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Ahmed SG, Ibrahim UA. Non-S Sickling Hemoglobin Variants: Historical, Genetic, Diagnostic, and Clinical Perspectives. Oman Med J 2021; 36:e261. [PMID: 34113458 PMCID: PMC8170066 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2021.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Apart from hemoglobin-S (HbS), there are other Hb variants (non-S sickling Hb variants) that cause sickle cell disease. However, the profiles of these non-S sickling Hb variants have neither been collated nor harmonized. A literature search revealed 14 non-S sickling Hb variants (HbC-Harlem, HbC-Ziguinchor, HbS-Travis, HbS-Antilles, HbS-Providence, HbS-Oman, HbS-Cameroon, HbS-South End, Hb Jamaica Plain, HbC-Ndjamena, HbS-Clichy, HbS-San Martin, HbS-Wake, and HbS-São Paulo). Generally, the non-S sickling Hb variants are double mutants with the HbS mutation (GAG>GTG: βGlu6Val) and additional β-chain mutations. Consequently, non-S sickling Hb variants give positive solubility and sickling tests, but they differ from HbS with respect to stability, oxygen affinity, and electro-chromatographic characteristics. Similarities and discrepancies between HbS and non-S sickling Hb variants create diagnostic pitfalls that can only be resolved by elaborate electro-chromatographic and/or genetic tests. It is therefore imperative that tropical hematologists should have a thorough understanding of these atypical sickling Hb variants. Collated and harmonized appraisal of the non-S sickling Hb variants have not been previously undertaken. Hence, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive but concise historical, genetic, comparative, diagnostic, and clinical overview of non-S sickling Hb variants. The elaborate techniques often required for precise diagnosis of non-S sickling Hb variants are regrettably not readily available in low resource tropical countries, which paradoxically carry the heaviest burden of sickling disorders. We strongly recommend that tropical countries should upgrade their diagnostic laboratory facilities to avoid misdiagnosis of these atypical Hb mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagir G Ahmed
- Department of Hematology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano State, Nigeria
| | - Umma A Ibrahim
- Department of Pediatrics, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano State, Nigeria
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Iacomelli I, Barberio G, Pucci P, Monaco V, Maffei M, Mogni M, Curcio C, Maoggi S, Giulietti C, Harteveld CL, Ivaldi G. Hemoglobin Yamagata [β132(H10)Lys→Asn; ( HBB: c.399A>T)]: a mosaic to be put together. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 59:1670-1679. [PMID: 33887814 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Artifactually altered glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentrations are frequently linked to hemoglobin (Hb) variants. Their expression and detection require in-depth analysis. METHODS Cation exchange high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Bio-Rad Variant™ II; Trinity Biotech Premier Hb9210 Resolution), capillary electrophoresis (CE) (Sebia Capillarys 2 Flex Piercing) and mass spectrometry (MS) (Waters) were used for variant detection; Sanger sequencing, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and next generation sequencing (NGS) were used for DNA analysis; HbA1c was measured with cation exchange HPLC (Bio-Rad Variant™ II; Arkray Adams HA-8180V; Tosoh HLC-723 G7), CE (Sebia Capillarys 2 Flex Piercing), boronate affinity HPLC (Trinity Biotech Hb9210 Premier), immunoassay (Cobas c501 Tina-quant HbA1c Gen. 3; Nihon Kohden CHM-4100 Celltac chemi HbA1c HA-411V) and enzymatic assay (Abbott Architect c 8000 HbA1c). RESULTS Hb Yamagata [β132(H10)Lys→Asn; (HBB: c.399A>T)] was identified in the proband by MS after the observation of an abnormal peak in HPLC and CE. A mosaic expression of this variant was detected by NGS (mutant: 8%; wild type: 92%), after negative results in Sanger sequencing. Hb Yamagata interfered with HbA1c measurements by cation exchange HPLC and CE whereas immuno and enzymatic assay values showed good agreement with boronate affinity HPLC measurement. CONCLUSIONS A mosaicism of Hb Yamagata was found in a patient with altered HbA1c values. This rare gene variant was detected only by advanced technologies as MS and NGS. The variant interfered with common HbA1c determination methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Iacomelli
- Diabetes and Metabolism Unit, Valdarno Hospital S. Maria alla Gruccia, USL Toscana Sud Est, Montevarchi, AR, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Barberio
- Laboratory Medicine Unit, Ca' Foncello Hospital, AUSLL 2 Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Piero Pucci
- Proteomic Laboratory, CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Vittoria Monaco
- Proteomic Laboratory, CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Maffei
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Massimo Mogni
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Cristina Curcio
- Genetics Laboratory, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Giulietti
- Internal Medicine Unit, Valtiberina Hospital, USL Toscana Sud Est, Sansepolcro, AR, Italy
| | - Cornelis L Harteveld
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Ivaldi
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
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Jung CL, Kwon KJ, Hong KS, Sung YA, Lee ST, Ki CS, Lee MA, Chung WS. Hemoglobin Yamagata: Hemoglobin Variant Detected by HbA1c Test. Ann Lab Med 2009; 29:536-40. [DOI: 10.3343/kjlm.2009.29.6.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chae Lim Jung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Joo Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Sook Hong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon Ah Sung
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Tae Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Ki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Ae Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wha Soon Chung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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Luo HY, Adewoye AH, Eung SH, Skelton TP, Quillen K, McMahon L, Steinberg MH, Chui DHK. A novel sickle hemoglobin: hemoglobin S-south end. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2004; 26:773-6. [PMID: 15543018 DOI: 10.1097/00043426-200411000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sickle hemoglobin (Hb S; beta Glu6Val) is due to an A<T transversion in codon 6 of the beta-globin gene. Several Hb S variants have both the Hb S mutation plus another mutation in the same beta-globin gene. Some of these variant hemoglobins can lead to sickle cell disease even in the simple heterozygote. Moreover, some variant hemoglobins mimic Hb A, S, or C on one or several clinical laboratory diagnostic tools, thus making their correct identification potentially problematic. The authors report a novel Hb S variant hemoglobin, Hb S-South End (beta Glu6Val, GAG>GTG; beta Lys132Asn, AAA>AAC). When present alone, the beta Lys132Asn mutation has low oxygen affinity. Therefore, this mutation may enhance the polymerization of the Hb S variant. Furthermore, the variant hemoglobin mimics Hb A on high-pressure liquid chromatography, and its identity is not easily diagnosed. A succinct review of variant sickle hemoglobins is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yuan Luo
- Hemoglobin Diagnostic Reference Laboratory, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Han JY, Wee JH, Kim JM, Kim JY, Kim IH, Rodgers GP. A new observation of Hb Yamagata with a different nucleotide substitution: beta 132 AAA-->AAT. Hemoglobin 1996; 20:165-8. [PMID: 8811322 DOI: 10.3109/03630269609027924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Y Han
- Life Science Research Institute, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Pusan, Korea
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Harano T, Harano K, Kushida Y, Imai K, Nishinakamura R, Matsunaga T. Hb Kodaira [beta 146(HC3)His----Gln]: a new beta chain variant with an amino acid substitution at the C-terminus. Hemoglobin 1992; 16:85-91. [PMID: 1634367 DOI: 10.3109/03630269209005681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Harano
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
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Rahbar S, Nozari G, Asmerom Y, Martin PA, Yeh CH, Lee TD. Association of Hb Hope [beta 136(H14)Gly----Asp] and alpha-thalassemia-2 (3.7 Kb deletion) causing severe microcytic anemia. Hemoglobin 1992; 16:421-5. [PMID: 1428947 DOI: 10.3109/03630269209005695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Rahbar
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
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Tagawa Y, Fujinami S, Kadota Y, Nakagawa T, Seki T, Shiozaki Y, Inoue K, Harano T, Harano K, Ueda S. Hb Olomouc [alpha 2 beta 2(86)(F2)Ala----Asp] found in a Japanese family. Hemoglobin 1992; 16:73-6. [PMID: 1634364 DOI: 10.3109/03630269209005678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Tagawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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Harano T, Harano K, Kushida Y, Ueda S. A new abnormal variant, Hb Yahata or beta 112(G14)Cys----Tyr, found in a Japanese: structural confirmation by DNA sequencing of the beta-globin gene. Hemoglobin 1991; 15:109-13. [PMID: 1917530 DOI: 10.3109/03630269109072490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Harano
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
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Harano T, Harano K, Kushida Y, Ueda S, Kawakami H. Hb A2-Niigata [delta 1(NA1)Val----Ala]: a new delta chain variant found in the Japanese population. Hemoglobin 1991; 15:335-9. [PMID: 1787103 DOI: 10.3109/03630269109027889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Harano
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
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