Serum lipid levels and bone mineral density in Greek postmenopausal women

The association between the non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and the risk of osteoporosis among U.S. adults: analysis of NHANES data

BACKGROUND

Osteoporosis and atherosclerosis frequently afflict older adults, and recent insights suggest a deeper connection between these conditions that surpasses mere aging effects. The ratio of non-high-density to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (NHHR) has emerged as a novel lipid marker for evaluating the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Nonetheless, investigations into the correlation of the NHHR with the risk of developing osteoporosis remain unexplored.

METHODS

We collected NHHR and bone mineral density (BMD) data from 11,024 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) participants between 2011 and 2018. Multivariate linear regression was employed to examine the correlation between BMD and NHHR. Smooth curves were employed to deal with the nonlinearity. To further account for the nonlinear link, we used a two-part linear regression model. The threshold effects were estimated using two components of a linear regression model. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were carried out to ascertain the stability of the findings.

RESULTS

We discovered a negative relationship between the NHHR and lumbar spine BMD in all three models. An L-shaped curvilinear association existed between the NHHR and lumbar spine BMD, with a key inflection point of 6.91. The fully adjusted model showed that the BMD of the lumbar spine fell by 0.03 g/cm2 in those who were in the fourth quartile as opposed to the lowest quartile. The sensitivity analysis using unweighted logistic analysis verified the stability of the results. In addition, BMD in the nondiabetic group was more significantly affected by the negative effect of the NHHR in the subgroup analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

According to this research, there appears to be a negative correlation between BMD and NHHR in US Adults. To clarify the precise physiological mechanisms by which the NHHR contributes to the onset of osteoporosis, more research is necessary.

Label-free quantitative proteomics in serum reveals candidate biomarkers associated with low bone mineral density in Mexican postmenopausal women

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a public health problem leading to an increased risk of fractures, negatively impacting women's health. The absence of sensitive and specific biomarkers for early detection of osteoporosis represents a substantial challenge for improving patient management. Herein, we aimed to identify potential candidate proteins associated with low bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women from the Mexican population. Serum samples from postmenopausal women (40 with normal BMD, 40 with osteopenia (OS), and 20 with osteoporosis (OP)) were analyzed by label-free LC-MS/MS quantitative proteomics. Proteome profiling revealed significant differences between the OS and OP groups compared to individuals with normal BMD. A quantitative comparison of proteins between groups indicated 454 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Compared to normal BMD, 14 and 214 DEPs were found in OS and OP groups, respectively, while 226 DEPs were identified between OS and OP groups. The protein-protein interaction and enrichment analysis of DEPs were closely linked to the bone mineral content, skeletal morphology, and immune response activation. Based on their role in bone metabolism, a panel of 12 candidate biomarkers was selected, of which 1 DEP (RYR1) was found upregulated in the OS and OP groups, 8 DEPs (APOA1, SHBG, FETB, MASP1, PTK2B, KNG1, GSN, and B2M) were upregulated in OP and 3 DEPs (APOA2, RYR3, and HBD) were downregulated in OS or OP. The proteomic analysis described here may help discover new and potentially non-invasive biomarkers for the early diagnosis of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in osteoporosis mechanisms and therapeutics

Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease that affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide and is characterized by excessive loss of bone protein and mineral content. The incidence and mortality of osteoporosis increase with age, creating a significant medical and economic burden globally. The importance of cholesterol levels has been reported in the development of diseases including osteoporosis. It is important to note that key enzymes and molecules involved in cholesterol homeostasis are closely related to bone formation. Excessive cholesterol may cause osteoporosis, cholesterol and its metabolites affect bone homeostasis by regulating the proliferation and stimulation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Therefore, antagonism of elevated cholesterol levels may be a potential strategy to prevent osteoporosis. There is sufficient evidence to support the use of bisphosphonates and statin drugs for osteoporosis in the clinic. Therefore, in view of the aggravation of the aging problem, we summarize the intracellular mechanism of cholesterol homeostasis and its relationship with osteoporosis (including cholesterol and cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) in osteoporosis). Furthermore, the current clinical cholesterol-lowering drugs for osteoporosis were also summarized, as are new and promising therapies (cell-based therapies (e.g., stem cells) and biomaterial-delivered target drug therapies for osteoporosis as well).

Association between total cholesterol and total bone mineral density in US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2011-2018

BACKGROUND

Accumulated evidence indicates that cholesterol is offensive to bone metabolism. Therefore, we examined the real-world study among total cholesterol and total bone mineral density (BMD). We investigated the relationship between total cholesterol and total BMD among 10,039 US participants aged 20-59 years old over the period 2011-2018 from the NHANES.

METHODS

To analyze the relationship among total cholesterol and total BMD, multivariate linear regression models were used. Fitted smoothing curves, generalized additive models, and threshold effect analysis were also conducted.

RESULTS

After adjusting for additional covariates, weighted multivariable linear regression models indicated total cholesterol concentration levels exhibited a negative relationship with total BMD, particularly among participants aged 20-29 years. Concerning subgroup analysis, stratified by gender, race/ethnicity and age group, the negative correlation of total cholesterol with total BMD dwelled in both female and male as well as in whites and other races (including Hispanic and Multi-Racial), but not in non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican American. In other races, this relationship presented a nonlinear association (inflection point: 6.7 mmol/L) with a U-shaped curve. Among participants aged 40 to 49 years, this relationship also followed a nonlinear association (inflection point: 5.84 mmol/L), indicating a saturation effect. Moreover, the three types of diabetes status were found to have negative, U-shaped, and positive relationships. In participants with borderline diabetes status, the relationship of total cholesterol with total BMD was a U-shaped curve (inflection point: 4.65 mmol/L).

CONCLUSIONS

For US young adults (20-29 years old), our study revealed a negative relationship between total cholesterol and total BMD. This association followed a U-shaped curve (inflection point: 4.65 mmol/L) in borderline diabetes status participants, a saturation curve (inflection point: 5.84 mmol/L) in participants aged 40-49 years and a nonlinear curve (inflection point: 6.7 mmol/L) in other races (including Hispanic and Multi-Racial). Therefore, keeping total cholesterol concentration at a reasonable level for young adults and diabetic population might be an approach to prevent osteoporosis or osteopenia.

Metabolomic patterns, redox-related genes and metals, and bone fragility endpoints in the Hortega Study

BACKGROUND

The potential joint influence of metabolites on bone fragility has been rarely evaluated. We assessed the association of plasma metabolic patterns with bone fragility endpoints (primarily, incident osteoporosis-related bone fractures, and, secondarily, bone mineral density BMD) in the Hortega Study participants. Redox balance plays a key role in bone metabolism. We also assessed differential associations in participant subgroups by redox-related metal exposure levels and candidate genetic variants.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In 467 participants older than 50 years from the Hortega Study, a representative sample from a region in Spain, we estimated metabolic principal components (mPC) for 54 plasma metabolites from NMR-spectrometry. Metals biomarkers were measured in plasma by AAS and in urine by HPLC-ICPMS. Redox-related SNPs (N = 341) were measured by oligo-ligation assay.

RESULTS

The prospective association with incident bone fractures was inverse for mPC1 (non-essential and essential amino acids, including branched-chain, and bacterial co-metabolites, including isobutyrate, trimethylamines and phenylpropionate, versus fatty acids and VLDL) and mPC4 (HDL), but positive for mPC2 (essential amino acids, including aromatic, and bacterial co-metabolites, including isopropanol and methanol). Findings from BMD models were consistent. Participants with decreased selenium and increased antimony, arsenic and, suggestively, cadmium exposures showed higher mPC2-associated bone fractures risk. Genetic variants annotated to 19 genes, with the strongest evidence for NCF4, NOX4 and XDH, showed differential metabolic-related bone fractures risk.

CONCLUSIONS

Metabolic patterns reflecting amino acids, microbiota co-metabolism and lipid metabolism were associated with bone fragility endpoints. Carriers of redox-related variants may benefit from metabolic interventions to prevent the consequences of bone fragility depending on their antimony, arsenic, selenium, and, possibly, cadmium, exposure levels.

Bone Health in Patients with Dyslipidemias: An Underestimated Aspect

Beyond being aging-related diseases, atherosclerosis and osteoporosis share common pathogenetic pathways implicated in bone and vascular mineralization. However, the contributory role of dyslipidemia in this interplay is less documented. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide epidemiological evidence regarding the prevalence of bone disease (osteoporosis, fracture risk) in patients with dyslipidemias and to discuss potential common pathophysiological mechanisms linking osteoporosis and atherosclerosis. The effect of hypolipidemic therapy on bone metabolism is also discussed. Despite the high data heterogeneity and the variable quality of studies, dyslipidemia, mainly elevated total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, is associated with low bone mass and increased fracture risk. This effect may be mediated directly by the increased oxidative stress and systemic inflammation associated with dyslipidemia, leading to increased osteoclastic activity and reduced bone formation. Moreover, factors such as estrogen, vitamin D and K deficiency, and increased concentrations of parathyroid hormone, homocysteine and lipid oxidation products, can also contribute. Regarding the effect of hypolipidemic medications on bone metabolism, statins may slightly increase BMD and reduce fracture risk, although the evidence is not robust, as it is for omega-3 fatty acids. No evidence exists for the effects of ezetimibe, fibrates, and niacin. In any case, more prospective studies are needed further to elucidate the association between lipids and bone strength.

Osteoporosis and Related Health Status Among the Elderly Urban Residents in Elderly-Care Inns in Beijing, a Multicenter DXA Survey

BACKGROUND

Identification of the high risk population for osteoporosis and timely prevention are the best strategies at present. Detailed epidemiological investigation in a well-defined population is necessary to explore the population-based characteristics and risk factors of osteoporosis, thus to facilitate better prevention programs.

METHOD

In this prospective cross-sectional study, 1423 questionnaires were given out to the urban residents (female ≥ 40 years of age, male ≥50 years) who lived in the 27 Elderly-Care Inns interspersed among the seven central urban areas of Beijing. All participants were voluntary and underwent routine physical examination and spine and hip BMD measurements using the DXA instrument. The study protocols were approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (JDZX2015079).

RESULTS

Altogether 1407 participants fulfilled the survey. Among 359 men, the prevalence of osteoporosis, osteopenia, and normal BMD were 18.1%, 56.6%, and 25.3%, respectively; among 1048 women, the corresponding figures were 40.3%, 42.8%, and 16.9%, respectively. After adjustment of age and BMI, both hands grip strength, height loss over 3 cm, serum levels of β-CTx, PINP, and OST were the independent risk factors for osteoporosis in both men and women; besides, familial Alzheimer's disease history in men; and history of steatohepatitis and fracture, serum levels of PTH and ALT, age of menarche, age of menopause, and duration of menstruation in women were also risk factors of osteoporosis. In both genders, the cost-effective method, which adopted both hands grip strength, height loss over 3 cm, and medical history, indicated a good predictive ability to evaluate the risk of osteoporosis (in men AUC=0.730, 95%CI=0.642~0.817; in women AUC=0.769, 95%CI=0.724~0.813).

CONCLUSIONS

In the population of elderly Beijing urban residents in Elderly-Care Inns, the prevalence of osteoporosis in women is higher than that in men and increases with aging more rapidly; the prevalence of osteopenia in men is higher than in women. The cost-effective method, including both hands grip strength, height loss over 3 cm, and familial Alzheimer's disease history in men; fracture and steatohepatitis history as well as menstrual history in women is recommended in identifying the high-risk subjects for osteoporosis.

Blood lipid levels in patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis:a systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Considering the controversial relationship between blood lipid levels and osteopenia and osteoporosis (OP), we performed this meta-analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Using specific keywords and related words, we searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale form was used to evaluate the quality of the literature. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we systematically screened the literature to extract relevant information and data. ReVman 5.3 and Stata 13.0 software were used for statistical analysis. Results were expressed as the mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The heterogeneity test was conducted according to I² and Q tests. Egger's test was used to quantitatively evaluate publication bias.

RESULTS

This analysis involved 12 studies (12,395 subjects). The quality of the literature was acceptable. Among subjects who were not taking lipid-lowering drugs, total cholesterol (TC) (MD = 0.11 mmol/L, 95%CI: - 0.03, 0.25; I² = 21%; P = 0.36), triglycerides (TG) (MD =  - 0.01 mmol/L, 95%CI: - 0.09, 0.07; I² = 6%; P = 0.34), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (MD = 0.10 mmol/L, 95%CI: 0.00, 0.19; I² = 0%; P = 0.74) in the osteopenia were not significantly increased/decreased. There were no significant differences in LDL-C (MD = 0.02 mmol/L, 95%CI: - 0.09, 0.13; I² = 0%; P = 0.74) in postmenopausal women in osteopenia. TG (MD =  - 0.04 mmol/L, 95%CI: - 0.14,0.07; I² = 49%; P = 0.07) was unchanged in the osteoporosis (OP) group in subjects without taking lipid-lowering drugs. HDL-C was elevated in OP group (MD = 0.05 mmol/L, 95%CI: 0.03, 0.07; I² = 31%; P = 0.15) but not in osteopenia group (MD = 0.01 mmol/L, 95%CI: - 0.01, 0.02; I² = 38%; P = 0.14) in all subjects.

CONCLUSION

HDL-C was elevated in patients with OP.

The relation of body mass index, menopausal symptoms, and lipid profile with bone mineral density in postmenopausal women

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to evaluate the relationship of menopausal symptoms, body mass index (BMI), and serum lipid profile with Bone Mineral Density (BMD) levels.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

452 postmenopausal women were included in this case-control study at our outpatient clinic between January 2012 and January 2015. The patients were stratified according to their BMD, based on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer (DXA) results, as the normal group (-1 ≤ T-score), osteopenia group (-2.5 < T-score < -1), and osteoporosis group (T-score ≤ -2.5). High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels were measured. To assess the menopausal symptoms, the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) questionnaire was used.

RESULTS

Waist circumference (WC) and BMI were significantly lower in the osteoporosis group than in normal and osteopenia groups (p: 0.001, p: 0.001, respectively). L2-L4 measurements were negatively correlated with Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) levels, but positively correlated with WC. BMI showed significant positive correlation with Femur Neck (FN), L1-L2, and L2-L4 measurements. Among menopausal symptoms, there was a significant negative correlation between heart discomfort and L1-L2 levels. On multiple regression analysis, a relation between FN scores and somatic symptom scores was identified.

CONCLUSION

Hyperlipidemia, lower BMI, lower WC, and severe somatic symptoms may be associated with decreased BMD.

A community-based study of the relationship between calcaneal bone mineral density and systemic parameters of blood glucose and lipids

Osteoporosis (OP) is a disease characterized by decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and an increased risk of osteoporotic fractures. Nutritional factors (including glucose and fats lipids), have been implicated in OP.We hypothesized that the levels of blood glucose and lipids could be biomarkers for predicting the risk of OP. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the potential relationship between BMD and levels of blood glucose and lipids via a community-based study in China.This was a community-based cross-section analysis, and a total of 8584 cases were investigated. The BMD of the left calcaneus was measured using an ultrasonic bone densitometer. The levels of blood glucose (fasting blood glucose [FBG], 2-h blood glucose [2hBG], and glycosylated hemoglobin [HbAlc]), and lipids (triglyceride [TG], total cholesterol [TC], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C]) were measured and analyzed.In our study population, the levels of FBG, 2hBG, HbAlc, TC, LDL-C and HDL-C were higher in the OP group than in the low bone density and the normal bone density groups, while the levels of HbAlc, TC, and LDL-C in the low bone density group were higher than those in the normal bone density group. In males, the level of blood LDL-C in the low bone density group was higher than that in the normal bone density group. In postmenopausal subjects, the levels of FBG, 2hBG and HbA1C were higher than those in the normal bone density groups, and the level of HbA1C in the low bone density group was higher than that in the normal bone density group. Pearson linear trend analysis demonstrated that BMD was positively associated with TC and LDL-C in males and negatively associated with FBG, 2hBG and HbA1C in postmenopausal females. Moreover, logistic analysis showed that BMD was correlated with TC in premenopausal females and HbA1C in postmenopausal females.OP is generally associated with abnormal levels of blood glucose and/or lipids; nevertheless, the relationship between OP and abnormal levels of blood glucose and/or lipids is complicate and different subpopulations may have different susceptibilities. Therefore, further detailed studies are warranted.

Associations between the lipid profile and the lumbar spine bone mineral density and trabecular bone score in elderly Iranian individuals participating in the Bushehr Elderly Health Program: a population-based study

We hypothesized that the lipid profile or dyslipidemia may have an influence on the bone mineral density and bone microstructure in an elderly Iranian population. The results of this study showed some significant associations between the serum lipid levels and the lumbar spine and femoral areal bone mineral densities and the trabecular bone score (TBS).

PURPOSE

Serum lipid abnormalities are possible risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis. Our aim was to evaluate the associations between the lipid profile and the areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and trabecular bone score in an elderly Iranian population.

METHODS

The study subjects included 2426 elderly women and men participating in the second stage of the Bushehr Elderly Health program, a population-based prospective cohort study. The aBMDs of the lumbar spine and femoral neck and the lumbar spine texture were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and the TBS algorithm, respectively. The associations between the lipid profiles and the aBMDs and TBSs were examined using multivariable linear regression analyses stratified by sex and adjusted for potential confounders.

RESULTS

In men, we found negative correlations between the lumbar spine aBMD and TBS and the total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (TC: p < 0.001 and p < 0.006, HDL-C: p = 0.002 and p = 0.004, and LDL-C: p < 0.001 and p < 0.009, respectively). However, only the HDL-C level was negatively associated with the aBMD in women (p = 0.016). A positive and statistically significant correlation was found between the serum triglyceride (TG) level and the aBMD in the women (p < 0.001). The TG level and the TBS were not statistically significantly correlated in either sex, and the TBS was not correlated with any of the lipid values in women.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study showed some significant but generally weak associations between the lipid profile and the aBMD. The associations that were significant for both the men and the women included positive associations between the TG level and the femoral neck aBMD, as well as the HDL-C level and the femoral neck and lumbar spine aBMDs.

Lipoprotein(a) plasma levels, bone mineral density and risk of hip fracture: a post hoc analysis of the Women's Health Initiative, USA

OBJECTIVES

Elevated Lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, its roles in bone metabolism and fracture risk are unclear. We therefore investigated whether plasma Lp(a) levels were associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and incident hip fractures in a large cohort of postmenopausal women.

DESIGN

Post hoc analysis of data from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), USA.

SETTING

40 clinical centres in the USA.

PARTICIPANTS

The current analytical cohort consisted of 9698 white, postmenopausal women enrolled in the WHI, a national prospective study investigating determinants of chronic diseases including heart disease, breast and colorectal cancers and osteoporotic fractures among postmenopausal women. Recruitment for WHI took place from 1 October 1993 to 31 December 1998.

EXPOSURES

Plasma Lp(a) levels were measured at baseline.

OUTCOME MEASURES

Incident hip fractures were ascertained annually and confirmed by medical records with follow-up through 29 August 2014. BMD at the femoral neck was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry in a subset of participants at baseline.

STATISTICAL ANALYSES

Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations of quartiles of plasma Lp(a) levels with hip fracture events and hip BMD T-score, respectively.

RESULTS

During a mean follow-up of 13.8 years, 454 incident cases of hip fracture were observed. In analyses adjusting for confounding variables including age, body mass index, history of hysterectomy, smoking, physical activity, diabetes mellitus, general health status, cardiovascular disease, use of menopausal hormone therapy, use of bisphosphonates, calcitonin or selective-oestrogen receptor modulators, baseline dietary and supplemental calcium and vitamin D intake and history of fracture, no significant association of plasma Lp(a) levels with low hip BMD T-score or hip fracture risk was detected.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that plasma Lp(a) levels are not related to hip BMD T-score or hip fracture events in postmenopausal women.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT00000611; Post-results.

Study of microRNAs targeted Dvl2 on the osteoblasts differentiation of rat BMSCs in hyperlipidemia environment

Dishevelled 2 (Dvl-2), a key mediator of the wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, plays critical roles in osteoblasts differentiation in hyperlipidemia environment. In our previous study, we observed a strong correlation between increased dvl2 expression and decreased new bone formation around implants in a rat hyperlipidemia implant surgery model. However, transcriptional regulation of Dvl2 by microRNAs in this process remains unknown. In the current study, we searched in online database and identified four significantly up-regulated miRNAs, miR-21-5p, miR-29c-3p, miR-138-5p, and miR-351-5p that could potentially regulate Dvl2. Using Western blot and dual-luciferase assays, we confirmed that miR29c-3p suppresses Dvl2 expression by binding to its 3'-UTR. Our results suggest a novel transcriptional regulation mechanism of Dvl2 by miR-29c-3p in osteoblasts differentiation of BMSCs.

Bone loss & platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio

AIM

The aim of the study is to assess the possible relation of platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil-to-platelet ratio and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels with low bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women.

METHODOLOGY

In total, 211 postmenopausal women were divided into two groups according to their T-score results. The control group consisted of 32 and BMD group consisted of 179 patients. Electronic records of the patients were analyzed retrospectively.

RESULT(S)

PLR was statistically significantly higher in the BMD group. According to receiver operating characteristic analysis, PLR was found to be a discriminative factor for low BMD.

CONCLUSION

PLR level may predict low BMD with baseline measurement in postmenopausal women.

Relationships of serum lipid profiles and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Chinese women

OBJECTIVES

Recent studies suggest that serum lipid profiles are related to bone mineral density (BMD). But data about this relationship on Chinese population are scarce. We investigated the relationships between serum lipid and BMD in postmenopausal Chinese women.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted in 790 Chinese postmenopausal women. BMDs were measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Serum lipid profiles were obtained after a 12-h fasting.

RESULTS

Women with serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels of at least 1·55 mmol/l had a greater prevalence of osteoporosis compared with women with lower HDL-C (≤1·54 mmol/l). After controlling for age, menopausal duration, body mass index, serum creatinine levels, outdoor activity, smoking and alcohol intake, high HDL-C levels were associated with osteoporosis (OR = 1·64, 95%CI 1·16-2·33, P < 0·01). BMD at femoral neck and total hip was significantly lower in the higher HDL-C class than the lower class (0·722 ± 0·118 vs 0·744 ± 0·120 g/cm(2) , P < 0·01; 0·800 ± 0·126 vs 0·824 ± 0·125 g/cm(2) , P < 0·01, respectively). No association was found between total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) with BMD.

CONCLUSIONS

In Chinese postmenopausal women, elevated levels of serum HDL-C had a greater probability of being osteoporosis than the lower HDL-C levels. Our analysis showed higher HDL-C level that is favourable for cardiovascular diseases should be regarded as a risk factor for osteoporosis.

Is lipid profile associated with bone mineral density and bone formation in subjects with spinal cord injury?

Purpose. The association between serum lipids and bone mineral density (BMD) has been investigated previously but, up to now, these relationships have not yet been described in spinal cord injury (SCI). We tried to assess the correlation between serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and BMD in male subjects with SCI. Methods. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to assess BMD in femoral neck, trochanter, intertrochanteric zone, and lumbar vertebras. Blood samples were taken to measure serums lipids and bone biomarkers including osteocalcin, cross-linked type I collagen (CTX), and bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP). Partial correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationships between mentioned measurements after adjustment for weight and age. Results. We found a positive correlation between HDL and femoral neck BMD (P: 0.004, r = 0.33). HDL was negatively correlated with osteocalcin (P: 0.017, r = -0.31) which was not in consistency with its relationship with BMD. TC and LDL were not related to CTX, BALP and BMD. Conclusion. This study does not support a strong association between serum lipids and BMD in subjects with SCI. Moreover it seems that positive association between HDL and BMD is not mediated through increased bone formation.