1
|
Oyediji FJ, Ramyil AV. Traditional Eye Practices: Economics and Visual Status of Users in North Central Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract 2024; 27:455-459. [PMID: 38679767 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_622_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional medicine is a constellation of practices, approaches, knowledge, and beliefs, which encompass material-based medicines, spiritual therapies, and manual techniques applied individually or combined. AIM This study seeks to determine the cost and visual status of traditional eye treatments users among new patients at a health facility. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is part of the study titled "Traditional eye practices: A facility-based study in North Central Nigeria." It is a cross-sectional, facility-based study conducted between July 2013 and June 2014 on new patients seen in the eye unit of Church of Christ in the Nations Rehabilitation Center, Mangu. Interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used to gather information on patient demographics; cost of traditional eye medication and manipulations and visual status of new patients were recorded. RESULTS The use of traditional eye treatment was reported by 134 (4.3%) of the 3113 new patients. Traditional operative couching of lens was more expensive than using traditional eye medications (P < 0.001). Payment modality varied, and poor visual status was significantly higher among traditional eye treatment users (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Since most respondents who had their eyes couched or used traditional eye medicine were able to pay such high price with dissatisfaction and poorer visual status, they should be able to pay for modern cataract surgery with good outcome. There is a need for health education of the general public about the deleterious effects of traditional eye treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F J Oyediji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - A V Ramyil
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jos University Teaching Hospital/University of Jos, Jos, Plateau, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Olawoye OO, Fawole O, Ashaye AO, Chan VF, Azuara-Blanco A, Congdon N. Effectiveness of community outreach screening for glaucoma in improving equity and access to eye care in Nigeria. Br J Ophthalmol 2023; 107:30-36. [PMID: 34362773 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effectiveness of community outreach screening for glaucoma in improving equity and access to eye care in Nigeria. METHODOLOGY This was a prospective study in which two cohort of participants were recruited in Nigeria: 1 from 24 outreach screenings and another from consecutive patients presenting spontaneously to a tertiary eye clinic in Nigeria. Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained from participants and compared. RESULTS Our sample consisted of 120 patients with glaucoma or suspected glaucoma (6.38% of 1881 screenees) recruited from the 24 outreach screenings, and another 123 patients with glaucoma who presented spontaneously at the eye clinic. Participants from the screenings were significantly older (p=0.012), less educated (p<0.001), had lower incomes (p<0.001), lower glaucoma knowledge scores and were less aware of their glaucoma (both p<0.001) and were more likely to be dependent on relations and children (p=0.002) compared with clinic participants. Of the 120 patients identified at the screenings and referred to the clinic for definitive care, 39 (32.5%) presented at the clinic within 3 months. Reasons for poor uptake of referral services were lack of a felt need and lack of money for transportation. Considering only patients who accepted referral, they were still less educated (p<0.001), poorer (p=0.001) and less knowledgeable about glaucoma (p=0.003) than spontaneous clinic presenters. CONCLUSION Outreach screening improved equity of access but its effects were somewhat reduced by poor uptake of referral care. Interventions such as free transportation and educational efforts may improve the uptake of referral services and maximise equity gains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olusola Oluyinka Olawoye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ibadan College of Medicine, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria .,Centre for Public Health School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Olufunmilayo Fawole
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Biostatistics, University of Ibadan College of Medicine, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Adeyinka O Ashaye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ibadan College of Medicine, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Ving Fai Chan
- Centre for Public Health School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Augusto Azuara-Blanco
- Centre for Public Health School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Nathan Congdon
- Centre for Public Health School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,Preventive Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong, China.,Orbis International, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ugalahi MO, Uchendu OC, Ugalahi LO. Preoperative visual acuity of cataract patients at a tertiary hospital in sub-Saharan Africa: a 10-year review. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2019; 11:2515841419886451. [PMID: 31763621 PMCID: PMC6854760 DOI: 10.1177/2515841419886451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the preoperative visual acuity of cataract patients over a 10-year period in a tertiary facility as a means of auditing the cataract surgical services. Methods: A retrospective study of patients with age-related cataracts who had cataract surgery performed between January 2007 and December 2016 at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Systematic random sampling and probability proportionate to size were used to recruit a representative sample. Information on sociodemographic characteristics, preoperative visual acuity, ocular and systemic comorbidities were retrieved and analysed. Results: Of the 499 patients studied, males were 268 (53.7%) and their mean age was 67.69 (±9.51) years. The predominant visual acuity was hand motion 184 (36.9%) and yearly mean preoperative visual acuity was in the range of 0.0037–0.04 decimal. Conclusion: The mean preoperative visual acuity of patients in this facility did not change over the 10-year study period. Mean value of preoperative visual acuity remained within the range of blindness and did not improve over the decade. This could either be a reflection of visual impairment at which our patients seek care or an indication of the range of visual acuities at which surgeons are willing to offer cataract surgery in our environment. This trend has negative implications on the burden of cataract blindness as it reflects poor coverage of surgery for other levels of visual impairment due to cataract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary O Ugalahi
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Obioma C Uchendu
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Barriers for Cataract Treatment among Elderly in Sri Lanka. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res 2019; 2019:6262456. [PMID: 30941168 PMCID: PMC6420963 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6262456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cataract is still the leading cause of blindness. Many government institutes and voluntary organizations in Sri Lanka are providing free treatment services to patients with cataract. Still people are not patronizing the available free services; thus they have to live with impaired vision or blindness. This paper describes the barriers for cataract treatment among the population over 60 years of age. Out of 470 elders, 379 were found to have some kind of cataract. This study demonstrated lack of awareness and knowledge, socioeconomic factors, and misconceptions as the main barriers for cataract treatment which has led to a lower cataract surgery rate irrespective of the high cataract prevalence reported. Findings of this study highlight the importance of cataract as a common health problem in elderly and need for removal of the barriers for its treatment which should be given due prominence in the formulation of public health policy in Sri Lanka at the earliest.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mwangi N, Macleod D, Gichuhi S, Muthami L, Moorman C, Bascaran C, Foster A. Predictors of uptake of eye examination in people living with diabetes mellitus in three counties of Kenya. Trop Med Health 2017; 45:41. [PMID: 29299019 PMCID: PMC5740562 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-017-0080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a significant public health concern that is potentially blinding. Clinical practice guidelines recommend annual eye examination of patients with diabetes for early detection of DR. Our aim was to identify the demand-side factors that influence uptake of eye examination among patients already utilizing diabetes services in three counties of Kenya. METHODS We designed a clinic based cross-sectional study and used three-stage sampling to select three counties, nine diabetes clinics in these counties and 270 patients with diabetes attending these clinics. We interviewed the participants using a structured questionnaire. The two outcomes of interest were 'eye examination in the last 12 months' and 'eye examination ever'. The exposure variables were the characteristics of participants living with diabetes. RESULTS The participants had a mean age of 53.3 years (SD 14.1) and an average interval of 4 months between visits to the diabetes clinic. Only 25.6% of participants had ever had an eye examination in their lifetime, while 13.3% had it in the preceding year. The independent predictors of uptake were referral by diabetes services, patient knowledge of diabetes eye complications, comorbid hypertension and urban or semi-urban residence. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that access to retinal examination for DR is low in all three counties. An intervention that increases the knowledge of patients with diabetes about eye complications and promotes referral of patients with diabetes for eye examination may improve access to annual eye examination for DR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nyawira Mwangi
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Kenya Medical Training College, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David Macleod
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Allen Foster
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ibrahim N, Ramke J, Pozo-Martin F, Gilbert CE. Willingness to pay for cataract surgery is much lower than actual costs in Zamfara state, northern Nigeria. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2017; 25:227-233. [PMID: 29182463 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2017.1408845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Direct medical and non-medical costs incurred by those undergoing subsidised cataract surgery at Gusau eye clinic, Zamfara state, were recently determined. The aim of this study was to assess the willingness to pay for cataract surgery among adults with severe visual impairment or blindness from cataract in rural Zamfara and to compare this to actual costs. METHODS In three rural villages served by Gusau eye clinic, key informants helped identify 80 adults with bilateral severe visual impairment or blindness (<6/60), with cataract being the cause in at least one eye. The median amount participants were willing to pay for cataract surgery was determined. The proportion willing to pay actual costs of the (i) subsidised surgical fee (US$18.5), (ii) average non-medical expenses (US$25.2), and (iii) average total expenses (US$51.2) at Gusau eye clinic were calculated. Where participants would seek funds for surgery was determined. RESULTS Among 80 participants (38% women), most (n = 73, 91%) were willing to pay something, ranging from <US$1 to US$186 (median US$18.5, interquartile range 6.2-31.1). Approximately half of the participants (n = 41) were willing to pay US$18.5 (78% men), one-third (n = 26) were willing to pay US$25.2 (77% men); and 11% (n = 9) were willing to pay US$51.2 (all men). Only six participants (8%) already had the money to pay; one quarter (n = 20) would need to sell possessions to raise the funds. CONCLUSION Willingness to pay for cataract surgery among adults with operable cataract in rural Zamfara state is far lower than current costs of undergoing surgery. People who were widowed-most of whom were women-were willing to pay least. Further financial support is required for cataract surgery to be universally accessible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazaradden Ibrahim
- a Zamfara State Eye Care Programme, Ministry of Health , Gusau , Nigeria
| | - Jacqueline Ramke
- b Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Francisco Pozo-Martin
- c Department of Global Health and Development , London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK
| | - Clare E Gilbert
- d International Centre for Eye Health, Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious & Tropical Diseases , London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ramke J, Petkovic J, Welch V, Blignault I, Gilbert C, Blanchet K, Christensen R, Zwi AB, Tugwell P. Interventions to improve access to cataract surgical services and their impact on equity in low- and middle-income countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 11:CD011307. [PMID: 29119547 PMCID: PMC6486054 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011307.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cataract is the leading cause of blindness in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and the prevalence is inequitably distributed between and within countries. Interventions have been undertaken to improve cataract surgical services, however, the effectiveness of these interventions on promoting equity is not known. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects on equity of interventions to improve access to cataract services for populations with cataract blindness (and visual impairment) in LMICs. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Trials Register) (2017, Issue 3), MEDLINE Ovid (1946 to 12 April 2017), Embase Ovid (1980 to 12 April 2017), LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature Database) (1982 to 12 April 2017), the ISRCTN registry (www.isrctn.com/editAdvancedSearch); searched 12 April 2017, ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov); searched 12 April 2017 and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (www.who.int/ictrp/search/en); searched 12 April 2017. We did not use any date or language restrictions in the electronic searches for trials. SELECTION CRITERIA We included studies that reported on strategies to improve access to cataract services in LMICs using the following study designs: randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled before-and-after studies, and interrupted time series studies. Included studies were conducted in LMICs, and were targeted at disadvantaged populations, or disaggregated outcome data by 'PROGRESS-Plus' factors (Place of residence; Race/ethnicity/ culture/ language; Occupation; Gender/sex; Religion; Education; Socio-economic status; Social capital/networks. The 'Plus' component includes disability, sexual orientation and age). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors (JR and JP) independently selected studies, extracted data and assessed them for risk of bias. Meta-analysis was not possible, so included studies were synthesised in table and text. MAIN RESULTS From a total of 2865 studies identified in the search, two met our eligibility criteria, both of which were cluster-RCTs conducted in rural China. The way in which the trials were conducted means that the risk of bias is unclear. In both studies, villages were randomised to be either an intervention or control group. Adults identified with vision-impairing cataract, following village-based vision and eye health assessment, either received an intervention to increase uptake of cataract surgery (if their village was an intervention group), or to receive 'standard care' (if their village was a control group).One study (n = 434), randomly allocated 26 villages or townships to the intervention, which involved watching an informational video and receiving counselling about cataract and cataract surgery, while the control group were advised that they had decreased vision due to cataract and it could be treated, without being shown the video or receiving counselling. There was low-certainty evidence that providing information and counselling had no effect on uptake of referral to the hospital (OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.67, 1 RCT, 434 participants) and little or no effect on the uptake of surgery (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.84, 1 RCT, 434 participants). We assessed the level of evidence to be of low-certainty for both outcomes, due to indirectness of evidence and imprecision of results.The other study (n = 355, 24 towns randomised) included three intervention arms: free surgery; free surgery plus reimbursement of transport costs; and free surgery plus free transport to and from the hospital. These were compared to the control group, which was reminded to use the "low-cost" (˜USD 38) surgical service. There was low-certainty evidence that surgical fee waiver with/without transport provision or reimbursement increased uptake of surgery (RR 1.94, 95% CI 1.14 to 3.31, 1 RCT, 355 participants). We assessed the level of evidence to be of low-certainty due to indirectness of evidence and imprecision of results.Neither of the studies reported our primary outcome of change in prevalence of cataract blindness, or other outcomes such as cataract surgical coverage, surgical outcome, or adverse effects. Neither study disaggregated outcomes by social subgroups to enable further assessment of equity effects. We sought data from both studies and obtained data from one; the information video and counselling intervention did not have a differential effect across the PROGRESS-Plus categories with available data (place of residence, gender, education level, socioeconomic status and social capital). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Current evidence on the effect on equity of interventions to improve access to cataract services in LMICs is limited. We identified only two studies, both conducted in rural China. Assessment of equity effects will be improved if future studies disaggregate outcomes by relevant social subgroups. To assist with assessing generalisability of findings to other settings, robust data on contextual factors are also needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Ramke
- University of AucklandSchool of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Jennifer Petkovic
- University of OttawaBruyère Research Institute43 Bruyère StAnnex E, room 312OttawaONCanadaK1N 5C8
| | - Vivian Welch
- Bruyère Research InstituteMethods Centre85 Primrose AvenueOttawaONCanada
| | - Ilse Blignault
- University of New South WalesSchool of Public Health and Community MedicineSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Clare Gilbert
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineDepartment of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesKeppel StreetLondonUKWC1E 7HT
| | - Karl Blanchet
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineDepartment of Global Health and Development15‐17 Tavistock PlaceLondonUKWC1H 9SH
| | - Robin Christensen
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg og FrederiksbergMusculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker InstituteNordre Fasanvej 57CopenhagenDenmarkDK‐2000
| | - Anthony B Zwi
- University of New South WalesSchool of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Social SciencesRoom G25, Ground Floor, Morven Brown BuildingSydneyNew South WalesAustralia2052
| | - Peter Tugwell
- Faculty of Medicine, University of OttawaDepartment of MedicineOttawaONCanadaK1H 8M5
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ramke J, Zwi AB, Lee AC, Blignault I, Gilbert CE. Inequality in cataract blindness and services: moving beyond unidimensional analyses of social position. Br J Ophthalmol 2017; 101:395-400. [PMID: 28228412 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-309691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inequalities in cataract blindness are well known, but data are rarely disaggregated to explore the combined effects of a range of axes describing social disadvantage. We examined inequalities in cataract blindness and services at the intersection of three social axes. METHODS Three dichotomous social variables (sex (male/female); place of residence (urban/rural); literacy (literate/illiterate)) from cross-sectional national blindness surveys in Pakistan (2001-2004; n=16 507) and Nigeria (2005-2007; n=13 591) were used to construct eight subgroups, with disadvantaged subgroups selected a priori (ie, women, rural dwellers, illiterate). In each data set, the social distribution of cataract blindness, cataract surgical coverage (CSC) and effective cataract surgical coverage (eCSC) were examined. Inequalities were assessed comparing the best-off and worst-off subgroups using rate differences and rate ratios (RRs). Logistic regression was used to assess cumulative effects of multiple disadvantage. RESULTS Disadvantaged subgroups experienced higher prevalence of cataract blindness, lower CSC and lower eCSC in both countries. A social gradient was present for CSC and eCSC, with coverage increasing as social position improved. Relative inequality in eCSC was approximately twice as high as CSC (Pakistan: eCSC RR 2.7 vs CSC RR 1.3; Nigeria: eCSC RR 8.7 vs CSC RR 4.1). Cumulative disadvantage was observed for all outcomes, deteriorating further with each additional axis along which disadvantage was experienced. CONCLUSIONS Each outcome tended to be worse with the addition of each layer of social disadvantage. Illiterate, rural women fared worst in both settings. Moving beyond unidimensional analyses of social position identified subgroups in most need; this permits a more nuanced response to addressing the inequitable distribution of cataract blindness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Ramke
- University of New South Wales, School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Auckland, School of Population Health, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony B Zwi
- University of New South Wales, School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Health, Rights and Development, UNSW (@HEARDatUNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Arier C Lee
- University of Auckland, School of Population Health, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ilse Blignault
- University of New South Wales, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Western Sydney University, School of Medicine, Centre for Health Research, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Clare E Gilbert
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ethnicity and Deprivation are Associated With Blindness Among Adults With Primary Glaucoma in Nigeria: Results From the Nigeria National Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey. J Glaucoma 2016; 25:e861-e872. [PMID: 27479370 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000000487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We explored the risk factors for glaucoma blindness among adults aged 40 years and above with primary glaucoma in Nigeria. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS A total of 13,591 participants aged 40 years and above were examined in the Nigeria Blindness Survey; 682 (5.02%; 95 CI, 4.60%-5.47%) had glaucoma by ISGEO's criteria. This was a case-control study (n=890 eyes of 629 persons): glaucoma blind persons were cases and glaucoma not-blind were controls. Education and occupation were used to determine socioeconomic status scores, which were divided into 3 tertiles (affluent, medium, deprived). We assessed sociodemographic, biophysical, and ocular factors by logistic regression analysis for association with glaucoma blindness. Multinomial regression analysis was also performed with nonglaucoma as the reference category. RESULTS A total of 119/629 (18.9%; 95% CI, 15.9%-22.4%) persons were blind in both eyes; 510 were controls. There was interethnic variation in odds of blindness; age, male sex, socioeconomic status, prior diagnosis of glaucoma, hypertension, intraocular pressure, and lens opacity were associated with glaucoma blindness. Axial length, mean ocular perfusion pressure, and angle-closure glaucoma were associated with blind glaucoma eyes. In multivariate analysis, Igbo ethnicity (OR=2.79; 95% CI, 1.03-7.57) had higher risk as was being male (OR=4.59; 95% CI, 1.73-12.16) and unmarried (OR=2.50; 95% CI, 1.03-6.07). Deprivation (OR=3.57; 95% CI, 1.46-8.72), prior glaucoma diagnosis (OR=5.89; 95% CI, 1.79-19.40), and intraocular pressure (OR=1.07; 95% CI, 1.04-1.09) were also independent risk factors for glaucoma blindness. CONCLUSION Approximately 1 in 5 people with primary glaucoma were blind. Male sex, ethnicity and deprivation were strongly associated with blindness. Services for glaucoma need to improve in Nigeria, focusing on poor communities and men.
Collapse
|
10
|
Newman-Casey PA, Ravilla S, Haripriya A, Palanichamy V, Pillai M, Balakrishnan V, Robin AL. The Effect of Counseling on Cataract Patient Knowledge, Decisional Conflict, and Satisfaction. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2016; 22:387-93. [PMID: 26653261 DOI: 10.3109/09286586.2015.1066016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cataract is the leading cause of non-refractive preventable blindness, and comprehensive strategies to increase cataract surgery rates are imperative, including high-quality supportive patient education. We evaluated the effectiveness of non-physician pre-surgical counselors teaching patients about cataract and cataract surgery in improving patient knowledge, decisional conflict, and satisfaction. METHODS A survey was given before and after 61 newly-diagnosed cataract patients underwent pre-surgical counseling at the Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India. The survey measured change in cataract knowledge and decisional conflict, a measure of anxiety surrounding the decision to undergo surgery, along with patient satisfaction. Multiple regression was used to identify factors that influenced change in knowledge. RESULTS Both patient knowledge scores and decisional conflict scores improved following counseling (mean difference +2.0, p = 0.004 and +8.4, p < 0.0001, respectively). Multiple regression analysis identified female sex (β = 2.5, p < 0.001) and being illiterate (β = 1.7, p = 0.04) as important predictors of increased knowledge post-counseling. CONCLUSION Counseling both improved knowledge and reduced decisional conflict about cataract surgery, particularly among patients who had traditionally had more limited access to healthcare such as women and illiterate patients. Increased use of high quality counseling might help to further reduce the global burden of cataract and other forms of blindness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Anne Newman-Casey
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alan L Robin
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA .,d Departments of International Health and Ophthalmology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA , and.,e Department of Ophthalmology , University of Maryland , Baltimore , MD , USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tafida A, Kyari F, Abdull MM, Sivasubramaniam S, Murthy GVS, Kana I, Gilbert CE. Poverty and Blindness in Nigeria: Results from the National Survey of Blindness and Visual Impairment. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2016; 22:333-41. [PMID: 26395660 DOI: 10.3109/09286586.2015.1077259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Poverty can be a cause and consequence of blindness. Some causes only affect the poorest communities (e.g. trachoma), and poor individuals are less likely to access services. In low income countries, cataract blind adults have been shown to be less economically active, indicating that blindness can exacerbate poverty. This study aims to explore associations between poverty and blindness using national survey data from Nigeria. METHODS Participants ≥40 years were examined in 305 clusters (2005-2007). Sociodemographic information, including literacy and occupation, was obtained by interview. Presenting visual acuity (PVA) was assessed using a reduced tumbling E LogMAR chart. Full ocular examination was undertaken by experienced ophthalmologists on all with PVA <6/12 in either eye. Causes of vision loss were determined using World Health Organization guidelines. Households were categorized into three levels of poverty based on literacy and occupation at household level. RESULTS A total of 569/13,591 participants were blind (PVA <3/60, better eye; prevalence 4.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.8-4.6%). Prevalences of blindness were 8.5% (95% CI 7.7-9.5%), 2.5% (95% CI 2.0-3.1%), and 1.5% (95% CI 1.2-2.0%) in poorest, medium and affluent households, respectively (p = 0.001). Cause-specific prevalences of blindness from cataract, glaucoma, uncorrected aphakia and corneal opacities were significantly higher in poorer households. Cataract surgical coverage was low (37.2%), being lowest in females in poor households (25.3%). Spectacle coverage was 3 times lower in poor than affluent households (2.4% vs. 7.5%). CONCLUSION In Nigeria, blindness is associated with poverty, in part reflecting lower access to services. Reducing avoidable causes will not be achieved unless access to services improves, particularly for the poor and women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Tafida
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital , Kano , Nigeria
| | - F Kyari
- b College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja , Nigeria
| | - M M Abdull
- c Ophthalmology Department , Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital , Bauchi , Nigeria
| | - S Sivasubramaniam
- d International Centre for Eye Health, Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London , UK , and
| | - G V S Murthy
- d International Centre for Eye Health, Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London , UK , and
| | - I Kana
- e Office of the Permanent Secretary, Federal Ministry of Health , Abuja , Nigeria
| | - Clare E Gilbert
- d International Centre for Eye Health, Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London , UK , and
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Cataract remains the leading cause of blindness in Africa. We performed a systematic literature search of articles reporting barriers to cataract surgery in Africa. PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched with the terms "barriers, cataract, Africa, cataract surgery, cataract surgical coverage (CSC), and rapid assessment of avoidable blindness (RAAB)." The review covered from 1999 to 2014. In RAAB studies, barriers related to awareness and access were more commonly reported than acceptance. Other type of studies reported cost as the most common barrier. Some qualitative studies tended to report community and family dynamics as barriers to cataract surgery. CSC was lower in females in 88.2% of the studies. The variability in outcomes of studies of barriers to cataract surgery could be due to context and the type of data collection. It is likely that qualitative data will provide a deeper understanding of the complex social, family, community, financial and gender issues relating to barriers to uptake of cataract surgery in Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaheer Aboobaker
- Division of Ophthalmology, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul Courtright
- Division of Ophthalmology, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Kilimanjaro Centre for Community Ophthalmology, Division of Ophthalmology, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ibrahim N, Pozo-Martin F, Gilbert C. Direct non-medical costs double the total direct costs to patients undergoing cataract surgery in Zamfara state, Northern Nigeria: a case series. BMC Health Serv Res 2015; 15:163. [PMID: 25881013 PMCID: PMC4404068 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-015-0831-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cost is frequently reported as a barrier to cataract surgery, but few studies have reported costs of accessing surgery in Africa. The purpose of this prospective, facility based study was to compare direct non-medical cost with total direct cost of cataract surgery to patients, and to assess how money was found to cover costs. Methods Participants were those aged 17 years and above attending their first post-operative visit after first eye, subsidised, day case cataract surgery. Systematic random sampling was used to select participants who were interviewed to obtain data on socio-demographic details, and on expenditure during the assessment visit, the surgical visit, and the first follow-up visit. Costs were a) direct medical costs (patients’ costs for registration, investigations, surgery, medication), and b) direct non-medical costs (patients’ and escorts’ costs for transport, accommodation, meals). The source of funds to pay for the services received was also assessed. Results Almost two thirds (63%) of the 104 participants were men. The mean age of men was 64 (±12.5) years, being 63 (±12.9) years for women. All men were married and 35% of women were widows. 84% of men were household heads compared with 6% of women. The median total direct cost for all visits by all participants was N8,245 (US$51), being higher for men than women (N9,020; US$56 and N7,620; US$47) (p < 0.09) respectively. Direct non-medical cost constituted 49% of total direct cost. 92% of participants had adequate money to pay, but 8% had to sell possessions to raise the money. 20% of unmarried women sold possessions or took out a loan. Conclusion Despite the subsidy, cost is still likely to be a barrier to accessing cataract surgery, as the total direct costs represented at least 50 days income for 70% of the local population. Provision of transport would reduce direct non-medical costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Pozo-Martin
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Clare Gilbert
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. .,International Centre for Eye Health, Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mitsuhiro MH, Berezovsky A, Belfort R, Ellwein LB, Salomao SR. Uptake, Barriers and Outcomes in the Follow-up of Patients Referred for Free-of-Cost Cataract Surgery in the Sao Paulo Eye Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2014; 22:253-9. [PMID: 25310584 DOI: 10.3109/09286586.2014.966849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine uptake, barriers and outcomes in the follow-up of patients referred for free-of-charge, expedited cataract surgery in the Sao Paulo Eye Study (SPES). METHODS SPES was a population-based study of urban, low-middle income residents aged ≥50 years. Presenting visual acuity (PVA), best-corrected visual acuity, refraction, and slit-lamp examination were performed in 3677 participants. For subjects with cataract as a principal cause of best-corrected visual acuity ≤20/40, surgery was offered free of charge. Two years after the baseline study, surgery uptake, barriers to surgery, and visual outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS Among 210 (5.71%) participants who had a cataract surgery indication at baseline, 164 (78.1%) were successfully contacted and 55 (33.5%) reported being operated on for cataract, with 51 agreeing to be re-examined. In a multiple logistic regression model, age, sex, schooling, previous cataract surgery, and PVA at baseline were not significantly associated with surgery uptake. Co-existing health conditions (20.4%), fear of surgery (12.2%) and fear of losing eyesight (11.6%) were the most frequent barriers to cataract surgery adherence. Among the 69 eyes operated on in the interval between baseline and follow-up, PVA ≥20/63 was observed in 50 (72.6%, 95% confidence interval, CI, 62.2-82.3%), PVA <20/63-20/200 in 11 (15.8%, 95% CI 8.9-22.9%) and PVA <20/200 in 8 (11.6%, 95% CI 5.3-17.9%). CONCLUSIONS Quality of surgery is an increasing determinant of uptake rates. Although free-of-charge and expedited cataract surgery was offered, surgical outcomes might have influenced the low uptake. Aside from cataract surgery campaigns, improvement of surgeon skills, accurate biometry, treatment of ocular comorbidities, postoperative follow-up and eye-care education are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcia H Mitsuhiro
- Departamento de Oftalmologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo, SP , Brasil and
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ramke J, Welch V, Blignault I, Gilbert C, Petkovic J, Blanchet K, Christensen R, Zwi AB, Tugwell P. Interventions to improve access to cataract surgical services and their impact on equity in low- and middle-income countries. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Ramke
- University of New South Wales; School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences; Room G25, Ground Floor, Morven Brown Building Sydney New South Wales Australia 2052
| | - Vivian Welch
- University of Ottawa; Bruyere Research Institute; 43 Bruyere Street Ottawa ON Canada K1N 5C8
| | - Ilse Blignault
- University of New South Wales; School of Public Health and Community Medicine; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Clare Gilbert
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious & Tropical Diseases; 9 Bedford Square London UK WC1B 3RE
| | - Jennifer Petkovic
- University of Ottawa; Centre for Global Health, Bruyere Research Institute; 85 Primrose Ave Ottawa ON Canada K1R 7G5
| | - Karl Blanchet
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; International Centre for Eye Health; Keppel Street London UK WC1E 7HT
| | - Robin Christensen
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark; Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit (MSU), The Parker Institute, Dept Rheumatology; Nordrefasanvej 57 Copenhagen Denmark DK-2000
| | - Anthony B Zwi
- University of New South Wales; School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences; Room G25, Ground Floor, Morven Brown Building Sydney New South Wales Australia 2052
| | - Peter Tugwell
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa; Department of Medicine; Ottawa ON Canada K1H 8M5
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Blanchet K, Gilbert C, de Savigny D. Rethinking eye health systems to achieve universal coverage: the role of research. Br J Ophthalmol 2014; 98:1325-8. [PMID: 24990874 PMCID: PMC4174128 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Achieving universal coverage in eye care remains a tremendous challenge as 226 million people in the world remain visually impaired, the majority from avoidable causes. The impact of eye care interventions has been constrained by the limited capacities of health systems in low-income and middle-income countries to deliver effective eye care services. Services for eye health are still not adequately integrated into the health systems of low-income and middle-income countries. We contend that radical rethinking and deeper development of eye health systems are necessary to achieve VISION 2020 goals. Responding to the challenges of chronic eye diseases will require systems thinking, analysis and action, based on evidence from health systems research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Blanchet
- Department of Clinical Research, International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Clare Gilbert
- Department of Clinical Research, International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Don de Savigny
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, London, UK University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Griffiths UK, Bozzani FM, Gheorghe A, Mwenge L, Gilbert C. Cost-effectiveness of eye care services in Zambia. COST EFFECTIVENESS AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION 2014; 12:6. [PMID: 24568593 PMCID: PMC3944959 DOI: 10.1186/1478-7547-12-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To estimate the cost-effectiveness of cataract surgery and refractive error/presbyopia correction in Zambia. Methods Primary data on costs and health related quality of life were collected in a prospective cohort study of 170 cataract and 113 refractive error/presbyopia patients recruited from three health facilities. Six months later, follow-up data were available from 77 and 41 patients who had received cataract surgery and spectacles, respectively. Costs were determined from patient interviews and micro-costing at the three health facilities. Utility values were gathered by administering the EQ-5D quality of life instrument immediately before and six months after cataract surgery or acquiring spectacles. A probabilistic state-transition model was used to generate cost-effectiveness estimates with uncertainty ranges. Results Utility values significantly improved across the patient sample after cataract surgery and acquiring spectacles. Incremental costs per Quality Adjusted Life Years gained were US$ 259 for cataract surgery and US$ 375 for refractive error correction. The probabilities of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios being below the Zambian gross national income per capita were 95% for both cataract surgery and refractive error correction. Conclusion In spite of proven cost-effectiveness, severe health system constraints are likely to hamper scaling up of the interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulla K Griffiths
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Griffiths UK, Bozzani F, Muleya L, Mumba M. Costs of eye care services: prospective study from a faith-based hospital in Zambia. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2013; 22:43-51. [PMID: 24093456 DOI: 10.3109/09286586.2013.839800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the mean costs of cataract surgery and refractive error correction at a faith-based eye hospital in Zambia. METHODS Out-of-pocket expenses for user fees, drugs and transport were collected from 90 patient interviews; 47 received cataract surgery and 43 refractive error correction. Overhead and diagnosis-specific costs were determined from micro-costing of the hospital. Costs per patient were calculated as the sum of out-of-pocket expenses and hospital costs, excluding user fees to avoid double counting. RESULTS From the perspective of the hospital, overhead costs amounted to US$31 per consultation and diagnosis-specific costs were US$57 for cataract surgery and US$36 for refractive error correction. When including out-of-pocket expenses, mean total costs amounted to US$128 (95% confidence interval [CI] US$96--168) per cataract surgery and US$86 (95% CI US$67--118) per refractive error correction. Costs of providing services corresponded well with the user fee levels established by the hospital. CONCLUSION This is the first paper to report on the costs of eye care services in an African setting. The methods used could be replicated in other countries and for other types of visual impairments. These estimates are crucial for determining resources needed to meet global goals for elimination of avoidable blindness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Kou Griffiths
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK and
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bastawrous A, Dean WH, Sherwin JC. Blindness and visual impairment due to age-related cataract in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of recent population-based studies. Br J Ophthalmol 2013; 97:1237-43. [PMID: 23696652 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to evaluate age-related cataract as a contributor to blindness and visual impairment (VI) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). METHODS A systematic review of population-based studies published between 2000 and October 2012. Prevalence and proportions of blindness and VI due to cataract, cataract surgical coverage (CSC), per cent intraocular lens (IOL) implantation and visual outcomes of surgery in accordance with WHO criteria were ascertained. RESULTS Data from 17 surveys (subjects mostly aged ≥ 50-years-old) from 15 different countries in SSA were included, comprising 96 402 people. Prevalence of blindness (presenting visual acuity <3/60 in better eye) ranged from 0.1% in Uganda to 9.0% in Eritrea, and the proportion of total blindness due to cataract ranged between 21% and 67%. Cataract was the principal cause of blindness and VI in 15 and 14 studies, respectively. There was a strong positive correlation between good visual outcomes and IOL use (R=0.69, p=0.027). Considerable inter-study heterogeneity was evident in CSC and visual outcomes following surgery, and between 40% and 100% of operations had used IOL. CONCLUSIONS Cataract represents the principal cause of blindness and VI and should remain a priority objective for eye care in SSA. However, the prevalence of blindness and VI due to cataract was variable and may reflect differences in the availability of cataract surgical programmes and cataract incidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bastawrous
- Clinical Research Department, International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, , London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Murthy GVS, John N, Shamanna BR, Pant HB. Elimination of avoidable blindness due to cataract: where do we prioritize and how should we monitor this decade? Indian J Ophthalmol 2013; 60:438-45. [PMID: 22944756 PMCID: PMC3491272 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.100545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In the final push toward the elimination of avoidable blindness, cataract occupies a position of eminence for the success of the Right to Sight initiative. Aims: Review existing situation and assess what monitoring indicators may be useful to chart progress towards attaining the goals of Vision 2020. Settings and Design: Review of published papers from low and middle income countries since 2000. Materials and Methods: Published population-based data on prevalence of cataract blindness/visual impairment were accessed and prevalence of cataract blindness/visual impairment computed, where not reported. Data on prevalence of cataract blindness, cataract surgical coverage at different visual acuity cut offs, surgical outcomes, and prevalence of cataract surgery were analyzed. Scatter plots were used to look at relationships of some variables, with Human Development Index (HDI) rank. Available data on Cataract Surgical Rate (CSR) was plotted against prevalence of cataract surgery reported from surveys. Results: Worse HDI Ranks were associated with higher prevalence of cataract blindness. Most studies showed that a significant proportion of the blind were covered by surgery, while a fifth showed that a significant proportion, were operated before they went blind. A good visual outcome after surgery was positively correlated with higher surgical coverage. CSR was positively correlated with cataract surgical coverage. Conclusions: Cataract surgical coverage is increasing in most countries at vision <3/60 and visual outcomes after cataract surgery are improving. Establishing population-based surveillance of cataract surgical need and performance is a strong monitoring tool and will help program planners immensely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gudlavalleti V S Murthy
- Indian Institute of Public Health and South Asia Centre for Disability Inclusive Development and Research, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Understanding Health systems have now become the priority focus of researchers and policy makers, who have progressively moved away from a project-centred perspectives. The new tendency is to facilitate a convergence between health system developers and disease-specific programme managers in terms of both thinking and action, and to reconcile both approaches: one focusing on integrated health systems and improving the health status of the population and the other aiming at improving access to health care. Eye care interventions particularly in developing countries have generally been vertically implemented (e.g. trachoma, cataract surgeries) often with parallel organizational structures or specialised disease specific services. With the emergence of health system strengthening in health strategies and in the service delivery of interventions there is a need to clarify and examine inputs in terms governance, financing and management. This present paper aims to clarify key concepts in health system strengthening and describe the various components of the framework as applied in eye care interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Blanchet
- International Centre for Eye Health, Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rajak SN, Habtamu E, Weiss HA, Bedri A, Zerihun M, Gebre T, Gilbert CE, Emerson PM, Burton MJ. Why do people not attend for treatment for trachomatous trichiasis in Ethiopia? A study of barriers to surgery. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1766. [PMID: 22953007 PMCID: PMC3429389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trachomatous trichiasis (TT) surgery is provided free or subsidised in most trachoma endemic settings. However, only 18-66% of TT patients attend for surgery. This study analyses barriers to attendance among TT patients in Ethiopia, the country with the highest prevalence of TT in the world. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Participants with previously un-operated TT were recruited at 17 surgical outreach campaigns in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. An interview was conducted to ascertain why they had not attended for surgery previously. A trachoma eye examination was performed by an ophthalmologist. 2591 consecutive individuals were interviewed. The most frequently cited barriers to previous attendance for surgery were lack of time (45.3%), financial constraints (42.9%) and lack of an escort (35.5% in females, 19.6% in males). Women were more likely to report a fear of surgery (7.7% vs 3.2%, p<0.001) or be unaware of how to access services (4.5% vs 1.0% p<0.001); men were more frequently asymptomatic (19.6% vs 10.1%, p<0.001). Women were also less likely to have been previously offered TT surgery than men (OR = 0.70, 95%CI 0.53-0.94). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The major barriers to accessing surgery from the patients' perspective are the direct and indirect costs of surgery. These can to a large extent be reduced or overcome through the provision of free or low cost surgery at the community level. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00522860 and NCT00522912.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saul N. Rajak
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Esmael Habtamu
- The Carter Center, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Helen A. Weiss
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amir Bedri
- Light For The World, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mulat Zerihun
- The Carter Center, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Teshome Gebre
- The Carter Center, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Clare E. Gilbert
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Emerson
- The Carter Center, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Burton
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|