0.05) and the paw volume and thickness of both left and right paw were affected compared to the negative control group. CONCLUSION EEZJ possesses antidiarrhoeal and antibacterial activity in a dose depending manner and may provide a pharmacological basis for its clinical use in diarrheal diseases. The activity may partially be due to the presence of betulinic acid and quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Mesaik
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk (UT), P.O. Box 741, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hiap Wei Poh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ooi Yan Bin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Izzaddinn Elawad
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk (UT), P.O. Box 741, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badr Alsayed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk (UT), P.O. Box 741, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Tavano L, Mazzotta E, Muzzalupo R. Innovative topical formulations from diclofenac sodium used as surfadrug: The birth of Diclosomes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 164:177-184. [PMID: 29413594 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Due to the well-know surfactant-like properties of diclofenac sodium (DS), vesicular systems consisting exclusively of DS, named diclosomes, were designed with the aim to minimize or avoid the use of other excipients and to improve the formulation biocompatibility. EXPERIMENTS Diclosomes were designed and characterized in terms of dimensions, polydispersity index, ξ-potential, drug retained, stability as a function of storage time and ex-vivo percutaneous permeation profiles. Additionally, diclosomes were incorporated into gel dosage forms and their performance in terms of permeation enhancement were evaluated. FINDINGS DS was found to form nanosized vesicular systems, both alone and in presence of cholesterol. Increasing hydrophobicity (due to the presence of cholesterol) resulted in smaller vesicles, always spherical and homogeneous in shape. Permeation of DS from free solution was found to be lower respect to ones obtained for all diclosomal formulations, allowing these aggregates to be considered as percutaneous permeation enhancers. DS permeated from diclosomal gels was higher than that obtained with traditional niosomal gel, DS plain gel and commercial specialty Voltaren Emulgel® 1%, while containing a considerably lower drug amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Tavano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, Ed. Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Mazzotta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, Ed. Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Rita Muzzalupo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, Ed. Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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16
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de la Puente B, Zamanillo D, Romero L, Vela JM, Merlos M, Portillo-Salido E. Pharmacological sensitivity of reflexive and nonreflexive outcomes as a correlate of the sensory and affective responses to visceral pain in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13428. [PMID: 29044171 PMCID: PMC5647413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13987-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain encompasses both sensory and affective dimensions which can be differentially modulated by drugs. Here, we compare the pharmacological sensitivity of the sensory and affective responses using acetic acid-induced abdominal writhings (sensory-reflexive outcome) and acetic acid-induced depression of reward seeking behaviour (RSB, affective-nonreflexive outcome) to a highly palatable food in mice. We found that the expression of RSB critically depends on factors such as sex and previous knowledge and type of the food stimulus. Intraperitoneal administration of acetic acid (iAA) produced a long-lasting (beyond the resolution of writhing behaviour) and concentration-dependent decrease on both appetitive-approach and consummatory dimensions of RSB. Ibuprofen and diclofenac were much more potent in reversing AA-induced changes in RSB: latency to eat (ED50 = 2 and 0.005 mg/kg, intraperinoneally, respectively) and amount consumed (ED50 = 11 and 0.1 mg/kg) than in AA-induced writhing (ED50 = 123 and 60 mg/kg). Morphine and duloxetine inhibited the writhing response (ED50 = 0.8 and 6 mg/kg, respectively) but not the AA-induced changes in RSB. Caffeine was ineffective in both AA-induced writhing and RSB changes. Overall, this study characterized a preclinical mouse model of hedonic deficits induced by pain that can be used to assess affective responses as well as complementary classic reflexive approaches in the evaluation of candidate analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Zamanillo
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, ESTEVE, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luz Romero
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, ESTEVE, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Vela
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, ESTEVE, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Merlos
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, ESTEVE, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Davis CA, Erickson PR, McNeill K, Janssen EML. Environmental photochemistry of fenamate NSAIDs and their radical intermediates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:656-665. [PMID: 28401228 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00079k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fenamates are a class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that are not fully removed during wastewater treatment and can be released to surface waters. Here, near-surface photochemical half-lives were evaluated to range from minutes to hours of four fenamates and the closely related diclofenac. While quantum yields for direct photochemical reactions at the water surface vary widely from 0.071 for diclofenac to <0.001 for mefenamic acid, all fenamates showed significant reactivity towards singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical with bimolecular reaction rate constants of 1.3-2.8 × 107 M-1 s-1 and 1.1-2.7 × 1010 M-1 s-1, respectively. Photodecay rates increased in the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) for diclofenac (+19%), tolfenamic acid (+9%), and mefenamic acid (+95%), but decreased for flufenamic acid (-2%) and meclofenamic acid (-14%) after accounting for light screening effects. Fast reaction rate constants of all NSAIDs with model triplet sensitizers were quantified by laser flash photolysis. Here, the direct observation of diphenylamine radical intermediates by transient absorption spectroscopy demonstrates one-electron oxidation of all fenamates. Quenching rate constants of these radical intermediates by ascorbic acid, a model antioxidant, were also quantified. These observations suggest that the balance of oxidation by photoexcited triplet DOM and quenching of the formed radical intermediates by antioxidant moieties determines whether net sensitization or net quenching by DOM occurs in the photochemical degradation of fenamates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Davis
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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18
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Bonnefille B, Arpin-Pont L, Gomez E, Fenet H, Courant F. Metabolic profiling identification of metabolites formed in Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) after diclofenac exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 583:257-268. [PMID: 28108094 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the growing concern on the presence of pharmaceutically active compounds in the environment, few studies have been conducted on their metabolism in marine organisms. In this study, a non-targeted strategy based on the generation of chemical profiles generated by liquid chromatography combined with high resolution mass spectrometry was used to highlight metabolite production by the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) after diclofenac exposure. This method allowed revealing the production of 13 metabolites in mussel tissues. Three of them were phase I metabolites, including 4'-hydroxy-diclofenac and 5-hydroxy-diclofenac. The remaining 10 were phase II metabolites, including sulfate and amino acids conjugates. Among all of the metabolites highlighted, 5 were reported for the first time in an aquatic organism exposed to diclofenac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénilde Bonnefille
- UMR 5569 Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lauren Arpin-Pont
- UMR 5569 Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Elena Gomez
- UMR 5569 Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Fenet
- UMR 5569 Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédérique Courant
- UMR 5569 Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Scialis RJ, Csanaky IL, Goedken MJ, Manautou JE. Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 3 Plays an Important Role in Protection against Acute Toxicity of Diclofenac. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:944-50. [PMID: 25897176 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.061705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diclofenac (DCF) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly prescribed to reduce pain in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. One of the main DCF metabolites is a reactive diclofenac acyl glucuronide (DCF-AG) that covalently binds to biologic targets and may contribute to adverse drug reactions arising from DCF use. Cellular efflux of DCF-AG is partially mediated by multidrug resistance-associated proteins (Mrp). The importance of Mrp2 during DCF-induced toxicity has been established, yet the role of Mrp3 remains largely unexplored. In the present work, Mrp3-null (KO) mice were used to study the toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of DCF and its metabolites. DCF-AG plasma concentrations were 90% lower in KO mice than in wild-type (WT) mice, indicating that Mrp3 mediates DCF-AG basolateral efflux. In contrast, there were no differences in DCF-AG biliary excretion between WT and KO, suggesting that only DCF-AG basolateral efflux is compromised by Mrp3 deletion. Susceptibility to toxicity was also evaluated after a single high DCF dose. No signs of injury were detected in livers and kidneys; however, ulcers were found in the small intestines. Furthermore, the observed intestinal injuries were consistently more severe in KO compared with WT. DCF covalent adducts were observed in liver and small intestines; however, staining intensity did not correlate with the severity of injuries, implying that tissues respond differently to covalent modification. Overall, the data provide strong evidence that (1) in vivo Mrp3 plays an important role in DCF-AG disposition and (2) compromised Mrp3 function can enhance injury in the gastrointestinal tract after DCF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato J Scialis
- University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, Connecticut (R.J.S., J.E.M.); University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas (I.L.C.); and Office of Translational Science, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (M.J.G.)
| | - Iván L Csanaky
- University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, Connecticut (R.J.S., J.E.M.); University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas (I.L.C.); and Office of Translational Science, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (M.J.G.)
| | - Michael J Goedken
- University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, Connecticut (R.J.S., J.E.M.); University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas (I.L.C.); and Office of Translational Science, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (M.J.G.)
| | - José E Manautou
- University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, Connecticut (R.J.S., J.E.M.); University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas (I.L.C.); and Office of Translational Science, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (M.J.G.)
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Kaladhar K, Renz H, Sharma C. Nano-anisotropic surface coating based on drug immobilized pendant polymer to suppress macrophage adhesion response. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 128:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Kılıçkaya R, Güleç E, Ünlügenç H, Gündüz M, Işık G. A Comparative Study of the Efficacy of IV Dexketoprofen, Lornoxicam, and Diclophenac Sodium on Postoperative Analgesia and Tramadol Consumption in Patients Receiving Patient-Controlled Tramadol. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim 2015; 43:174-80. [PMID: 27366491 DOI: 10.5152/tjar.2015.15013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to compare the effects of dexketoprofen, lornoxicam, and diclophenac sodium on postoperative analgesia and tramadol consumption in patients receiving postoperative patient-controlled tramadol after a major abdominal surgery. METHODS Eighty patients were randomized to receive one of the four study drugs. Patients in group dexketoprofen (DT) received IV 50 mg dexketoprofen, group lornoxicam (LR) received IV 8 mg lornoxicam, group diclophenac sodium (DS) received 75 mg IV diclophenac sodium and group saline (S) received 0.9% saline in 2 mL syringes, 20 min before the end of anaesthesia. A standardized (1 mg kg(-1)) dose of tramadol was routinely administered to all patients as the loading dose at the end of surgery. Postoperatively, whenever patients requested, they were allowed to use a tramadol patient-controlled analgesia device giving a bolus dose (0.2 mg kg(-1)) of tramadol. Pain, discomfort, and sedation scores, cumulative tramadol consumption, supplemental meperidine requirement, and side effects were recorded. RESULTS Visual rating scale and patient discomfort scores were significantly lower in DT, LR and DS groups compared to those in in group S (p<0.001). Cumulative tramadol consumption was significantly lower in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-treated groups at each study period after the second postoperative hour than in group S (p<0.001). Supplemental meperidine requirement was significantly higher in group S at each study period after postoperative 30 min than in NSAID-treated groups (p<0.01). CONCLUSION After major abdominal surgery, adding IV diclophenac, lornoxicam or dexketoprofen to patient-controlled tramadol resulted in lower pain scores, smaller tramadol consumption, less rescue supplemental analgesic requirement, and fewer side effects compared with the tramadol alone group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Refika Kılıçkaya
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ersel Güleç
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Hakkı Ünlügenç
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Murat Gündüz
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Geylan Işık
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
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Elbadawy M, Sakiyama T, Abohatab R, Sasaki K, Shimoda M. Oral pharmacokinetics of the acidic drugs, diclofenac and sulfamonomethoxine in male Shiba goats. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 77:21-6. [PMID: 25311913 PMCID: PMC4349534 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the oral pharmacokinetics of the acidic drugs,
diclofenac (DF) and sulfamonomethoxine (SMM), which have different physicochemical
properties, in Shiba goats. DF and SMM were intravenously and orally administered to 5
male goats using a crossover design. The Tmax of DF and SMM were reached 1.5
and 5.6 hr after they have been orally administered, respectively, and this was followed
by their slow elimination. The elimination of both drugs was markedly faster after being
intravenously rather than orally administered, which indicated flip-flop phenomena after
the oral administration. The mean absorption times (MATs) of DF and SMM were 6 and 15 hr,
respectively. This slow absorption may have been due to slow gastric emptying in goats.
The large difference observed in MATs between DF and SMM may have been because DF, which
is more lipophilic than SMM, was partly absorbed from the forestomach. Therefore, these
results suggest that the absorption of highly lipophilic drugs from the forestomach may be
markedly high in Shiba goats. In case of drugs whose elimination is quite fast, their
efficacies may appear from the early stage after oral administration even in ruminants,
because elimination rate is the determinant factor of Tmax in flip-flop
phenomena. Such drugs may be used orally even in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elbadawy
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Pawar V, Kumar HY, Giridhar R, Yadav MR. Enhanced skin permeation of 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid by salt formation. Drug Deliv 2014; 22:359-66. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.894595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Torres-López JE, Carmona-Díaz E, Cortés-Peñaloza JL, Guzmán-Priego CG, Rocha-González HI. Antinociceptive synergy between diclofenac and morphine after local injection into the inflamed site. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 65:358-67. [PMID: 23744420 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combinations of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with opioids are frequently used to reduce opioid doses required in the clinical management of acute pain. The present study was designed to evaluate the possible antinociceptive interaction between morphine and diclofenac at peripheral level in male rats. METHODS Drugs were chosen based on their efficacy in the treatment of this kind of pain and as representative drugs of their respective analgesic groups. For the formalin test, 50 μ of 1% formalin solution was injected subcutaneously into the right hind paw. The interaction between morphine and diclofenac was evaluated by using isobolographic analysis and interaction index. Drug interaction was examined by administering fixed-ratio combinations of morphine-diclofenac (1 : 1 and 3 : 1) of their respective ED30 fractions. RESULTS Diclofenac and morphine reduced flinching behavior in a dose-dependent manner during phase 2 but not phase 1 of the formalin test. Isobolographic analysis showed a synergistic interaction for the combination of morphine and diclofenac after local peripheral administration. CONCLUSIONS Data suggest that the combination of morphine with diclofenac at the site of injury is synergistic and could be useful in the treatment of wounds, bruises, rheumatisms and other painful peripheral conditions associated with an inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Torres-López
- Pain Mechanisms Laboratory, Research Center of the Academic Division of Health Sciences, Juarez Autonomous University of Tabasco, Villahermosa Tabasco, México.
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Gaur PK, Purohit S, Kumar Y, Mishra S, Bhandari A. Ceramide-2 nanovesicles for effective transdermal delivery: development, characterization and pharmacokinetic evaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 40:568-76. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.782502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of diclofenac in normal and Freund's complete adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:1372-8. [PMID: 22842736 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To characterize pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of diclofenac in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritic rats using prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) as a biomarker. METHODS The pharmacokinetics of diclofenac was investigated using 20-day-old arthritic rats. PGE(2) level in the rats was measured using an enzyme immunoassay. A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model was developed to illustrate the relationship between the plasma concentration of diclofenac and the inhibition of PGE(2) production. The inhibition of diclofenac on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced PGE(2) production in blood cells was investigated in vitro. RESULTS Similar pharmacokinetic behavior of diclofenac was found both in normal and FCA-induced arthritic rats. Diclofenac significantly decreased the plasma levels of PGE(2) in both normal and arthritic rats. The inhibitory effect on PGE(2) levels in the plasma was in proportion to the plasma concentration of diclofenac. No delay in the onset of inhibition was observed, suggesting that the effect compartment was located in the central compartment. An inhibitory effect sigmoid I(max) model was selected to characterize the relationship between the plasma concentration of diclofenac and the inhibition of PGE(2) production in vivo. The I(max) model was also used to illustrate the inhibition of diclofenac on LPS-induced PGE(2) production in blood cells in vitro. CONCLUSION Arthritis induced by FCA does not alter the pharmacokinetic behaviors of diclofenac in rats, but the pharmacodynamics of diclofenac is slightly affected. A PK-PD model characterizing an inhibitory effect sigmoid I(max) can be used to fit the relationship between the plasma PGE(2) and diclofenac levels in both normal rats and FCA-induced arthritic rats.
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Emara LH, Taha NF, El-Ashmawy AA, Raslan HM, Mursi NM. A RAPID AND SENSITIVE BIOANALYTICAL HPLC METHOD FOR DETERMINING DICLOFENAC SODIUM IN HUMAN PLASMA FOR BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDIES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.629391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laila H. Emara
- a Industrial Pharmacy Laboratory, Division of Pharmaceutical Industries, National Research Center , Dokki , Giza , Egypt
| | - Nesrin F. Taha
- a Industrial Pharmacy Laboratory, Division of Pharmaceutical Industries, National Research Center , Dokki , Giza , Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. El-Ashmawy
- a Industrial Pharmacy Laboratory, Division of Pharmaceutical Industries, National Research Center , Dokki , Giza , Egypt
| | - Hala M. Raslan
- b Department of Internal Medicine , Division of Medical Researches, National Research Center , Dokki , Giza , Egypt
| | - Nadia M. Mursi
- c Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Cairo University , Egypt
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Gwanyanya A, Macianskiene R, Mubagwa K. Insights into the effects of diclofenac and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents on ion channels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:1359-75. [PMID: 22943167 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diclofenac and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used in the treatment of inflammation and pain. Most effects of NSAIDs are attributed to the inhibition of cyclooxygenases (COX). However, many NSAIDs may have other effects not related to COX, including the modulation of various ion channels. The clinical implications of the effects on channels are not fully understood. This review outlines the effects of NSAIDs, with special attention to diclofenac, on ion channels and highlights the possible underlying mechanisms. KEY FINDINGS NSAIDs have effects on channels such as inhibition, activation or changes in expression patterns. The channels affected include voltage-gated Na(+) , Ca(2+) , or K(+) channels, ligand-gated K(+) channels, transient receptor potential and other cation channels as well as chloride channels in several types of cells. The mechanisms of drug actions not related to COX inhibition may involve drug-channel interactions, interference with the generation of second messengers, changes in channel expression, or synergistic/antagonist interactions with other channel modulators. SUMMARY The effects on ion channels may account for novel therapeutic actions of NSAIDs or for adverse effects. Among the NSAIDs, diclofenac may serve as a template for developing new channel modulators and as a tool for investigating the actions of other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asfree Gwanyanya
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Cuklev F, Kristiansson E, Fick J, Asker N, Förlin L, Larsson DGJ. Diclofenac in fish: blood plasma levels similar to human therapeutic levels affect global hepatic gene expression. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:2126-2134. [PMID: 21688307 DOI: 10.1002/etc.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug frequently found in the aquatic environment. Previous studies have reported histological changes in the liver, kidney, and gills of fish at concentrations similar to those measured in treated sewage effluents (approximately 1 µg/L). Analyses or predictions of blood plasma levels in fish allow a direct comparison with human therapeutic plasma levels and may therefore be used to indicate a risk for pharmacological effects in fish. To relate internal exposure to a pharmacological interaction, we investigated global hepatic gene expression together with bioconcentration in blood plasma and liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to waterborne diclofenac. At the highest exposure concentration (81.5 µg/L), the fish plasma concentration reached approximately 88% of the human therapeutic levels (C(max) ) after two weeks. Using an oligonucleotide microarray followed by quantitative PCR, we found extensive effects on hepatic gene expression at this concentration, and some genes were found to be regulated down to the lowest exposure concentration tested (1.6 µg/L), corresponding to a plasma concentration approximately 1.5% of the human C(max) . Thus, at concentrations detected in European surface waters, diclofenac can affect the expression of multiple genes in exposed fish. Functional analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed effects on biological processes such as inflammation and the immune response, in agreement with the mode of action of diclofenac in mammals. In contrast to some previously reported results, the bioconcentration factor was found to be stable (4.02 ± 0.75 for blood plasma and 2.54 ± 0.36 for liver) regardless of the water concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Cuklev
- Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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Zhao L, Li Y, Fang L, Ren C, Xu Y, He Z. Effect of O-acylmenthol and salt formation on the skin permeation of diclofenac acid. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 35:814-26. [PMID: 19466898 DOI: 10.1080/03639040802623933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To enhance the transdermal delivery of diclofenac acid (DA) by using O-acylmenthol as a penetration enhancer and complexing with amines, or by a combination of the two methods. METHODS The skin permeability of diclofenac was tested in vitro across rat skin with each of the evaluated permeants in a saturated isopropyl myristate (IPM) donor solution. RESULTS A 4.5-fold increase in the flux of diclofenac was observed by ion-pair formation with diethylamine; however, the cations with hydroxyl groups had negative effects on the transdermal delivery of diclofenac. 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxypanoate and 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl heptanoate produced significant increase in the permeation of diclofenac potassium (D-K); however, both of them were ineffective for the other diclofenac salts, including diclofenac diethylamine (D-DETA), diclofenac ethanolamine (D-EA), diclofenac diethanolamine (D-DEA), diclofenac triethanolamine, and diclofenac N-(hydroxylethyl) piperidine. 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl tetradecanoate was effective on the penetration of D-K, D-DETA, D-EA, and D-DEA. Also, it is exciting to note that the combined use of diethylamine with 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl tetradecanoate produced a 9.74-fold increase in accumulation amount of diclofenac compared with DA in IPM. CONCLUSIONS The use of ion pair in combination with O-acylmenthol is necessary to further increase the diclofenac flux to provide better compliance for the patients undergoing clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Montiel-Ruiz RM, Granados-Soto V, García-Jiménez S, Reyes-García G, Flores-Murrieta FJ, Déciga-Campos M. Synergistic interaction of diclofenac, benfotiamine, and resveratrol in experimental acute pain. Drug Dev Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Marangi GF, Gigliofiorito P, Toto V, Langella M, Pallara T, Persichetti P. Three cases of embolia cutis medicamentosa (Nicolau's syndrome). J Dermatol 2010; 37:488-92. [PMID: 20536657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.00864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Embolia cutis medicamentosa, also known as Nicolau's syndrome, is a rare complication due to i.m. injections. Its real incidence is actually underestimated. Many drugs have been associated with it, but at the time only a few studies showed a related pathogenetic mechanism. Symptoms consist of immediate local pain, edema and cutaneous, subcutaneous and even muscular necrosis occurring in the first 48 h. The type of treatment depends mostly on time of diagnosis. A medical resolution can be achieved through heparin and cortisone injections within the first 48 h. Surgical debridement has to be considered as the main treatment in case of late diagnosis. We present three cases of Nicolau's syndrome presenting to us in a short period of time that we treated with surgical debridement.
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Anti-nociceptive effect of bovine milk-derived lactoferrin in a rat lumbar disc herniation model. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010; 35:1663-7. [PMID: 21374893 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e3181c9a8e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN An experimental animal study. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the efficacy of lactoferrin (LF) compared with diclofenac to reduce the pain, using a rat lumbar disc herniation model. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA LF is a multifunctional protein that is found in milk. Recent studies have reported that LF reduces nociception in various experimental models. METHODS Rats were operated on the left L5 vertebral arch. The left L5 nerve root and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were exposed by a L5 partial laminectomy. An L-shaped stainless steel rod was inserted from the laminectomy toward the intervertebral foramen to compress the nerve root. In addition, nucleus pulposus from coccygeal discs was applied on the nerve root. At 1 day before operation, all rats were tested regarding the withdrawal threshold of the left plantar surface using von Frey filaments to determine baseline values. Additional von Frey tests were performed on postoperative days 3, 7, 14, and 21. Thirty minutes before each test except for baseline, the rats received LF (100 mg/kg), diclofenac (10 mg/kg), or saline by intraperitoneal injection (n = 6). RESULTS As compared with the control group, thresholds of rats in the diclofenac group were significantly higher on postoperative days 3 and 7. However, on postoperative days 14 and 21, there were no significant differences. Thresholds of rats in the LF group were significantly higher on all postoperative days compared with the control group. CONCLUSION Analgesic effect of diclofenac reduced with time. However, the effect of LF continued during the whole experimental period. LF might become useful as pain-killer.
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EL-Ghazaly MA, Nada AS, EL-Hazek RM, Khayyal MT. Effect of selective COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib on adjuvant-induced arthritis model in irradiated rats. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:1079-87. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2010.501839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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NSAIDs, Opioids, Cannabinoids and the Control of Pain by the Central Nervous System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:1335-1347. [PMID: 27713305 PMCID: PMC4033984 DOI: 10.3390/ph3051335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) act upon peripheral tissues and upon the central nervous system to produce analgesia. A major central target of NSAIDs is the descending pain control system. The rostral structures of the descending pain control system send impulses towards the spinal cord and regulate the transmission of pain messages. Key structures of the descending pain control system are the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) and the rostral ventromedial region of the medulla (RVM), both of which are critical targets for endogenous opioids and opiate pharmaceuticals. NSAIDs also act upon PAG and RVM to produce analgesia and, if repeatedly administered, induce tolerance to themselves and cross-tolerance to opioids. Experimental evidence shows that this is due to an interaction of NSAIDs with endogenous opioids along the descending pain control system. Analgesia by NSAIDs along the descending pain control system also requires an activation of the CB1 endocannabinoid receptor. Several experimental approaches suggest that opioids, NSAIDs and cannabinoids in PAG and RVM cooperate to decrease GABAergic inhibition and thus enhance the descending flow of impulses that inhibit pain.
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Chuasuwan B, Binjesoh V, Polli JE, Zhang H, Amidon GL, Junginger HE, Midha KK, Shah VP, Stavchansky S, Dressman JB, Barends DM. Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: diclofenac sodium and diclofenac potassium. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:1206-19. [PMID: 18752289 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Literature data are reviewed regarding the scientific advisability of allowing a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of immediate release (IR) solid oral dosage forms containing either diclofenac potassium and diclofenac sodium. Within the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS), diclofenac potassium and diclofenac sodium are each BCS class II active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). However, a biowaiver can be recommended for IR drug products of each salt form, due to their therapeutic use, therapeutic index, pharmacokinetic properties, potential for excipient interactions, and performance in reported BE/bioavailability (BA) studies, provided: (a) test and comparator contain the same diclofenac salt; (b) the dosage form of the test and comparator is identical; (c) the test product contains only excipients present in diclofenac drug products approved in ICH or associated countries in the same dosage form, for instance as presented in this paper; (d) test drug product and comparator dissolve 85% in 30 min or less in 900 mL buffer pH 6.8, using the paddle apparatus at 75 rpm or the basket apparatus at 100 rpm; and (e) test product and comparator show dissolution profile similarity in pH 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chuasuwan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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ssDNA aptamers that recognize diclofenac and 2-anilinophenylacetic acid. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5380-7. [PMID: 19604698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A series of 56 ssDNA aptamer variants that bind to diclofenac (DCF) were selected from an initial pool of 2.4x10(14) ssDNA molecules by Flu-Mag SELEX process. Sequence analysis of these aptamer variants showed three major groups based on sequence similarity in their random N40 sequences. Out of these, four aptamers designated as D10/DA24, D22, D16, and D3 showed high affinity to DCF with K(d) values 100.64, 166.34, 148.73, and 42.7 nM, respectively. Secondary structures of these aptamers showed highly distinct features with typical stem and loop structures. Specificity tests with these four aptamer variants showed that D3 aptamer had higher specificity to DCF followed by 2-anilinophenylacetic acid (2APA), a structural analog of DCF. Whereas aptamers D16 and D22 showed higher specificity to 2APA compared to DCF as target used during selection process. Further, the D10/DA24 aptamer showed high affinity but no specificity to DCF. The DCF aptamers selected can be potential candidates for drug-delivery systems, specific detection of DCF and its derivatives in pharmaceutical preparations and contaminants.
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Manconi M, Mura S, Sinico C, Fadda A, Vila A, Molina F. Development and characterization of liposomes containing glycols as carriers for diclofenac. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Elron-Gross I, Glucksam Y, Margalit R. Liposomal dexamethasone-diclofenac combinations for local osteoarthritis treatment. Int J Pharm 2009; 376:84-91. [PMID: 19409466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Conventional chronic and acute treatments for osteoarthritis (OA) are by oral NSAIDs (such as diclofenac) and intra-articular injected glucocorticosteroids (such as dexamethasone). In free form, diclofenac and dexamethasone generate severe adverse effects with risks of toxicity. To reduce these drawbacks, we investigated local injections of liposomal formulations for diclofenac and dexamethasone (each alone, and their combination). Bioadhesive liposomes carrying hyaluronan (HA-BAL) or collagen (COL-BAL) as their surface-anchored ligand were used for the task. Each drug alone or their combination showed high efficiency encapsulations (> or =80%) and performance as slow-release depots (half-lives in the range of 1-3 days under the fastest conditions). Employing RIA and immunoblot assay techniques, it was verified that the encapsulated drugs retained their biological activities: inhibitions of Cyclooxygenases enzyme-activity (diclofenac) and of Cyclooxygenases protein-expression (dexamethasone). Using live-animal MRI, a single intra-articular injection of each liposome-drug(s) formulation sufficed to reduce knee joint inflammation in OA rats over a time span of 17 days, HA-BAL better than COL-BAL. The most effective treatment was by the combination of both drugs in HA-BAL, a single dose reducing the inflammation volume down to 12.9% from initial over that time span. We find all three HA-BAL formulations worthy of further studies.
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Vyas SP, Gogoi PJ, Jain SK. Development and characterization of pseudolatex based transdermal drug delivery system of diclofenac. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639049109043843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Pérez S, Barceló D. First Evidence for Occurrence of Hydroxylated Human Metabolites of Diclofenac and Aceclofenac in Wastewater Using QqLIT-MS and QqTOF-MS. Anal Chem 2008; 80:8135-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801167w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pérez
- IDAEA-CSIC, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain, and Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici Jaume Casademont, Porta A, Planta 1, Despatx 13C/ Pic de Peguera, 15E-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- IDAEA-CSIC, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain, and Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici Jaume Casademont, Porta A, Planta 1, Despatx 13C/ Pic de Peguera, 15E-17003 Girona, Spain
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Jarald EE, Edwin S, Saini V, Deb L, Gupta VB, Wate SP, Busari KP. Anti-inflammatory and anthelmintic activities of Solanum khasianum Clarke. Nat Prod Res 2008; 22:269-74. [PMID: 18266159 DOI: 10.1080/14786410701590590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to scientifically appraise some of the folkloric uses of Solanum khasianum Clarke (Solanaceae), the present study was undertaken to examine the anti-inflammatory and anthelmintic properties of the berries of ethanol extract. Anti-inflammatory activity was tested in carrageenan induced rat hind paw edema method at three dose level of 200, 300, and 400 mg kg(-1) respectively, Diclofenac sodium (100 mg kg(-1)) was used as the reference standard. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was compared with standard and control. The anthelmintic activity of the extract was tested on tape worm, liver fluke, thread worm, and hook worm using two different concentrations, 100 and 200 mg mL(-1) respectively. Time taken for the inhibition of motility was noted and compared with the standard drug, Piperazine citrate 15 mg mL. The plant extract significantly (p < 0.01) reduced the inflammation of the rats when compared to the control group. Also, the ethanol extract of the plant paralyzed the worms followed by death, which was comparable with that of the standard. This study supports the folk claim.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Edwin Jarald
- Department of Pharmacognosy, BR Nahata College Pharmacy-SIRO, Mandsaur-458001, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Spernath A, Aserin A, Sintov AC, Garti N. Phosphatidylcholine embedded micellar systems: Enhanced permeability through rat skin. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 318:421-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Population pharmacokinetic modelling of the enterohepatic recirculation of diclofenac and rofecoxib in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 153:1072-84. [PMID: 18193075 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Enterohepatic recirculation (EHC) is a common pharmacokinetic phenomenon that has been poorly modelled in animals. The presence of EHC leads to the appearance of multiple peaks in the concentration-time profile and increased exposure, which may have implications for drug effect and extrapolation across species. The aim of this investigation was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for diclofenac and rofecoxib that describes EHC and to assess its consequence for the pharmacodynamics of both drugs. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The pharmacokinetics of diclofenac and rofecoxib was characterized in male rats following intravenous, intraperitoneal and oral administration. Blood samples were collected at pre-defined time points after dosing to determine plasma concentrations over time. A parametric approach using nonlinear mixed effects modelling was applied to describe EHC, whilst simulations were used to evaluate its impact on PGE(2) inhibition. KEY RESULTS For diclofenac, EHC was described by a compartmental model with periodic transfer rate and metabolite formation rate. For rofecoxib, EHC modelling required a conversion compartment with first-order recycling rate and lag time. Based on model predictions, EHC causes an increase of 95% in the systemic exposure to diclofenac and of 15% in the exposure to rofecoxib. In addition, EHC prolongs the inhibition of PGE(2) and increases the duration of the anti-inflammatory effect (24 h for rofecoxib 10 mg kg(-1)) without affecting maximum inhibition. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings show the relevance of exploring EHC in a quantitative manner to accurately interpret pharmacodynamic findings in vivo, in particular when scaling across species.
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Ojewole JAO. Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic effects of Rhus chirindensis (Baker F.) [Anacardiaceae] stem-bark aqueous extract in mice and rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 113:338-45. [PMID: 17689903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 06/03/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to scientifically evaluate some of the anecdotal, folkloric, ethnomedical uses of Rhus chirindensis Baker F. ('red currant'), the present study was undertaken to investigate the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic effects of the plant's stem-bark aqueous extract (RCE) in mice and rats. The analgesic effect of RCE was evaluated by 'hot-plate' and 'acetic acid' analgesic test methods in mice; while its anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic effects were investigated in rats, using fresh egg albumin-induced pedal oedema, and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus animal models. Morphine (MPN, 10 mg/kg), diclofenac (DIC, 100 mg/kg) and chlorpropamide (250 mg/kg) were used as reference drugs for comparison. RCE (50-800 mg/kg i.p.) produced dose-dependent, significant (P<0.05-0.001) analgesic effects against thermally- and chemically-induced nociceptive pain in mice. The plant's extract (RCE, 50-800 mg/kg p.o.) also significantly (P<0.05-0.001) inhibited fresh egg albumin-induced acute inflammation, and caused dose-related, significant (P<0.05-0.001) hypoglycaemia in normal (normoglycaemic) and diabetic (hyperglycaemic) rats. The flavonoids, triterpenoids and other chemical compounds present in RCE are speculated to account for the observed pharmacological effects of the plant's extract in the experimental animal paradigms used. The findings of this experimental animal study indicate that Rhus chirindensis stem-bark aqueous extract possesses analgesic, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic properties; and thus lend pharmacological credence to the anecdotal, folkloric, ethnomedical uses of the plant in the treatment and/or management of painful, arthritic, inflammatory conditions, as well as in the management and/or control of type 2 diabetes mellitus in some rural communities of South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A O Ojewole
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa.
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Rahal A, Kumar A, Ahmad AH, Malik JK. Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac and its interaction with enrofloxacin in sheep. Res Vet Sci 2007; 84:452-6. [PMID: 17692878 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of diclofenac was investigated in sheep given diclofenac alone (1mgkg(-1), i.v. or i.m.) and in combination with enrofloxacin (5mgkg(-1), i.v.). The plasma concentration-time data following i.v. administration of diclofenac was best described by a two compartment open pharmacokinetic model. The elimination half-life (t(1/2beta)), area under concentration-time-curve (AUC), volume of distribution (Vd(area)), mean residence time (MRT) and total body clearance (Cl(B)) were 1.03+/-0.18h, 12.17+/-1.98microg h ml(-1), 0.14+/-0.02Lkg(-1), 1.36+/-0.16h and 0.10+/-0.02Lkg(-1)h(-1), respectively. Following i.m. administration of diclofenac alone and in conjunction with enrofloxacin, the plasma concentration-time data best fitted to a one compartment open model. The t(1/2beta), AUC, Vd(area), MRT and Cl(B) were 1.33+/-0.10h, 7.32+/-1.01microg h mL(-1), 0.13+/-0.01Lkg(-1) and 0.07+/-0.01Lkg(-1)h(-1), respectively. Co-administration of enrofloxacin did not affect Vd(area) and MRT but absorption rate constant (K(a)), beta, t1/2Ka, t1/2beta, AUC, AUMC, Cl(B) and bioavailability (F) were significantly increased. This may be due to direct inhibition of cytochrome P(450) isozymes by enrofloxacin. A dose of 1.4mgkg(-1) of diclofenac administered every 6h may be appropriate for use in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Rahal
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G.B.P.U.A.&T., Pantnagar 263145, India.
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Spernath A, Aserin A, Ziserman L, Danino D, Garti N. Phosphatidylcholine embedded microemulsions: physical properties and improved Caco-2 cell permeability. J Control Release 2007; 119:279-90. [PMID: 17475359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the effect of a solubilized model drug, diclofenac sodium salt (diclofenac), in our unique new U-type microemulsion system embedded with phosphatidylcholine (PC) in terms of microstructure transformations, physical properties of the system (viscosity, electrical conductivity), droplet sizes and shapes, and nucleation and growth of the droplets. The physical properties are correlated to the permeability of diclofenac through Caco-2 monolayer cells. The major findings reported are: (1) systems that are rich in surfactant and contain minimal oil phase form a microemulsion that enables high solubilization of diclofenac (20 wt.% diclofenac in the oil and surfactant concentrate can be fully diluted with water); (2) PC presence at the interface does not affect the size of the O/W droplets, while the presence of diclofenac at the interface decreases the O/W droplet size by an average of 50%; (3) diclofenac seems to increase incorporation of PC into the W/O interface; (4) diclofenac affects the physical properties of the microemulsion increasing the viscosity of the W/O microemulsion system and completely changing the conductivity profile of the system upon water dilution; (5) cryo-TEM images indicate that above 70 wt.% water the droplets are spherical; (6) diclofenac permeability through Caco-2 monolayer cells increases when PC is embedded into the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviram Spernath
- Casali Institute of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Chan KKH, Vyas KH. Determination of Diclofenac Sodium in Synovial Fluid by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718508064483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Esparza F, Cobián C, Jiménez JF, García-Cota JJ, Sánchez C, Maestro A. Topical ketoprofen TDS patch versus diclofenac gel: efficacy and tolerability in benign sport related soft-tissue injuries. Br J Sports Med 2006; 41:134-9. [PMID: 17138642 PMCID: PMC2465231 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.030239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the ketoprofen TDS patch with diclofenac gel in the treatment of traumatic acute pain in benign sport-related soft-tissue injuries. DESIGN 7-14 treatment days, prospective, randomised, open study. PATIENTS Outpatients aged 18-70 years diagnosed for painful benign sport-related soft-tissue injury (sprains, strains and contusions within the prior 48 h), randomised to either ketoprofen patch 100 mg once daily (n = 114) or diclofenac gel 2-4 g three times daily (n = 109). INTERVENTION 7-14 days of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs treatment to assess the pain intensity changes (daily activities and spontaneous at rest) in a daily diary (100-mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)). MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT Pain intensity (VAS). RESULTS The ketoprofen patch was not inferior to diclofenac gel in reducing the baseline pain during daily activities (difference of -1.17 mm in favour of ketoprofen patch, 95% CI (-5.86 to 3.52), reducing to the baseline VAS 79%. Ketoprofen patch presented also a higher cure rate (64%) than diclofenac gel (46%) at day 7 (p = 0.004). Patient opinions about the treatment comfort (pharmaceutical shape, application and dosage) were also statistically higher for the ketoprofen patch (>80% of the patients rated as good or excellent the patch removal and skin adherence). CONCLUSION Ketoprofen patches are effective and safe pain relievers for the treatment of sports injury pain with advantages compared with diclofenac gel.
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