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Hughes BP, Anund A, Falkmer T. A comprehensive conceptual framework for road safety strategies. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2016; 90:13-28. [PMID: 26890077 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Road safety strategies (generally called Strategic Highway Safety Plans in the USA) provide essential guidance for actions to improve road safety, but often lack a conceptual framework that is comprehensive, systems theory based, and underpinned by evidence from research and practice. This paper aims to incorporate all components, policy tools by which they are changed, and the general interactions between them. A framework of nine mutually interacting components that contribute to crashes and ten generic policy tools which can be applied to reduce the outcomes of these crashes was developed and used to assess 58 road safety strategies from 22 countries across 15 years. The work identifies the policy tools that are most and least widely applied to components, highlighting the potential for improvements to any individual road safety strategy, and the potential strengths and weaknesses of road safety strategies in general. The framework also provides guidance for the development of new road safety strategies, identifying potential consequences of policy tool based measures with regard to exposure and risk, useful for both mobility and safety objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Hughes
- School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
| | - A Anund
- Swedish Road and Transport Research Institute, 581 95 Linköping, Sweden; Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences (IMH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University and Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, UHL, County Council, Linköping, Sweden
| | - T Falkmer
- School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work, Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences (IMH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University and Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, UHL, County Council, Linköping, Sweden; School of Occupational Therapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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de Rome L, Boufous S, Georgeson T, Senserrick T, Ivers R. Cyclists' clothing and reduced risk of injury in crashes. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2014; 73:392-398. [PMID: 25305805 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A majority of cyclists' hospital presentations involve relatively minor soft tissue injuries. This study investigated the role of clothing in reducing the risk of cyclists' injuries in crashes. METHODS Adult cyclists were recruited and interviewed through hospital emergency departments in the Australian Capital Territory. This paper focuses on 202 who had crashed in transport related areas. Eligible participants were interviewed and their self-reported injuries corroborated with medical records. The association between clothing worn and injury was examined using logistic regression while controlling for potential confounders of injury. RESULTS A high proportion of participants were wearing helmets (89%) and full cover footwear (93%). Fewer wore long sleeved tops (43%), long pants (33%), full cover gloves (14%) or conspicuity aids (34%). The primary cause of injury for the majority of participants (76%) was impact with the ground. Increased likelihood of arm injuries (Adj. OR=2.06, 95%CI: 1.02-4.18, p=0.05) and leg injuries (Adj. OR=3.37, 95%CI: 1.42-7.96, p=0.01) were associated with wearing short rather than long sleeves and pants. Open footwear was associated with increased risk of foot or ankle injuries (Adj. OR=6.21, 95%CI: 1.58-23.56, p=0.01) compared to enclosed shoes. Bare hands were associated with increased likelihood of cuts, lacerations or abrasion injuries (Adj. OR=4.62, 95%CI: 1.23-17.43, p=0.02) compared to wearing full cover gloves. There were no significant differences by fabric types such as Lycra/synthetic, natural fiber or leather. CONCLUSIONS Clothing that fully covers a cyclist's body substantially reduced the risk of injuries in a crash. Coverage of skin was more important than fabric type. Further work is necessary to determine if targeted campaigns can improve cyclists' clothing choices and whether impact protection can further reduce injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz de Rome
- Neuroscience Research Australia; The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney.
| | - Soufiane Boufous
- Transport and Road Safety Research, The University of New South Wales
| | - Thomas Georgeson
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney
| | - Teresa Senserrick
- Transport and Road Safety Research, The University of New South Wales
| | - Rebecca Ivers
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney
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Alemany R, Ayuso M, Guillén M. Impact of road traffic injuries on disability rates and long-term care costs in Spain. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2013; 60:95-102. [PMID: 24036315 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Road traffic injuries are one of the leading causes of increasing disability-adjusted life expectancy. We analyze long-term care needs associated with motor vehicle crash-related disability in Spain and conclude that needs attributable traffic injuries are most prevalent during victims' mid-life years, they create a significant burden for both families and society as a whole given that public welfare programmes supporting these victims need to be maintained over a long time frame. High socio-economic costs of road traffic accidents (in Spain 0.04% of the GDP in 2008) are clearly indicative of the need for governments and policymakers to strengthen road accident preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Alemany
- Department of Econometrics, Riskcenter, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal, 690, Barcelona 08034, Spain
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de Rome L, Ivers R, Fitzharris M, Haworth N, Heritier S, Richardson D. Effectiveness of motorcycle protective clothing: riders' health outcomes in the six months following a crash. Injury 2012; 43:2035-45. [PMID: 22192472 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2011.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the contribution of protective clothing worn in motorcycle crashes to subsequent health-related outcomes, impairment and quality of life. METHODS A prospective cohort of 212 adult motorcyclists were recruited following presentations to hospitals or crash repair services in a defined geographic area in Australia between June 2008 and July 2009. Data was obtained from participant interviews and medical records at baseline, then by mailed survey two and six months post-crash (n=146, 69%). The exposure factor was usage of protective clothing classified as full protection (motorcycle jacket and pants), partial protection (motorcycle jacket) and unprotected (neither). Outcomes of interest included general health status (Short Form SF-36), disability (Health Assessment Questionnaire) treatment and recovery progress, quality of life and return to work in the six months post-crash. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated for categorical outcomes using multiple logistic regression to assess differences in outcomes associated with levels of protection adjusted for potential confounders including age, sex, occupation, speed and type of impact. Non-parametric procedures were used for data that was not normally distributed. RESULTS Compared to unprotected riders, both fully and partially protected riders had fewer days in hospital and reported less pain immediately post-crash; at two months both protection groups were less likely to have disabilities or reductions in physical function. By six months there were no significant differences in disability or physical function between groups, but both protection groups were more likely to be fully recovered and returned to pre-crash work than unprotected riders. Fully protected riders achieved better outcomes than either partially or unprotected riders on most measures. There were few significant differences between the full and partial protection groups although the latter showed greater impairment in physical health two months post-crash. CONCLUSIONS We found strong associations between use of protective clothing and mitigation of the consequences of injury in terms of post-crash health and well-being. Given this evidence it seems likely that the use of protective clothing will confer significant benefits to riders in the event of a crash.
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Affiliation(s)
- L de Rome
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, Australia.
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Incidence of orthopedic surgery intervention in a level I urban trauma center with motorcycle trauma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 71:948-51. [PMID: 21768896 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e31821e601d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study summarizes orthopedic injuries sustained in motorcycle collisions in patients presenting to a Level I trauma center. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of orthopedic injuries in motorcycle trauma victims brought into the emergency department. Of 2,634 presenting cases, 151 were identified as involving motorcycle collisions. Variables included age, gender, mechanism of injury, type and location of injury, concomitant injuries, length of hospitalization, number of orthopedic procedures during primary admission, and subsequent readmission. RESULTS A total of 71.5% of patients required orthopedic consultation. Average age was 35.0 years, with men injured at a ratio of 8:1. The most common mechanism of injury was motorcycle versus automobile (n=48). A total of 206 fractures in 108 patients were discovered. The most common site of fracture involved the lower extremities. Open reduction with internal fixation was performed on 110 fractures (69 patients) during primary admission. Fifty-seven patients (52.8%) sustained open fractures requiring emergent orthopedic intervention. Fifty-three patients had various concomitant complications. Two patients died during initial hospitalization. Average hospitalization for patients without orthopedic consultation was 11.9 days versus 13.8 days with orthopedic consultation. The average number of orthopedic procedures performed on patients was 1.6. CONCLUSIONS Motorcycle collisions frequently involve patients in their working prime, thus placing substantial burden on the individual and society. Although these patients must continue to receive Level I trauma care, strengthened prevention and improved education efforts are warranted.
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de Rome L, Ivers R, Fitzharris M, Du W, Haworth N, Heritier S, Richardson D. Motorcycle protective clothing: protection from injury or just the weather? ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2011; 43:1893-1900. [PMID: 21819816 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apart from helmets, little is known about the effectiveness of motorcycle protective clothing in reducing injuries in crashes. The study aimed to quantify the association between usage of motorcycle clothing and injury in crashes. METHODS AND FINDINGS Cross-sectional analytic study. Crashed motorcyclists (n=212, 71% of identified eligible cases) were recruited through hospitals and motorcycle repair services. Data was obtained through structured face-to-face interviews. The main outcome was hospitalization and motorcycle crash-related injury. Poisson regression was used to estimate relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals for injury adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS Motorcyclists were significantly less likely to be admitted to hospital if they crashed wearing motorcycle jackets (RR=0.79, 95% CI: 0.69-0.91), pants (RR=0.49, 95% CI: 0.25-0.94), or gloves (RR=0.41, 95% CI: 0.26-0.66). When garments included fitted body armour there was a significantly reduced risk of injury to the upper body (RR=0.77, 95% CI: 0.66-0.89), hands and wrists (RR=0.55, 95% CI: 0.38-0.81), legs (RR=0.60, 95% CI: 0.40-0.90), feet and ankles (RR=0.54, 95% CI: 0.35-0.83). Non-motorcycle boots were also associated with a reduced risk of injury compared to shoes or joggers (RR=0.46, 95% CI: 0.28-0.75). No association between use of body armour and risk of fracture injuries was detected. A substantial proportion of motorcycle designed gloves (25.7%), jackets (29.7%) and pants (28.1%) were assessed to have failed due to material damage in the crash. CONCLUSIONS Motorcycle protective clothing is associated with reduced risk and severity of crash related injury and hospitalization, particularly when fitted with body armour. The proportion of clothing items that failed under crash conditions indicates a need for improved quality control. While mandating usage of protective clothing is not recommended, consideration could be given to providing incentives for usage of protective clothing, such as tax exemptions for safety gear, health insurance premium reductions and rebates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz de Rome
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, Australia.
| | - Rebecca Ivers
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Fitzharris
- Accident Research Centre, Monash Injury Research Institute, Monash University, Australia
| | - Wei Du
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Narelle Haworth
- CARRS-Q (Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland), Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Stephane Heritier
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
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Lin MR, Kraus JF. A review of risk factors and patterns of motorcycle injuries. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2009; 41:710-722. [PMID: 19540959 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Per vehicle mile traveled, motorcycle riders have a 34-fold higher risk of death in a crash than people driving other types of motor vehicles. While lower-extremity injuries most commonly occur in all motorcycle crashes, head injuries are most frequent in fatal crashes. Helmets and helmet use laws have been shown to be effective in reducing head injuries and deaths from motorcycle crashes. Alcohol is the major contributing factor to fatal crashes. Enforcement of legal limits on the blood alcohol concentration is effective in reducing motorcycle deaths, while some alcohol-related interventions such as a minimal legal drinking age, increased alcohol excise taxes, and responsible beverage service specifically for motorcycle riders have not been examined. Other modifiable protective or risk factors comprise inexperience and driver training, conspicuity and daytime headlight laws, motorcycle licensure and ownership, riding speed, and risk-taking behaviors. Features of motorcycle use and potentially effective prevention programs for motorcycle crash injuries in developing countries are discussed. Finally, recommendations for future motorcycle-injury research are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mau-Roung Lin
- Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC.
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La Torre G, Van Beeck E, Bertazzoni G, Ricciardi W. Head injury resulting from scooter accidents in Rome: differences before and after implementing a universal helmet law. Eur J Public Health 2007; 17:607-11. [PMID: 17400541 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckm028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the incidence rates and related determinants of head injuries before and after the implementation of a new universal helmet law in Italy. METHODS The investigation took place in the Emergency Room of the Accident and Emergency Department, Teaching Hospital 'Umberto I', Rome, in 1999 (before the new law), and 2000 (two periods after the new law). Personal data, injury circumstances, helmet use, others involved in injury and health data, were collected. Incidence rates by time period were calculated and differences between groups were analysed. Logistic regression models were conducted to assess the association between head trauma and potential determinants. RESULTS The incidence rate of all injury among scooter riders rose from 64.36/10,000 person-years before the new law (1999) to 98.05/10,000 person years afterwards. The incidence rate of head trauma among scooter riders showed an opposite trend, i.e. a decrease from 26.65/10,000 person-years (1999) to 8.88/10,000 person-years in the second post-legislation period. Helmet use among injured scooter riders rose from 5% before the new law to 90% afterwards. Helmet use is a protective factor for being a patient with head trauma, in all the periods considered (OR 0.24-0.44). After implementation of the new law, age (18+) showed a protective effect as well (OR 0.42-0.44). CONCLUSION Helmet use has a protective effect on head trauma among scooter riders. One year after implementing a universal law, helmet use has increased substantially and a sharp reduction in head trauma among persons older than 18 years could be observed.
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Servadei F, Begliomini C, Gardini E, Giustini M, Taggi F, Kraus J. Effect of Italy's motorcycle helmet law on traumatic brain injuries. Inj Prev 2003; 9:257-60. [PMID: 12966016 PMCID: PMC1731012 DOI: 10.1136/ip.9.3.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of a revised Italian motorcycle-moped-scooter helmet law on crash brain injuries. DESIGN A pre-post law evaluation of helmet use and traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurrence from 1999 to 2001. SETTING Romagna region, northeastern Italy, with a 2000 resident population of 983 534 persons. PARTICIPANTS Motorcycle-moped rider survey for helmet use compliance and all residents in the region admitted to the Division of Neurosurgery of the Maurizio Bufalini Hospital in Cesena, Italy for TBI. OUTCOME MEASURES Helmet use compliance and change in TBI admissions and type(s) of brain lesions. RESULTS Helmet use increased from an average of less than 20% to over 96%. A comparison of TBI incidence in the Romagna region shows that there was no significant variation before and after introduction of the revised helmet law, except for TBI admissions for motorcycle-moped crashes where a 66% decrease was observed. In the same area TBI admissions by age group showed that motorcycle mopeds riders aged 14-60 years sustained significantly fewer TBIs. The rate of TBI admissions to neurosurgery decreased by over 31% and epidural hematomas almost completely disappeared in crash injured moped riders. CONCLUSIONS The revised Italian mandatory helmet law, with police enforcement, is an effective measure for TBI prevention at all ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Servadei
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Neurotrauma, Maurizio Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy.
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Abstract
The study aimed to describe the immediate and later physical, social and psychological consequences of a road traffic accident for vehicle occupants, motorcyclists, cyclists and pedestrians amongst consecutive hospital attenders at an Accident and Emergency Department. Physical and accident details were collated from hospital records. Subjects completed questionnaires at hospital attendance, 3 months, 1 and 3 years. There were 1148 respondents from 1441 consecutive attenders over a 1-year period. The main outcome measures were self-report physical status, standard measures of post-traumatic stress disorder, mood, travel anxiety and health status at 3 months, 1 and 3 years. There were marked differences in injury pattern and immediate reaction between road user groups. Pedestrians and motorcyclists suffer the most severe injuries and report more continuing medical problems and greater resource use, especially in the first 3 months. There were few differences in psychological or social outcomes at any stage of follow-up. Despite differences between the road user groups in their injuries, immediate reactions and treatment, there were few longer-term differences. A third of all groups described chronic adverse consequences which were principally psychological, social and legal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Mayou
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford University, OX37JX, Oxford, UK.
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Robertson A, Branfoot T, Barlow IF, Giannoudis PV. Spinal injury patterns resulting from car and motorcycle accidents. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2002; 27:2825-30. [PMID: 12486355 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-200212150-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective data analysis. OBJECTIVES To determine spinal injury patterns and clinical outcomes in patients involved in automotive accidents. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The records of 22,858 patients collected prospectively as part of the Trauma Audit Research Network (UK) Database (1993-2000). METHODS Analysis of the records of 1121 motorcyclists and 2718 car occupants involved in automotive trauma. RESULTS Spinal injury occurred in 126 (11.2%) motorcyclists and 383 (14.1%) car occupants. Victims were predominantly young (mean ages: motorcycle 30.2 years, car 37.8 years) and male (motorcycle 88.9%, car 60.6%). The mean Injury Severity Scores were 18.8 and 15.1, respectively. Isolated spinal injuries occurred in 30 (23.8%) motorcyclists and 130 (33.9%) car occupants. The thoracic spine was most commonly injured in motorcyclists (54.8%), and the cervical spine was most commonly injured in car occupants (50.7%). Multiple regions were injured in 14 (10.3%) motorcyclists and 33 (8.5%) car occupants. Nine motorcyclists and 43 car occupants required spinal surgery. Median hospital stays were 11.5 days (range 0-235 days) and 10 days (range 0-252 days) in the motorcyclists and car occupants, respectively. There were 13 (10.3%) motorcycle- and 26 (6.8%) car-related deaths. CONCLUSION Spinal injury patterns may reflect differing mechanisms of injury between the restrained car occupant and unrestrained motorcyclist. The motorcyclists were more severely injured, had more extremity trauma, a higher mortality rate, and a spinal injury pattern consistent with forced hyperflexion of the thoracic spine. The predominance of cervical injuries and higher incidence of neck and facial injuries in car occupants may reflect abdominothoracic seat belt restraint. The high frequency of multilevel injuries reaffirms the need for vigilance in patient assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Robertson
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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Richter M, Otte D, Lehmann U, Chinn B, Schuller E, Doyle D, Sturrock K, Krettek C. Head injury mechanisms in helmet-protected motorcyclists: prospective multicenter study. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 2001; 51:949-58. [PMID: 11706346 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-200111000-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a prospective study, three research groups at Hannover (H) and Munich (M) in Germany and Glasgow (G) in the United Kingdom collected data from motorcycle crashes between July 1996 and July 1998 to investigate head injury mechanisms in helmet-protected motorcyclists. METHODS The head lesions of motorcyclists with Abbreviated Injury Score-Head (AISHead) 2+ injuries and/or helmet impact were classified into direct force effect (DFE) and indirect force effect (IFE) lesions. The effecting forces and the force consequences were analyzed in detail. RESULTS Two-hundred twenty-six motorcyclists (H, n = 115; M, n = 56; and G, n = 55) were included. Collision opponents were cars (57.8%), trucks (8.0%), pedestrians (2.3%), bicycles (1.4%), two-wheel motor vehicles (0.8%), and others (4.2%). In 25.4% no other moving object was involved. The mean impact speed was 55 km/h (range, 0-120 km/h) and correlated with AISHead. Seventy-six (33%) motorcyclists had no head injury, 21% (n = 48) AISHead 1, and 46% (n = 103) AISHead 2+. Four hundred nine head lesions were further classified: 36.9% DFE and 63.1% IFE. Lesions included 20.5% bone, 51.3% brain, and 28.1% skin. The most frequent brain lesions were subdural hematomas (22.4%, n = 47) and subarachnoid hematomas (25.2%, n = 53). Lesions of skin or bone were mainly DFE lesions, whereas brain lesions were mostly IFE lesions. CONCLUSION A modification of the design of the helmet shell may have a preventative effect on DFE lesions, which are caused by a high amount of direct force transfer. Acceleration or deceleration forces induce IFE lesions, particularly rotation, which is an important and underestimated factor. The reduction of the effecting forces and the kinetic consequences should be a goal for future motorcycle helmet generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Richter
- Trauma Department, Hannover, Germany.
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Chalmers DJ, Langley JD. New Zealand's Injury Prevention Research Unit: helping shape injury prevention policy and practice. Inj Prev 1999; 5:72-5. [PMID: 10323576 PMCID: PMC1730471 DOI: 10.1136/ip.5.1.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Chalmers
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand
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Reeder AI, Chalmers DJ, Langley JD. The risky and protective motorcycling opinions and behaviours of young on-road motorcyclists in New Zealand. Soc Sci Med 1996; 42:1297-311. [PMID: 8733199 DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(95)00224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This research documented the frequency of protective and risky motorcycling opinions and behaviours and investigated whether these opinions and behaviours were more frequently expressed by licensed than unlicensed riders and by riders with high rather than low exposure to motorcycling. Areas where there was scope for improvement were identified to help guide the promotion of protective strategies. As part of a broader study of a birth cohort, 217 18 year old motorcyclists were administered a motorcycling computer questionnaire. Evidence of positive protective opinions was found, but there was considerable scope for behavioural improvements. While 92% had worn a helmet, optimal protection was reported less frequently for other body areas: most often for the feet (54%), hands (47%) and upper body (35%) and least often for the legs (8%). Most (87%) riders considered conspicuity increased safety, 68% favoured mandatory day-time headlight use, and 66% used dipped headlights in day-time. While 55% favoured mandatory wearing of high-visibility clothing, only 15% of day-time and 20% of night-time riders reported doing this. During the past month, 16% had driven within two hours of drinking alcohol and 6% when too tired to be fully in control. Overall, 22% had been penalized for a motorcycle driving offence, most often speeding. While 46% said they agreed with the Graduated Driver Licensing System (GDLS), most licensed under that system reported breaking licence conditions and most were not apprehended. Licensed motorcyclists were significantly more likely than the unlicensed to favour mandatory day-time headlight usage, report using dipped headlights in day-time, and wear better protection for the head, upper body and hands, but were also more likely to report drinking and driving and traffic convictions--probably because of their greater exposure. Other, non-significant, results were in the same direction, except that fewer licensed than unlicensed riders were in favour of mandatory high visibility clothing or the GDLS. A similar pattern of more protective attitudes and behaviours was found for high rather than low exposure riders, though it was generally weaker, and high exposure was associated with drinking and driving, driving while tired and traffic convictions. The issues of representativeness and reliability are discussed and some implications for public policies towards motorcycling by young people are considered. Further research is recommended in order to determine which are the best predictors of motorcycling opinions and behaviours: personal characteristics, the formal training associated with licensure, or exposure to motorcycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Reeder
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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