Pseudoephedrine inhibits T-cell activation by targeting NF-κB, NFAT and AP-1 signaling pathways

Pharmacology of chlorphenamine and pseudoephedrine use in the common cold: a narrative review

The common cold is the most frequent upper respiratory viral infection. Although benign, it represents a high socioeconomic burden. Many over-the-counter drugs are available to manage the symptoms of this condition, with antihistamines and vasoconstrictors being the most widely used. This review aimed to compare the potential mechanisms underlying the efficacy and safety of chlorphenamine and pseudoephedrine, the most commonly used agents in these two classes of drugs, and provide a useful perspective to impact appropriate decisions when considering these options for symptomatic common cold treatment. To conduct a comprehensive analysis, we systematically reviewed the use of pseudoephedrine and chlorphenamine using various databases, including MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Embase. We also perused the bibliographies of relevant articles and the EudraVigilance database. The findings suggest that pseudoephedrine may offer specific benefits in rapidly alleviating nasal congestion in the short term. Chlorphenamine appears to exhibit a higher degree of efficacy in alleviating rhinorrhea and other specific cold symptoms compared to pseudoephedrine. Pharmacovigilance data and case report reviews showed that pseudoephedrine may induce a higher incidence of less common but potentially life-threatening adverse effects compared to chlorphenamine. We concluded that antihistamine drugs exhibit a more favorable benefit/risk profile than vasoconstrictors for treating symptomatic common colds.

Ethnobotanical Uses and Pharmacological Activities of Moroccan Ephedra Species

Ephedra species are among the most popular herbs used in traditional medicine for a long time. The ancient Chinese medical book "Treatise on Febrile Diseases" refers to the classic traditional Chinese medicine prescription Ge Gen decoction, which consists of seven herbs, including an Ephedra species. Ephedra species are utilized all over the world to treat symptoms of the common cold and coughs, and to combat major human diseases, such as asthma, cancers, diabetes, cardiovascular and digestive disorders, and microbial infections. This study aimed at identifying specific Ephedra species used traditionally in Morocco for therapeutic purposes. The plant parts, their preparation process, and the treated pathologies were identified and analyzed. The results revealed five ethnobotanically important species of Ephedra: Ephedra alata Decne, Ephedra altissima Desf., Ephedra distachya L., Ephedra fragilis Desf., and Ephedra nebrodensis Tineo. These species are used traditionally in Morocco for treating people with diabetes, cancer, rheumatism, cold and asthma, hypertension, influenza virus infection, and respiratory ailments. In addition, they are occasionally used as calefacient agents, to regulate weight, or for capillary care. Few studies have underlined the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of some of these Moroccan Ephedra species, but little information is available regarding the natural products at the origin of the bioactivities. Further phytochemical investigations and clinical data are encouraged to better support the use of these plants.

Effects of pseudoephedrine on rat fetal bone development: evaluation by three different methods

Pseudoephedrine (PSE) is an agent that is contained in common cold medications. The agent, which is used to treat cold and cough, is the fourth most prescribed drug group in some countries. During pregnancy, expectant mothers use PSE for colds and other reasons. One out of every four expectant mothers use PSE alone or in combination with other medicines for various reasons. This study was aimed to investigate effects of PSE on long bones development in rat during fetal growth. Pregnant rats were divided into five groups: control and four experimental groups (25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg PSE). Between 1 and 20 days of pregnancy, PSE was given to them by gavage. Weights and heights of fetuses isolated by cesarean on the 21st day were measured. Ossification of femur and humerus was examined by three different methods mentioned earlier. Depending on the dose increase, all morphometric data, ossification rate and bone length of the fetuses were decreased. Besides, it was determined that the amount of Calcium in the bone tissue decreased in the analyzes made with SEM-EDX Analysis. The data obtained from this study reveal that the use of PSE during pregnancy disrupts the existing balance in the bone and negatively affects ossification due to the dose increase. In conclusion, we present descriptive and novel data on the effects of PSE use during pregnancy on the bone development of rat fetal long bones.

Dynamics and correlations in multiplex immune profiling reveal persistent immune inflammation in male drug users after withdrawal

Drug withdrawal elicits immune responses that contribute to the development of withdrawal symptoms and relapse. The understanding of the immunologic dynamics after drug withdrawal is limited, precluding the finding of promising immune intervention measures. Here, we performed cytokine and multiplex immune profiling in heroin, methamphetamine (METH) and ephedrine users after withdrawal and identified the correlation between cytokines and other immune parameters. We showed that broad and strong inflammatory responses occurred at the early stage after drug withdrawal, and the inflammatory responses showed a downtrend with the extension of withdrawal time. Notably, immune dysregulation remained through and may last longer than 12 months after withdrawal in heroin and METH users. Our findings suggest that cytokines, immune cells, complement and immunoglobulin form a complex immune network that regulates immune responses after withdrawal. These data provide a reference for future scientific research and drug research and development.

Over a century since ephedrine discovery: an updated revisit to its pharmacological aspects, functionality and toxicity in comparison to its herbal extracts

Ephedrine, a sympathomimetic amine that exhibits several adrenaline actions, is a plant alkaloid that is a common ingredient in several cold, asthma and narcolepsy treatment preparations, and in obesity management and sport medicine. Its principal action mechanism relies on its direct adrenergic actions as well as indirect role that involves the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, thus increasing the activity of epinephrine and norepinephrine at the postsynaptic α and β receptors. Nevertheless, its serious side effects, including stroke, heart attack, drug abuse and interactions, have never been comprehensively reviewed. We conducted a systematic review of data on ephedrine, including its occurrence in functional foods, pharmacological aspects, metabolism, pharmaco/toxicokinetics and clinical features. Furthermore, a review of ephedrine natural structural analogues with regards to their differential adrenergic receptor binding affinities, food interaction, and their impact on the pharmacokinetics and effects relative to ephedrine are presented for the first time, and in comparison to its action when present in herbs.

Protein and peptide delivery to lungs by using advanced targeted drug delivery

The challenges and difficulties associated with conventional drug delivery systems have led to the emergence of novel, advanced targeted drug delivery systems. Therapeutic drug delivery of proteins and peptides to the lungs is complicated owing to the large size and polar characteristics of the latter. Nevertheless, the pulmonary route has attracted great interest today among formulation scientists, as it has evolved into one of the important targeted drug delivery platforms for the delivery of peptides, and related compounds effectively to the lungs, primarily for the management and treatment of chronic lung diseases. In this review, we have discussed and summarized the current scenario and recent developments in targeted delivery of proteins and peptide-based drugs to the lungs. Moreover, we have also highlighted the advantages of pulmonary drug delivery over conventional drug delivery approaches for peptide-based drugs, in terms of efficacy, retention time and other important pharmacokinetic parameters. The review also highlights the future perspectives and the impact of targeted drug delivery on peptide-based drugs in the coming decade.

Modulation of Adaptive Immunity and Viral Infections by Ion Channels

Most cellular functions require of ion homeostasis and ion movement. Among others, ion channels play a crucial role in controlling the homeostasis of anions and cations concentration between the extracellular and intracellular compartments. Calcium (Ca2+) is one of the most relevant ions involved in regulating critical functions of immune cells, allowing the appropriate development of immune cell responses against pathogens and tumor cells. Due to the importance of Ca2+ in inducing the immune response, some viruses have evolved mechanisms to modulate intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and the mobilization of this cation through Ca2+ channels to increase their infectivity and to evade the immune system using different mechanisms. For instance, some viral infections require the influx of Ca2+ through ionic channels as a first step to enter the cell, as well as their replication and budding. Moreover, through the expression of viral proteins on the surface of infected cells, Ca2+ channels function can be altered, enhancing the pathogen evasion of the adaptive immune response. In this article, we review those ion channels and ion transporters that are essential for the function of immune cells. Specifically, cation channels and Ca2+ channels in the context of viral infections and their contribution to the modulation of adaptive immune responses.

A comprehensive review of natural products against atopic dermatitis: Flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, glycosides and other compounds

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is considered a great challenge for human communities and imposes both physiological and mental burdens on patients. Natural products have widely been used to treat a wide range of diseases, including cancer, gastrointestinal diseases, asthma, neurological disorders, and infections. To seek potential natural products against AD, in the current review, we searched the terms "atopic dermatitis" and "natural product" in Pubmed, Medline, Web of Science，Science Direct, Embase, EBSCO, CINAHL, ACS. The results show that many natural products, especially puerarin, ferulic acid and ginsenosides, cound protect against AD. Meanwhile, we discussed the therapeutic mechanisms and showed that the natural products exert their anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the quantity and activity of many inflammatory cell types and cytokines, including neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, Langerhans cells, interleukins (ILs, including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-4), TNF-α, and TSLP, IgE. via inhibition of JAK/STAT, MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways, thereby, halting the inflammatory cascade. Future investigations should focus on studies with more reflective of the clinical characteristics and demographics, so as to develop natural products that will be hopefully available for the treatment of human AD disease.

Comprehensive profiling and characterization of the absorbed components and metabolites in mice serum and tissues following oral administration of Qing-Fei-Pai-Du decoction by UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap HRMS

Qing-Fei-Pai-Du decoction (QFPDD) is a Chinese medicine compound formula recommended for combating corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. The latest clinical study showed that early treatment with QFPDD was associated with favorable outcomes for patient recovery, viral shedding, hospital stay, and course of the disease. However, the effective constituents of QFPDD remain unclear. In this study, an UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS based method was developed to identify the chemical constituents in QFPDD and the absorbed prototypes as well as the metabolites in mice serum and tissues following oral administration of QFPDD. A total of 405 chemicals, including 40 kinds of alkaloids, 162 kinds of flavonoids, 44 kinds of organic acids, 71 kinds of triterpene saponins and 88 kinds of other compounds in the water extract of QFPDD were tentatively identified via comparison with the retention times and MS/MS spectra of the standards or refereed by literature. With the help of the standards and in vitro metabolites, 195 chemical components (including 104 prototypes and 91 metabolites) were identified in mice serum after oral administration of QFPDD. In addition, 165, 177, 112, 120, 44, 53 constituents were identified in the lung, liver, heart, kidney, brain, and spleen of QFPDD-treated mice, respectively. These findings provided key information and guidance for further investigation on the pharmacologically active substances and clinical applications of QFPDD.

Polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (PAMK) Alleviates Cyclophosphamide-induced Immunosuppression in Mice by Upregulating CD28/IP3R/PLCγ-1/AP-1/NFAT Signal Pathway

The polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (PAMK) is recognized as an immune enhancer, with anti-cancer, anti-tumour, lymphocyte-activating and lymphocytes proliferation-inducing effects. For investigating the mechanism that PAMK alleviates the decline in T cell activation induced by CTX, 24 6-week-old BALB/c female mice were randomly divided into four groups (C, PAMK, CTX, PAMK + CTX). The spleen index, splenocytes morphology and death, cytokine concentration, T cell activating factors (CD25, CD69, CD71), mRNA expression levels related to the CD28 signal pathway were detected. Furthermore, the lymphocytes of mice was isolated and cultured, and then the Th1/Th2 ratio, activating factors, mRNA levels related to the CD28 signal pathway were detected. The results showed that PAMK significantly improved the spleen index, alleviated abnormal splenocytes morphology and death, maintained the balance of Th1/Th2 cells, increased the levels of IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, and increased the mRNA levels of CD28, PLCγ-1, IP3R, NFAT, and AP-1. In conclusion, PAMK increased cytokines levels and alleviated the decline in activation level of lymphocytes induced by CTX through CD28/IP3R/PLCγ-1/AP-1/NFAT signal pathway.

Network pharmacology analysis of the therapeutic mechanisms of the traditional Chinese herbal formula Lian Hua Qing Wen in Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), gives fundamental support to the clinical use of LHQW

BACKGROUND

The traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) herbal formula Lian Hua Qing Wen (LHQW) improves the results of COVID-19 treatment. Three very recent studies analyzed with network pharmacology some working mechanisms of LHQW. However, we used more techniques and also included Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) (a SARS-CoV receptor, possibly the viral entry point in alveolar lung cells) and the immune system, as cytokine storm is essential in the late phase.

PURPOSE

Extensive detailed Network Pharmacology analysis of the LHQW- treatment mechanism in COVID-19.

METHODS

TCM-herb-meridian and protein interaction network (PIN) of LHQW, based on LHQW herbs meridian information and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) information of the LHQW-component targets. Hub and topological property analyses to obtain crucial targets and construct the crucial LHQW-PIN. Functional modules determination using MCODE, GO and KEGG pathway analysis of biological processes and pathway enrichment. Intersection calculations between the LHQW-proteins and ACE2 co-expression-proteins.

RESULTS

LHQW herbs have relationships to Stomach-, Heart-, Liver- and Spleen-systems, but most (10 of the 13 herbs) to the Lung system, indicating specific effects in lung diseases. The crucial LHQW PIN has the scale-free property, contains 2,480 targets, 160,266 PPIs and thirty functional modules. Six modules are enriched in leukocyte-mediated immunity, the interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway, immune response regulating signaling pathway, interleukin 23 mediated signaling pathway and Fc gamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis (GO analysis). These 6 are also enriched in cancer, immune system-, and viral infection diseases (KEGG). LHQW shared 189 proteins with ACE2 co-expression proteins.

CONCLUSIONS

Detailed network analysis shows, that LHQW herbal TCM treatment modulates the inflammatory process, exerts antiviral effects and repairs lung injury. Moreover, it also relieves the "cytokine storm" and improves ACE2-expression-disorder-caused symptoms. These innovative findings give a rational pharmacological basis and support for treating COVID-19 and possibly other diseases with LHQW.

Pseudoephedrine alleviates atopic dermatitis-like inflammatory responses in vivo and in vitro

AIMS

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by eczematous lesions and has become a serious health problem worldwide. Pseudoephedrine (PSE) is a nasal decongestant to treat the common cold. PSE has been reported that is beneficial to allergic diseases. However, whether PSE has the potential in atopic dermatitis remains to be elucidated.

MAIN METHODS

Male BALB/c mice were challenged with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) to induce atopic dermatitis-like lesion and orally administrated with PSE for two weeks. The skin hydration and the scratching behavior were detected. The skin lesions and histopathological changes were evaluated and inflammatory factors levels were detected. Human Keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) were stimulated by TNF-α/IFN-γ after PSE-pretreatment. The transcriptions of inflammatory factors were detected.

KEY FINDINGS

PSE decreased skin lesion area and skin thickness in atopic dermatitis mice. PSE improved skin hydration and scratching. Histologically, PSE reduced mast cell and CD4+ cell infiltration. PSE suppressed serum TNF-α and IgE levels, reducing cytokines (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, IL-33, TSLP, and IL-23) and neutrophil migration factors (CCL2 and MMP-9) in skin tissues. In addition, PSE inhibited TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced release of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-23) in HaCaT cells. Furthermore, PSE suppressed the activation of MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways in vivo and in vitro.

SIGNIFICANCE

These results demonstrate that PSE could inhibit inflammatory responses in atopic dermatitis models. PSE may serve as a viable alternatives drug for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.

Signaling pathway underlying splenocytes activation by polysaccharides from Atractylodis macrocephalae Koidz

Previous study demonstrated that total polysaccharides isolated from Atractylodis macrocephalae Koidz. (RAMPtp) were effective to eliminate intramammary infection in cows. The present study was designed to investigate the immunomodulatory activity of RAMPtp in mouse splenocytes. Splenocyte proliferation, natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity, productions of NO and cytokines, transcription factor activity as well as the signal pathways and receptor were examined. The results showed that RAMPtp significantly promoted splenocyte proliferation and made the cells enter S and G2/M phases, increased ratios of T/B cells, boosted NK cytotoxicity, enhanced transcriptional activities of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1), and stimulated secretions of NO, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and multiple cytokine families (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IFN-γ, TNF-α, G-CSF, GM-CSF, KC, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES and Eotaxin). In addition, all the specific inhibitors against the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and NF-κB significantly suppressed the IL-6 production induced by RAMPtp. Moreover, splenocytes from Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) deficient mouse responded equally to RAMPtp stimulation as the wild-type. Therefore, RAMPtp might induce splenocytes activation at least in part via the TLR4-independent MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways. The present results would be useful to further understand the immunomodulatory mechanisms of RAMPtp in elimination of intramammary infection in cows.

The PPI network analysis of mRNA expression profile of uterus from primary dysmenorrheal rats

To elucidate the mechanisms of molecular regulations underlying primary dysmenorrhea (PD), we used our previously published mRNA expression profile of uterus from PD syndrome rats to construct protein-protein interactions (PPI) network via STRING Interactome. Consequently, 34 subnetworks, including a "continent" (Subnetwork 1) and 33 "islands" (Subnetwork 2-34) were generated. The nodes, with relative expression ratios, were visualized in the PPI networks and their connections were identified. Through path and module exploring in the network, the bridges were found from pathways of cellular response to calcium ion, SMAD protein signal transduction, regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to stress and muscle stretch that were significantly enriched by the up-regulated mRNAs, to the cascades of cAMP metabolic processes and positive regulation of cyclase activities by the down-regulated ones. This link is mainly dependent on Fos/Jun - Vip connection. Our data, for the first time, report the PPI network analysis of differentially expressed mRNAs in the uterus of PD syndrome rats, to give insight into screening drugs and find new therapeutic strategies to relieve PD.

The common cold: potential for future prevention or cure

The common cold is the most frequent, although generally mild, human disease. Human Rhinoviruses are the prevalent causative agents, but other viruses are also implicated. Being so common, viral colds, have significant implications on public health and quality of life, but may also be life-threatening for vulnerable groups of patients. Specific diagnosis and treatment of the common cold still remain unmet needs. Molecular diagnostic techniques allow specific detection of known pathogens as well as the identification of newly emerging viruses. Although a number of medications or natural treatments have been shown to have some effect, either on the number or on the severity of common colds, no single agent is considerably effective. Virus-specific management remains in most cases a challenging potential as many factors have to be taken into account, including the diversity of the viral genomes, the heterogeneity of affected individuals, as well as the complexity of this long standing host-virus relationship.

Pseudoephedrine/ephedrine shows potent anti-inflammatory activity against TNF-α-mediated acute liver failure induced by lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine

The anti-inflammatory effects of pseudoephedrine/ephedrine were investigated using the experimental model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver failure in D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-sensitised male rats in order to elucidate effects other than sympathomimetic effects. Rats were intraperitoneally injected with D-GalN (400 mg/kg) and LPS (40 μg/kg) to induce acute liver failure. The treatment groups were then intraperitoneally administered pseudoephedrine/ephedrine at 0 h and 4 h after induction and the activation induced by treatment with pseudoephedrine and/or LPS on the primary Kupffer cells (KCs) was monitored. Compared with controls induced by GalN/LPS alone, pseudoephedrine dramatically reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells and bile ductular hyperplasia and hepatic necrosis observed in liver sections. It inhibited both hepatocellular apoptosis and the expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1. It lowered the production of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the beginning of acute liver failure induced by D-GalN/LPS. Correspondingly, levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin (TBIL) and malondialdehyde were attenuated. Ephedrine demonstrated all these identical protective effects as well. In addition, pseudoephedrine significantly suppressed the production of p-IκB-α, reducing the degradation of sequestered nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in the cytoplasm, and inhibited the translocation of NF-κB/p65 to the nucleus, the transcription of TNF-α mRNA and the production of TNF-α in primary KCs. These results suggest that pseudoephedrine and ephedrine have a potent anti-inflammatory activity against D-GalN/LPS-induced acute liver failure in rats, and this comprehensive anti-inflammatory effect may result from the inhibition of TNF-α production.