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Gómez R, Tapia-Guerrero YS, Cisneros B, Orozco L, Cerecedo-Zapata C, Mendoza-Caamal E, Leyva-Gómez G, Leyva-García N, Velázquez-Pérez L, Magaña JJ. Genetic Distribution of Five Spinocerebellar Ataxia Microsatellite Loci in Mexican Native American Populations and Its Impact on Contemporary Mestizo Populations. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13010157. [PMID: 35052497 PMCID: PMC8775409 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) conform a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance. Five of the most frequent SCAs are caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the exons of specific genes. The SCAs incidence and the distribution of polymorphic CAG alleles vary among populations and ethnicities. Thus, characterization of the genetic architecture of ethnically diverse populations, which have undergone recent admixture and demographic events, could facilitate the identification of genetic risk factors. Owing to the great ethnic diversity of the Mexican population, this study aimed to analyze the allele frequencies of five SCA microsatellite loci (SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6, and SCA7) in eleven Mexican Native American (MNA) populations. Data from the literature were used to compare the allelic distribution of SCA loci with worldwide populations. The SCA loci allelic frequencies evidenced a certain genetic homogeneity in the MNA populations, except for Mayans, who exhibited distinctive genetic profiles. Neither pathological nor large normal alleles were found in MNA populations, except for the SCA2 pre-mutated allele in the Zapotec population. Collectively, our findings demonstrated the contribution of the MNA ancestry in shaping the genetic structure of contemporary Mexican Mestizo populations. Our results also suggest that Native American ancestry has no impact on the origin of SCAs in the Mexican population. Instead, the acquisition of pathological SCA alleles could be associated with European migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Gómez
- Department of Toxicology, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Yessica S. Tapia-Guerrero
- Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Department of Genetics, National Rehabilitation Institute-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico; (Y.S.T.-G.); (C.C.-Z.); (N.L.-G.)
| | - Bulmaro Cisneros
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Lorena Orozco
- Laboratory of Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases, National Genomic Medicine Institute (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (L.O.); (E.M.-C.)
| | - César Cerecedo-Zapata
- Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Department of Genetics, National Rehabilitation Institute-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico; (Y.S.T.-G.); (C.C.-Z.); (N.L.-G.)
- Rehabilitation and Social Inclusion Center of Veracruz (CRIS-DIF), Xalapa, Veracruz 91097, Mexico
| | - Elvia Mendoza-Caamal
- Laboratory of Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases, National Genomic Medicine Institute (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (L.O.); (E.M.-C.)
| | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Norberto Leyva-García
- Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Department of Genetics, National Rehabilitation Institute-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico; (Y.S.T.-G.); (C.C.-Z.); (N.L.-G.)
| | | | - Jonathan J. Magaña
- Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Department of Genetics, National Rehabilitation Institute-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico; (Y.S.T.-G.); (C.C.-Z.); (N.L.-G.)
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Ciudad de México (ITESM-CCM), Mexico City 14380, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(55)-5999-1000 (ext. 14708)
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Forensic parameters for 15 autosomal STRs in Mestizo population from the state of Guerrero (South, Mexico). Leg Med (Tokyo) 2018; 32:104-106. [PMID: 29649681 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Allele distribution and forensic parameters were estimated for 15 STR loci (AmpFlSTR Identifiler kit) in 251 Mexican-Mestizos from the state of Guerrero (South, Mexico). Genotype distribution was in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg expectations for all 15 STRs. Similarly, linkage disequilibrium test demonstrated no association between pair of loci. The power of exclusion and power of discrimination values were 99.999634444% and >99.99999999%, respectively. Genetic relationship analysis regarding Mestizo populations from the main geographic regions of Mexico suggests that the Center and the present South regions conform one population cluster, separated from the Southeast and Northwest regions.
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Aguilar-Velázquez JA, Martínez-Sevilla VM, Sosa-Macías M, González-Martin A, Muñoz-Valle JF, Rangel-Villalobos H. Evaluation of the contribution of D9S1120 to anthropological studies in Native American populations. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2017; 68:440-451. [PMID: 29175060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The D9S1120 locus exhibits a population-specific allele of 9 repeats (9RA) in all Native American and two Siberian populations currently studied, but it is absent in other worldwide populations. Although this feature has been used in anthropological genetic studies, its impact on the evaluation of the structure and genetic relations among Native American populations has been scarcely assessed. Consequently, the aim of this study was to evaluate the anthropological impact of D9S1120 when it was added to STR population datasets in Mexican Native American groups. We analyzed D9S1120 by PCR and capillary electrophoresis (CE) in 1117 unrelated individuals from 13 native groups from the north and west of Mexico. Additional worldwide populations previously studied with D9S1120 and/or 15 autosomal STRs (Identifier kit) were included for interpopulation analyses. We report statistical results of forensic importance for D9S1120. On average, the modal alleles were the Native American-specific allele 9RA (0.3254) and 16 (0.3362). Genetic distances between Native American and worldwide populations were estimated. When D9S1120 was included in the 15 STR population dataset, we observed improvements for admixture estimation in Mestizo populations and for representing congruent genetic relationships in dendrograms. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) based on D9S1120 confirms that most of the genetic variability in the Mexican population is attributable to their Native American backgrounds, and allows the detection of significant intercontinental differentiation attributed to the exclusive presence of 9RA in America. Our findings demonstrate the contribution of D9S1120 to a better understanding of the genetic relationships and structure among Mexican Native groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Aguilar-Velázquez
- Instituto de Investigación en Genética Molecular, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara (CUCI-UdeG), Av. Universidad #1115, Ocotlán, Jalisco, México, CP 47810
| | - V Manuel Martínez-Sevilla
- Instituto de Investigación en Genética Molecular, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara (CUCI-UdeG), Av. Universidad #1115, Ocotlán, Jalisco, México, CP 47810
| | - M Sosa-Macías
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Durango (CIIDIR-IPN), Durango, México
| | - A González-Martin
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J F Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario en Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS-UdeG), Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - H Rangel-Villalobos
- Instituto de Investigación en Genética Molecular, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara (CUCI-UdeG), Av. Universidad #1115, Ocotlán, Jalisco, México, CP 47810.
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Burguete-Argueta N, Martínez De la Cruz B, Camacho-Mejorado R, Santana C, Noris G, López-Bayghen E, Arellano-Galindo J, Majluf-Cruz A, Antonio Meraz-Ríos M, Gómez R. Forensic-paternity effectiveness and genetics population analysis of six non-CODIS mini-STR loci (D1S1656, D2S441, D6S1043, D10S1248, D12S391, D22S1045) and SE33 in Mestizo and Amerindian populations from Mexico. Ann Hum Biol 2016; 43:563-571. [DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2015.1127424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Braulio Martínez De la Cruz
- Departamento de Ingeniería, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Campus Laguna, Torreón, Coahuila, México
| | | | - Carla Santana
- Laboratorio BIMODI (Biología Molecular Diagnóstica), Querétaro, Qro., México
| | - Gino Noris
- Laboratorio BIMODI (Biología Molecular Diagnóstica), Querétaro, Qro., México
| | | | - José Arellano-Galindo
- Laboratorio de Virología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, México D.F., México
| | - Abraham Majluf-Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Trombosis, Hemostasia y Aterogénesis, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México D.F., México
| | | | - Rocío Gómez
- Departamento de Toxicología, Cinvestav-IPN, México D.F., México
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Rangel-Villalobos H, Martínez-Sevilla VM, Martínez-Cortés G, Aguilar-Velázquez JA, Sosa-Macías M, Rubi-Castellanos R, González-Martín A. Importance of the geographic barriers to promote gene drift and avoid pre- and post-Columbian gene flow in Mexican native groups: Evidence from forensic STR Loci. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 160:298-316. [PMID: 26946467 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the origin, structure, relationships, and recent admixture in Mexican Native groups based on 15 STRs commonly used in human identification. METHODS We analyzed 39 Mexican Native population samples using STR databases based on the AmpFlSTR® Identifiler kit (n = 3,135), including Mexican-Mestizos (admixed), European and African populations, as reference. RESULTS Based upon effective population size (Ne) differences, Native groups were clustered into three regions: i) Center-Southeast groups, characterized by larger Ne, migration rate (Nm), genetic diversity (He), and relative homogeneity principally in the Yucatan Peninsula; ii) Isolated southern groups from Chiapas and Oaxaca, characterized by lower Ne, Nm, and He (i.e. higher isolation and genetic differentiation); iii) North-Northwest groups, which are similar to the previous group but are characterized by generating the widest gene flow barrier in the Pre-Hispanic Mexican territory, and currently by elevated admixture in some northern Native groups. Despite the relative congruence between genetic relationships with cultural, linguistic, geographic criteria, these factors do not explain the present-day population structure of Native groups, excepting in those linguistically related to the Mayan that show higher homogeneity. The Isolation by distance model was demonstrated at long distances (>1,500 km), whereas geographic isolation stands as a determining factor to avoid both non-indigenous admixture and bottleneck processes. CONCLUSIONS Different dynamics of gene flow and drift were observed among Mexican Native groups, highlighting the geographic barriers (mountains, canyons and jungle regions) as the main factor differentiating Pre-Hispanic populations, and eventually helping to avoid Post-European contact admixture and population bottleneck. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:298-316, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Rangel-Villalobos
- Instituto De Investigación En Genética Molecular, Centro Universitario De La Ciénega (CUCI-UdeG), Ocotlán, Jalisco, México
| | - Víctor Manuel Martínez-Sevilla
- Instituto De Investigación En Genética Molecular, Centro Universitario De La Ciénega (CUCI-UdeG), Ocotlán, Jalisco, México
| | - Gabriela Martínez-Cortés
- Instituto De Investigación En Genética Molecular, Centro Universitario De La Ciénega (CUCI-UdeG), Ocotlán, Jalisco, México
| | - José Alonso Aguilar-Velázquez
- Instituto De Investigación En Genética Molecular, Centro Universitario De La Ciénega (CUCI-UdeG), Ocotlán, Jalisco, México
| | - Martha Sosa-Macías
- Unidad Durango (CIIDIR-IPN), Centro Interdisciplinario De Investigación Para El Desarrollo Integral Regional Del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Durango, México
| | - Rodrigo Rubi-Castellanos
- Laboratorio De Genética, Centro De Investigaciones Regionales Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma De Yucatán (UADY), Mérida, Yucatán
| | - Antonio González-Martín
- Departamento De Zoología Y Antropología Física, Facultad De Biología, Universidad Complutense De Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Casas-castañeda M, Ibarra B, Rizo-De La Torre L, Sánchez-López J, Magaña-Torres M. 5′ and 3′ β-globin haplotypes in purepechas and Tarahumaras, two Mexican indigenous groups. Am J Hum Biol 2015; 27:697-703. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Casas-castañeda
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas; Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara; Guadalajara Jal. CP 44670 México
| | - B. Ibarra
- Instituto de Genética Humana “Enrique Corona Rivera”, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara; Guadalajara Jal. CP 44348 México
| | - L.C. Rizo-De La Torre
- Doctorado en Genética Humana; Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara; Guadalajara Jal. CP 44348 México
- División de Genética; Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social; Guadalajara Jal. CP 44340 México
| | - J.Y. Sánchez-López
- División de Genética; Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social; Guadalajara Jal. CP 44340 México
| | - M.T. Magaña-Torres
- División de Genética; Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social; Guadalajara Jal. CP 44340 México
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Martinez-Gonzalez LJ, Alvarez-Cubero MJ, Saiz M, Alvarez JC, Martinez-Labarga C, Lorente JA. Characterisation of genetic structure of the Mayan population in Guatemala by autosomal STR analysis. Ann Hum Biol 2015; 43:457-68. [DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2015.1069891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. J. Martinez-Gonzalez
- GENYO (Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Government Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research), Granada, Spain,
| | - M. J. Alvarez-Cubero
- Laboratorio de Identificación Genética, Departamento de Medicina Legal y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain, and
- Centre of Molecular Anthropology for Ancient DNA Studies, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Saiz
- Laboratorio de Identificación Genética, Departamento de Medicina Legal y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain, and
| | - J. C. Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Identificación Genética, Departamento de Medicina Legal y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain, and
| | - C. Martinez-Labarga
- Centre of Molecular Anthropology for Ancient DNA Studies, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - J. A. Lorente
- GENYO (Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Government Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research), Granada, Spain,
- Laboratorio de Identificación Genética, Departamento de Medicina Legal y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain, and
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Forensic parameters of the Investigator DIPplex kit (Qiagen) in six Mexican populations. Int J Legal Med 2015; 130:683-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-015-1242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Genetic structure and forensic parameters of 38 Indels for human identification purposes in eight Mexican populations. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2015; 17:149-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Rangel-Villalobos H, Muñoz-Rivas CD, Martínez-Sevilla VM, Nuño-Arana I, Rubi-Castellanos R, Martínez-Cortés G. Forensic evaluation of the AmpFℓSTR Identifiler kit in nine Mexican native populations from the pre-Columbian Mesoamerican region. Int J Legal Med 2013; 128:467-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-013-0956-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rangel-Villalobos H, Sanchez-Gutierrez VM, Botello-Ruiz M, Salazar-Flores J, Martínez-Cortes G, Munoz-Valle JF, Phillips C. Evaluation of forensic and anthropological potential of D9S1120 in Mestizos and Amerindian populations from Mexico. Croat Med J 2013; 53:423-31. [PMID: 23100204 PMCID: PMC3490453 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2012.53.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To carry out a deeper forensic and anthropological evaluation of the short tandem repeat (STR) D9S1120 in five Mestizo populations and eight Amerindian groups from Mexico. Methods We amplified the STR D9S1120 based on primers and conditions described by Phillips et al, followed by capillary electrophoresis in the genetic analyzer ABI Prism 310. Genotypes were analyzed with the GeneMapper ID software. In each population we estimated statistical parameters of forensic importance and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Heterozygosity and FST-values were compared with those previously obtained with nine STRs of the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS-STRs). Results Amerindian and Mestizo populations showed high frequencies of the allele 9 and 16, respectively. Population structure analysis (AMOVA) showed a significant differentiation between Amerindian groups (FST = 2.81%; P < 0.0001), larger than between Mestizos (FST = 0.44%; P = 0.187). D9S1120 showed less genetic diversity but better population differentiation estimates than CODIS-STRs between Amerindian groups and between Amerindians and Mestizos, but not between Mestizo groups. Conclusion This study evaluated the ability of D9S1120 to be used for human identification purposes and demonstrated its anthropological potential to differentiate Mestizos and Amerindian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Rangel-Villalobos
- Instituto de Investigacion en Genetica Molecular, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara (CUCI-UdeG), Av. Universidad 1115, Col Paso Blanco, Ocotlan, Jal., Mexico.
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Hughes CE, Tise ML, Trammell LH, Anderson BE. Cranial morphological variation among contemporary Mexicans: Regional trends, ancestral affinities, and genetic comparisons. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 151:506-17. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cris E. Hughes
- Department of Anthropology; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana; IL; 61801
| | - Meredith L. Tise
- Department of Anthropology; University of South Florida; Tampa; FL; 33620
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Rangel-Villalobos H, Martínez-Sevilla V, Salazar-Flores J, Martínez-Cortez G, Muñoz-Valle J, Galaviz-Hernández C, Lazalde-Ramos B, Sosa-Macías M. Forensic parameters for 15 STRs in eight Amerindian populations from the north and west of Mexico. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2013; 7:e62-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Salazar-Flores J, Torres-Reyes LA, Martínez-Cortés G, Rubi-Castellanos R, Sosa-Macías M, Muñoz-Valle JF, González-González C, Ramírez A, Román R, Méndez JL, Barrera A, Torres A, Medina R, Rangel-Villalobos H. Distribution of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 polymorphisms associated with poor metabolizer phenotype in five Amerindian groups and western Mestizos from Mexico. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:1098-104. [PMID: 22913530 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2012.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The distribution of polymorphisms in the CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genes allows inferring the potential risk for specific adverse drug reactions and lack of therapeutic effects in humans. This variability shows differences among human populations. The aim of this study was to analyze single-nucleotide polymorphisms related to a poor metabolizer (PM) phenotype in nonpreviously studied Amerindian groups and Mestizos (general admixed population) from Mexico. METHODS We detected by SNaPshot(®) different polymorphisms located in CYP2D6 (*3, *4, *6, *7, and *8) and CYP2C19 (*2, *3, *4 and *5) in western Mestizos (n=145) and five Amerindian groups from Mexico: Tarahumaras from the North (n=88); Purépechas from the Center (n=101); and Tojolabales (n=68), Tzotziles (n=88), and Tzeltales (n=20) from the Southeast. Genotypes were observed by capillary electrophoresis. The genetic relationships among these populations were estimated based on these genes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The wild-type allele (*1) of both genes was predominant in the Mexican populations studied. The most widely observed alleles were CYP2C19*2 (range, 0%-31%) and CYP2D6*4 (range, 1.2%-7.3%), whereas CYP2D6*3 was exclusively detected in Mestizos. Conversely, CYP2C19*4 and *5, as well as CYP2D6*3, *6, *7, and *8, were not observed in the majority of the Mexican populations. The Tarahumaras presented a high frequency of the allele CYP2C19*2 (31%) and of homozygotes *2/*2 (10.7%), which represent a high frequency of potentially PM phenotypes in this Amerindian group. The genetic distances showed high differentiation of Tarahumaras (principally for CYP2C19 gene). In general, a relative proximity was observed between most of the Amerindian, Mexican-Mestizo, and Latin-American populations. CONCLUSION In general, the wild-type allele (*1) predominates in Mexican populations, outlining a relatively homogeneous distribution for CYP2C19 and CYP2D6. The exception is the Tarahumara group that displays a potentially increased risk for adverse reactions to CYP2C19-metabolized drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Salazar-Flores
- Instituto de Investigación en Genética Molecular, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco, México
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