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Bakratsas G, Polydera A, Nilson O, Chatzikonstantinou AV, Xiros C, Katapodis P, Stamatis H. Mycoprotein Production by Submerged Fermentation of the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus in a Batch Stirred Tank Bioreactor Using Agro-Industrial Hydrolysate. Foods 2023; 12:2295. [PMID: 37372506 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for cheap, healthy, and sustainable alternative protein sources has turned research interest into microbial proteins. Mycoproteins prevail due to their quite balanced amino acid profile, low carbon footprint and high sustainability potential. The goal of this research was to investigate the capability of Pleurotus ostreatus to metabolize the main sugars of agro-industrial side streams, such as aspen wood chips hydrolysate, to produce high-value protein with low cost. Our results indicate that P. ostreatus LGAM 1123 could be cultivated both in a C-6 (glucose)- and C-5(xylose)-sugar-containing medium for mycoprotein production. A mixture of glucose and xylose was found to be ideal for biomass production with high protein content and rich amino acid profile. P. ostreatus LGAM 1123 cultivation in a 4 L stirred-tank bioreactor using aspen hydrolysate was achieved with 25.0 ± 3.4 g L-1 biomass production, 1.8 ± 0.4 d-1 specific growth rate and a protein yield of 54.5 ± 0.5% (g/100 g sugars). PCA analysis of the amino acids revealed a strong correlation between the amino acid composition of the protein produced and the ratios of glucose and xylose in the culture medium. The production of high-nutrient mycoprotein by submerged fermentation of the edible fungus P. ostreatus using agro-industrial hydrolysates is a promising bioprocess in the food and feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Bakratsas
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Angeliki Polydera
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Oskar Nilson
- RISE Processum AB, SE-89122 Örnsköldsvik, Sweden
| | - Alexandra V Chatzikonstantinou
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Petros Katapodis
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Haralambos Stamatis
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Sułkowska-Ziaja K, Galanty A, Szewczyk A, Paśko P, Kała K, Apola A, Podolak I, Muszyńska B. Effect of Methyl Jasmonate Elicitation on Triterpene Production and Evaluation of Cytotoxic Activity of Mycelial Culture Extracts of Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:294. [PMID: 36679006 PMCID: PMC9867392 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic elicitation, a well-known strategy in mushroom biotechnology, promotes increased accumulation of secondary metabolites in mycelial cultures. The study aimed the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the production of triterpenes in submerged cultures of Ganoderma applanatum. Further, the study evaluated the cytotoxic activity of the extract corresponding to the optimal elicitation variant in selected human cancer cell lines as well as the selectivity against normal cells. MeJA was added on days 1, 4, 6, and 8 in the 10-day growth cycle at concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 150, and 200 µM MeJA. The HPLC-DAD was used to analyze the triterpenes. The cytotoxic activity was tested using the MTTFc assay in grouped panels of skin, prostate, and gastrointestinal cancer cells. The results of the quantitative analyses confirmed the stimulating effect of MeJA on the production of ganoderic acid A and ganoderic acid C. The greatest increase in total triterpenes was found on day 6 of the culture cycle compared to the control group-with the concentration of MeJA-150 µM. Compared to the control samples, mycelial culture extract after the most productive elicitation variant showed significant cytotoxic activity against prostate cancer cells and moderate effects on melanoma cells. Ganoderma applanatum mycelial cultures can be proposed as a model to study the dynamics of the accumulation of compounds with therapeutic values through abiotic elicitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sułkowska-Ziaja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Galanty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szewczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Paśko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kała
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Apola
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Irma Podolak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Bożena Muszyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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Rousta N, Ferreira JA, Taherzadeh MJ. Production of L-carnitine-enriched edible filamentous fungal biomass through submerged cultivation. Bioengineered 2021; 12:358-368. [PMID: 33323030 PMCID: PMC8806343 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1863618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The edible filamentous fungi are hot candidate for future supply of functional food and feed with e.g. protein, essential amino acids, and compounds with immunostimulant activity. L-carnitine that plays a crucial role in energy metabolism represents a functional compound normally produced by Zygomycetes filamentous fungus Rhizopus oligosporus in solid-state fermentation. The present study provides the first insights on production of L-carnitine-enriched edible fungal biomass through submerged cultivation of several Ascomycetes and Zygomycetes including Aspergillus oryzae, Neurospora intermedia, Rhizopus oryzae, and Rhizopus oligosporus. A. oryzae with 3 mg L-carnitine yield per gram of fungal biomass, indicates great potential on production of this bioactive compound which is remarkably higher than the other tested fungi in this work and also previous studies. In addition to fungal strain, other factors such as cultivation time and presence of yeast extract were found to play a role. Further studies on submerged growth optimization of A. oryzae in both high-quality recipes and in medium based on low-value substrates are proposed in order to clarify its potential for production of L-carnitine-enriched fungal biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Rousta
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
| | - Jorge A. Ferreira
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
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Brescia FF, Pitelas W, Yalman S, Popa F, Hausmann HG, Wende RC, Fraatz MA, Zorn H. Formation of Diastereomeric Dihydromenthofurolactones by Cystostereum murrayi and Aroma Dilution Analysis Based on Dynamic Headspace Extraction. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:5997-6004. [PMID: 34008976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Submerged cultures of the basidiomycota Cystostereum murrayi emit an intensive coconut-like, sweetish, and buttery smell. For identification of the key aroma compounds, an aroma dilution analysis using dynamic headspace was performed by adjusting the split ratio of the GC inlet system. Flavor dilution (FD) factors varied from 22 up to ≥218, whereby the largest class of compounds represented terpenoids, including two rare stereoisomers of 3,6-dimethyl-2,3,3a,4,5,7a-hexahydrobenzofuran (dill ether, ee ≥ 99.9). By means of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the substances with the highest FD factors (29, 212, and 218) were identified as diastereomers of 3,6-dimethyl-3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexayhydro-3H-1-benzofuran-2-one (dihydromenthofurolactone) and as its corresponding C3-unsaturated lactone. The latter two compounds have not been described for Cystostereum murrayi or for any other basidiomycota previously. Supplementation studies using 2-13C-d-glucose indicated that these lactones as well as the two stereoisomers of dill ether and other terpenoids were formed de novo by the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio F Brescia
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Wassilios Pitelas
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Suzan Yalman
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Flavius Popa
- Black Forest National Park, Schwarzwaldhochstraße 2, Seebach 77889, Germany
| | - Heike G Hausmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Raffael C Wende
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Marco A Fraatz
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Holger Zorn
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, Giessen 35392, Germany
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Beltrame G, Hemming J, Yang H, Han Z, Yang B. Effects of supplementation of sea buckthorn press cake on mycelium growth and polysaccharides of Inonotus obliquus in submerged cultivation. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1318-1330. [PMID: 33556214 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Investigation of the influence of cultivation time and sea buckthorn press cake (Hippophaë rhamnoides) dosage on mycelium yield of Inonotus obliquus in submerged cultivation and on the yield, monomer composition, and macromolecular properties of the exopolysaccharides (EPS) from culture media and intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) extracted from mycelia. METHODS AND RESULTS Supplementation at 5 g l-1 combined with cultivation time of 250 h granted highest yield increase in mycelia (by 122%). The supplementation reduced extraction yield and decreased the molecular weight of the main IPS population. The supplementation increased production and molecular weight of EPS. The relative content of arabinose and rhamnose in EPS positively correlated with dosage of the press cake. The press cake supplementation increased the content of galacturonic acid in IPS, but not in EPS. CONCLUSION Sea buckthorn press cake is a food industry fibrous side stream with high oil content. It increases the cultivation yield of Inonotus obliquus mycelium and influences the produced polysaccharides. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Mycelium is a resource of bioactive polysaccharides, attracting the interest of nutraceutical companies. Sea buckthorn press cake is a promising supplement for increasing mycelium production. The utilization of this agricultural side stream would therefore favour circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Beltrame
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - J Hemming
- Wood and Paper Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - H Yang
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Z Han
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - B Yang
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Mišković J, Karaman M, Rašeta M, Krsmanović N, Berežni S, Jakovljević D, Piattoni F, Zambonelli A, Gargano ML, Venturella G. Comparison of Two Schizophyllum commune Strains in Production of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors and Antioxidants from Submerged Cultivation. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020115. [PMID: 33557141 PMCID: PMC7913866 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, fungi have been recognized as producers of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, agents important for the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study aimed to examine the AChE inhibitory, the antioxidative and antibacterial activity of two different Schizophyllum commune strains that originated from Serbia (SRB) and Italy (IT). Submerged cultivation of grown mycelia (M) and fermentation broth (F) of ethanol (EtOH) and polysaccharide (PSH) extracts lasted for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. For AChE activity Ellman method was performed, while for antioxidative activity, sevendifferent assays were conducted: DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, SOA, OH, NO together with total phenolic content. Antimicrobial screen, LC–MS/MS technique and FTIR measurements were performed. Different isolates exhibited different AChE activity, with PSH being the strongest (SRB, M, 28 days IC90 79.73 ± 26.34 µg/mL), while in EtOH extracts, IT stood out (F, 14 days, IC50 0.8 ± 0.6 µg/mL). PSH extracts (7 days) exhibit significant antioxidative activity (AO), opposite to EtOH extracts where 14 and 21days periods stood out. Only tw extracts showed antibacterial activity. Following LC–MS/MS analysis p-hydroxybenzoic and gallic acids were the most abundant phenolics. PSH extracts demonstrated remarkable results, making this study debut and introducing S. commune as a valuable resource of AChE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Mišković
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, TrgDositejaObradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (J.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Maja Karaman
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, TrgDositejaObradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (J.M.); (N.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Milena Rašeta
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Nenad Krsmanović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, TrgDositejaObradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (J.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Sanja Berežni
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Dragica Jakovljević
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Federica Piattoni
- Laboratory of Genetics & Genomics of Marine Resources and Environment (GenoDream), Department Biological, Geological & Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Zambonelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agroalimentari, University of Bologna, Via Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Maria Letizia Gargano
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Amendola 165/A, I-70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Venturella
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Via delle Scienze, Bldg. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
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Trapp T, Kirchner T, Birk F, Fraatz MA, Zorn H. Biosynthesis of Stereoisomers of Dill Ether and Wine Lactone by Pleurotus sapidus. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:13400-13411. [PMID: 30813719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b07263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The white-rot fungus Pleurotus sapidus (PSA) biosynthesizes the bicyclic monoterpenoids 3,6-dimethyl-2,3,3a,4,5,7a-hexahydrobenzofuran (dill ether) (1) and 3,6-dimethyl-3a,4,5,7a-tetrahydro-1-benzofuran-2(3H)-one (wine lactone) (2). Submerged cultures grown in different media were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The stereochemistry of the formed isomers was elucidated by comparing their retention indices to those of reference compounds by enantioselective multidimensional gas chromatography. The basidiomycete produced the rare (3R,3aR,7aS) and (3S,3aR,7aS) stereoisomers of dill ether and wine lactone. Kinetic analyses of the volatilome and bioprocess parameters revealed that the biosynthesis of the bicyclic monoterpenoids correlated with the availability of the primary carbon source glucose. Spiking the media with 13C-labeled glucose demonstrated that the compounds were produced de novo. Supplementation studies i.a. with isotopically labeled substrates further identified limonene and p-menth-1-en-9-ol as intermediate compounds in the fungal pathways. PSA was able to biotransform all enantiomeric forms of the latter compounds to the respective isomers of dill ether and wine lactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Trapp
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Tabea Kirchner
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Florian Birk
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Marco Alexander Fraatz
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Holger Zorn
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology , Winchester Straße 2 , 35394 Giessen , Germany
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Karaman M, Atlagić K, Novaković A, Šibul F, Živić M, Stevanović K, Pejin B. Fatty Acids Predominantly Affect Anti-Hydroxyl Radical Activity and FRAP Value: The Case Study of Two Edible Mushrooms. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8100480. [PMID: 31614797 PMCID: PMC6827024 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to plants, nowadays mushrooms attract more attention as functional foods, due to a number of advantages in manipulating them. This study aimed to screen the chemical composition (fatty acids and phenolics) and antioxidant potential (OH•, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP)) of two edible mushrooms, Coprinus comatus and Coprinellus truncorum, collected from nature and submerged cultivation. Partial least square regression analysis has pointed out the importance of some fatty acids—more precisely, unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) followed by fatty acids possessing both short (C6:0 and C8:0) and long (C23:0 and C24:0) saturated chains—and phenolic compounds (such as protocatechuic acid, daidzein, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, genistein and vanillic acid) for promising anti-OH•, FRAP and anti-DPPH• activities, respectively. However, other fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0 and C18:3n3) along with the flavonol isorhamnetin are actually suspected to negatively affect (by acting pro-oxidative) the aforementioned parameters, respectively. Taken together, design of new food supplements targeting oxidative stress might be predominantly based on the various UFAs combinations (C18:2n6, C20:1, C20:2, C20:4n6, C22:2, C22:1n9, etc.), particularly if OH• is suspected to play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Karaman
- Department of Biology and Ecology - DBE, Faculty of Sciences - PMF, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Kristina Atlagić
- Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Aleksandra Novaković
- Institute for Food Technology - FINS, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Filip Šibul
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences - PMF, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Miroslav Živić
- Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Katarina Stevanović
- Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Boris Pejin
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research - IMSI, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Kudryavtseva OA, Safina KR, Vakhrusheva OA, Logacheva MD, Penin AA, Neretina TV, Moskalenko VN, Glagoleva ES, Bazykin GA, Kondrashov AS. Genetics of Adaptation of the Ascomycetous Fungus Podospora anserina to Submerged Cultivation. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:2807-2817. [PMID: 31529025 PMCID: PMC6786475 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Podospora anserina is a model ascomycetous fungus which shows pronounced phenotypic senescence when grown on solid medium but possesses unlimited lifespan under submerged cultivation. In order to study the genetic aspects of adaptation of P. anserina to submerged cultivation, we initiated a long-term evolution experiment. In the course of the first 4 years of the experiment, 125 single-nucleotide substitutions and 23 short indels were fixed in eight independently evolving populations. Six proteins that affect fungal growth and development evolved in more than one population; in particular, in the G-protein alpha subunit FadA, new alleles fixed in seven out of eight experimental populations, and these fixations affected just four amino acid sites, which is an unprecedented level of parallelism in experimental evolution. Parallel evolution at the level of genes and pathways, an excess of nonsense and missense substitutions, and an elevated conservation of proteins and their sites where the changes occurred suggest that many of the observed fixations were adaptive and driven by positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Kudryavtseva
- Department of Mycology and Phycology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia R Safina
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga A Vakhrusheva
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria D Logacheva
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey A Penin
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Neretina
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- White Sea Biological Station, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Republic of Karelia, Russia
| | | | - Elena S Glagoleva
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgii A Bazykin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey S Kondrashov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Trapp T, Zajul M, Ahlborn J, Stephan A, Zorn H, Fraatz MA. Submerged Cultivation of Pleurotus sapidus with Molasses: Aroma Dilution Analyses by Means of Solid Phase Microextraction and Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:2393-2402. [PMID: 28190358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The basidiomycete Pleurotus sapidus (PSA) was grown in submerged cultures with molasses as substrate for the production of mycelium as a protein source for food applications. The volatilomes of the substrate, the submerged culture, and the mycelia were analyzed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-olfactometry. For compound identification, aroma dilution analyses by means of headspace solid phase microextraction and stir bar sorptive extraction were performed via variation of the split vent flow rate. Among the most potent odorants formed by PSA were arylic compounds (e.g., p-anisaldehyde), unsaturated carbonyls (e.g., 1-octen-3-one, ( E)-2-octenal, ( E, E)-2,4-decadienal), and cyclic monoterpenoids (e.g., 3,9-epoxy- p-menth-1-ene, 3,6-dimethyl-3a,4,5,7a-tetrahydro-1-benzofuran-2(3 H)-one). Several compounds from the latter group were described for the first time in Pleurotus spp. After separation of the mycelia from the medium, the aroma compounds were mainly enriched in the culture supernatant. The sensory analysis of the mycelium correlated well with the instrumental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Trapp
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Martina Zajul
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Jenny Ahlborn
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Alexander Stephan
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
- VAN HEES GmbH , Kurt-van-Hees-Strasse 1 , 65396 Walluf , Germany
| | - Holger Zorn
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Marco Alexander Fraatz
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
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Ghatnur SM, Parvatam G, Balaraman M. Culture Conditions for Production of Biomass, Adenosine, and Cordycepin from Cordyceps sinensis CS1197: Optimization by Desirability Function Method. Pharmacogn Mag 2015; 11:S448-56. [PMID: 26929580 PMCID: PMC4745216 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.168946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cordyceps sinensis (CS) is a traditional Chinese medicine contains potent active metabolites such as nucleosides and polysaccharides. The submerged cultivation technique is studied for the large scale production of CS for biomass and metabolites production. OBJECTIVE To optimize culture conditions for large-scale production of CS1197 biomass and metabolites production. MATERIALS AND METHODS The CS1197 strain of CS was isolated from dead larvae of natural CS and the authenticity was assured by the presence of two major markers adenosine and cordycepin by high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. A three-level Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize process parameters culturing temperature, pH, and inoculum volume for the biomass yield, adenosine and cordycepin. The experimental results were regressed to a second-order polynomial equation by a multiple regression analysis for the prediction of biomass yield, adenosine and cordycepin production. Multiple responses were optimized based on desirability function method. RESULTS The desirability function suggested the process conditions temperature 28°C, pH 7 and inoculum volume 10% for optimal production of nutraceuticals in the biomass. The water extracts from dried CS1197 mycelia showed good inhibition for 2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethyl-benzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid-free radicals. CONCLUSION The result suggests that response surface methodology-desirability function coupled approach can successfully optimize the culture conditions for CS1197. SUMMARY Authentication of CS1197 strain by the presence of adenosine and cordycepin and culturing period was determined to be for 14 daysContent of nucleosides in natural CS was found higher than in cultured CS1197 myceliumBox-Behnken design to optimize critical cultural conditions: temperature, pH and inoculum volumeWater extract showed better antioxidant activity proving credible source of natural antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashidhar M. Ghatnur
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysore, Karnataka, India
- Department of Food Engineering, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Giridhar Parvatam
- Department of Plant Cell Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Manohar Balaraman
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysore, Karnataka, India
- Department of Food Engineering, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India
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Babič J, Likozar B, Pavko A. Optimization of ligninolytic enzyme activity and production rate with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora for application in bioremediation by varying submerged media composition and growth immobilization support. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:11365-11384. [PMID: 23109859 PMCID: PMC3472751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130911365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Response surface methodology (central composite design of experiments) was employed to simultaneously optimize enzyme production and productivities of two ligninolytic enzymes produced by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. Concentrations of glucose, ammonium tartrate and Polysorbate 80 were varied to establish the optimal composition of liquid media (OLM), where the highest experimentally obtained activities and productivities were 41 U L−1 and 16 U L−1 day−1 for laccase (Lac), and 193 U L−1 and 80 U L−1 day−1 for manganese peroxidase (MnP). Considering culture growth in OLM on various types of immobilization support, the best results were obtained with 1 cm beech wood cubes (BWCM). Enzyme activities in culture filtrate were 152 U L−1 for Lac and 58 U L−1 for MnP, since the chemical composition of this immobilization material induced higher Lac activity. Lower enzyme activities were obtained with polyurethane foam. Culture filtrates of OLM and BWCM were applied for dye decolorization. Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) was decolorized faster and more efficiently than Copper(II)phthalocyanine (CuP) with BWCM (80% and 60%), since Lac played a crucial role. Decolorization of CuP was initially faster than that of RBBR, due to higher MnP activities in OLM. The extent of decolorization after 14 h was 60% for both dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janja Babič
- Chair of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mail:
| | - Blaž Likozar
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mail:
| | - Aleksander Pavko
- Chair of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +386-1-24-19-506; Fax: +386-1-24-19-530
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Brzonkalik K, Hümmer D, Syldatk C, Neumann A. Influence of pH and carbon to nitrogen ratio on mycotoxin production by Alternaria alternata in submerged cultivation. AMB Express 2012; 2:28. [PMID: 22608165 PMCID: PMC3441619 DOI: 10.1186/2191-0855-2-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of the Alternaria mycotoxins alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethylether (AME) and tenuazonic acid (TA) by Alternaria alternata DSM 12633 was influenced by pH and carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio of the growth medium both in shaking flasks and bioreactor cultivation. The impact of medium pH on mycotoxin production was studied in the range of pH 3.5 - 8. pH values above 5.5 led to a decreased mycotoxin production or inhibited mycotoxin formation completely whereas an acidic pH in the range of 4.0-4.5 was optimal for mycotoxin production. The influence of the C:N ratio was evaluated over the range of 24 to 96. Glucose was used as carbon source and its concentration was altered while nitrogen concentration was kept constant. Growth kinetics and mycotoxin production parameters were studied depending on different C:N ratios. With increasing initial glucose concentration fungal biomass did increase but the maximum specific growth rate was not influenced. The optimal initial C:N ratio for attaining highest mycotoxin concentrations was 72. A higher C:N ratio did not further enhance mycotoxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Brzonkalik
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dominik Hümmer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anke Neumann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Rossi MJ, Oliveira VL. Growth of the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Pisolithus Microcarpus in different nutritional conditions. Braz J Microbiol 2011; 42:624-32. [PMID: 24031674 PMCID: PMC3769840 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220110002000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The most important plant species employed in reforestation programs depend on ectomycorrhizal fungi for their establishment and growth. The exploitation of this symbiosis to improve forest productivity requires fungal inoculants in a large scale level. To develop such a technology it is necessary to define the optimal composition of the culture medium for each fungus. With these objectives in mind, the effect of the composition of the culture medium on biomass production of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus microcarpus (isolate UFSC-Pt116) was studied. The original composition of two culture media, already employed for cultivation of ectomycorrhizal fungi, was submitted to several variations with the C/N ratio as the main variable. A variation of the Pridham-Gottlieb medium was the most efficient for the production of biomass. Therefore, it was submitted to a factorial assay where glucose, peptone and yeast extract components were the factors analyzed. Results showed that the glucose concentration may be increased up to 40 % in order to promote higher biomass production. Peptone had a positive effect on this variable, whereas yeast extract promoted a deleterious effect. These results indicate that it is advisable to eliminate yeast extract from the medium and replace it with peptone prior to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio José Rossi
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Florianópolis, SC , Brasil
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