Engineering liposomes of leaf extract of seabuckthorn (SBT) by supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2)-mediated process

Optimization of polyphenol extraction from Hippophae salicifolia D. Don leaf using supercritical CO2 by response surface methodology

In this study, an eco-friendly supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction of polyphenolic compounds from Hippophae salicifolia leaf was optimized to achieve the highest extraction yield with maximum total phenolic content (TPC) and minimum IC50. The central composite design was used to establish an experimental design for RSM. The effect of the pressure, temperature, carbon dioxide flow rate, and co-solvent amount was scrutinized using variance analysis (ANOVA). Under optimized condition (25.13 MPa, 47.53 °C, 14.47 g/min, and 2.43%), the experimental data (yield of extraction: 4.38%, TPC: 84.31 mg GAE/g, and IC50: 41.94 µg/mL) showed good agreement with the predicted values (yield of extraction: 4.53%, TPC: 83.37 mg GAE/g, and IC50: 40.2 µg/mL). Nine polyphenolic compounds: gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, and rutin were analyzed in SC-CO2 extract using HPLC. SC-CO2 extraction was more selective for ferulic acid, myricetin, and quercetin extraction. The study results revealed that SC-CO2 extract had significant antibacterial activity against eight bacterial strains.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03358-1.

A Narrative Review of the Potential Roles of Lipid-Based Vesicles (Vesiculosomes) in Burn Management

Burn injuries can have a lasting effect on people’s quality of life, as they negatively impact their physical and mental health. Then, they are likely to suffer psychological problems as a result. A serious problem is that deep burns are more challenging to treat due to their slow healing rate and susceptibility to microbial infection. Conventional topical medications used for burn treatment are sometimes ineffective because they cannot optimize their ability of transcutaneous absorption at the targeted site and accelerate healing. However, nanotechnology offers excellent prospects for developing current medical wound therapies and is capable of addressing issues such as low drug stability, water solubility, permeability, and bioavailability. The current review focuses on lipid-based vesicles (vesiculosomes) as an example of advanced delivery systems, showing their potential clinical applications in burn wound management. Vesiculosomes may help overcome impediments including the low bioavailability of active agents, offering the controlled release of drugs, increased drug stability, fewer side effects, and reduced dosing frequency, which will ultimately improve therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. We discuss the application of various types of vesiculosomes such as liposomes, niosomes, ethosomes, cubosomes, transfersomes, and phytosomes in burn healing therapy, as these demonstrate superior skin penetration compared to conventional burn topical treatment. We also highlight their noteworthy uses in the formulation of natural products and discuss the current status as well as future perspectives of these carriers in burn management. Furthermore, the burn treatment options currently available in the market are also summarized.

Development of Nanoliposomes Loaded with Carbon Dioxide Serenoa repens (Saw Palmetto) Extract

Liposomes represent, among the nanocarriers, the most useful ones for dermatological use, and their composition, charge, size strongly influence their performance in topical drug delivery systems, with possible accumulation of the loaded drugs in the hair follicles. Recently, a saw palmetto carbon dioxide (CO₂) extract has been reported useful for the treatment of hair loss because of the inhibition of 5α-reductase enzyme, responsible of the conversion of testosterone to the most potent androgen, the 5α-dihydrotestosterone. In this work, the formation of nano-sized liposomes and the encapsulation efficiency of saw palmetto CO₂ extract were investigated by light scattering techniques, microscopy and HPLC. The vesicles were loaded with 0.1% w/v saw palmetto CO₂ extract and were small in size (mean size of 145±5 nm). In addition, they were homogeneously dispersed (polydispersity index ≤0.27) and negatively charged (mean value -36.2±3.1 mV). The developed nanoliposomes could represent suitable drug delivery systems to treat the hair loss.

Nanocharacterization of liposomes for the encapsulation of water soluble compounds from Cordyceps sinensis CS1197 by a supercritical gas anti-solvent technique

Nano-liposomes were designed for the sustained release of water soluble compounds from C. sinensis CS1197 using a supercritical gas anti-solvent (SC-GAS) method at various pressures, temperatures and Tween 80 concentrations. The SC-GAS method was compared to the Bangham method of liposome production in terms of mean diameter, coefficient of uniformity (C_u), encapsulation efficiency, morphology, viscosity and actual energy required for liposome formation. Liposome production via the SC-GAS method under optimized formulation conditions, i.e., 180 bar; 50 °C; 0.75% Tween 80; and a depressurization rate of 25 bar min⁻¹, yielded nano-liposomes exhibiting the lowest C_u value (1.10 ± 0.012) with a mean diameter of 0.072 ± 0.002 μm and better encapsulation efficiencies of 75.48 ± 2.5, 74.9 ± 2.1 and 70.23 ± 2.9% for adenosine, cordycepin and polysaccharides, respectively. Nano-liposomes were characterized using FTIR, XRD, DSC and TGA techniques. The stability indices and viscosities of the prepared liposome suspensions indicated good stability of up to 2 months and near-Newtonian behavior. The in vitro release of CS1197 water soluble compounds exhibited biphasic and sustained release patterns.

Nano-liposomes were designed for the sustained release of water soluble compounds from C. sinensis CS1197 using a supercritical gas anti-solvent (SC-GAS) method at various pressures, temperatures and Tween 80 concentrations.

Nano-engineering of liposomes using a supercritical CO2 mediated gas anti-solvent method

Nano-liposomes were designed using a supercritical (SC) gas anti-solvent (GAS) method.

Culture Conditions for Production of Biomass, Adenosine, and Cordycepin from Cordyceps sinensis CS1197: Optimization by Desirability Function Method

BACKGROUND

Cordyceps sinensis (CS) is a traditional Chinese medicine contains potent active metabolites such as nucleosides and polysaccharides. The submerged cultivation technique is studied for the large scale production of CS for biomass and metabolites production.

OBJECTIVE

To optimize culture conditions for large-scale production of CS1197 biomass and metabolites production.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The CS1197 strain of CS was isolated from dead larvae of natural CS and the authenticity was assured by the presence of two major markers adenosine and cordycepin by high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. A three-level Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize process parameters culturing temperature, pH, and inoculum volume for the biomass yield, adenosine and cordycepin. The experimental results were regressed to a second-order polynomial equation by a multiple regression analysis for the prediction of biomass yield, adenosine and cordycepin production. Multiple responses were optimized based on desirability function method.

RESULTS

The desirability function suggested the process conditions temperature 28°C, pH 7 and inoculum volume 10% for optimal production of nutraceuticals in the biomass. The water extracts from dried CS1197 mycelia showed good inhibition for 2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethyl-benzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid-free radicals.

CONCLUSION

The result suggests that response surface methodology-desirability function coupled approach can successfully optimize the culture conditions for CS1197.

SUMMARY

Authentication of CS1197 strain by the presence of adenosine and cordycepin and culturing period was determined to be for 14 daysContent of nucleosides in natural CS was found higher than in cultured CS1197 myceliumBox-Behnken design to optimize critical cultural conditions: temperature, pH and inoculum volumeWater extract showed better antioxidant activity proving credible source of natural antioxidants.

Liposomal drug products and recent advances in the synthesis of supercritical fluid-mediated liposomes

Since the pioneering research of Bangham et al. in 1965, liposomes have attracted a large amount of interest as potential carriers of various bioactive molecules for clinical applications. However, scaling-up conventional methods of liposome preparation has been proven to be challenging. Compared with conventional methods, processes that use supercritical fluid (SCF)-CO2 require a reduced amount of organic solvent, are relatively fast and simple to perform, and yield stable and more uniform liposomes. A number of studies have demonstrated that SCF-CO2 methods might be suitable for industrial-scale manufacturing of liposomes. In this review there are two topics being discussed. We provide an overview of liposomal drug products and aim to describe the physicochemical properties of liposomes prepared using various SCF methods. We review all of the available literature on SCF-CO2-based liposomes and focus on the future applications of these innovative technologies in industrial-scale liposome preparation.